王 茜,李志全,方 略,趙澤宇
(1.廣元市中心醫(yī)院麻醉科,四川廣元 628000;2.四川省八一康復(fù)中心麻醉科,成都 611135)
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·論 著·
SLIPA喉罩和氣管插管全身麻醉在小兒手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用比較*
王 茜1,李志全1,方 略1,趙澤宇2△
(1.廣元市中心醫(yī)院麻醉科,四川廣元 628000;2.四川省八一康復(fù)中心麻醉科,成都 611135)
目的 比較SLIPA喉罩和氣管插管全身麻醉對(duì)小兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響及術(shù)后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管或喉罩時(shí)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。方法 將擇期行下腹部及下肢手術(shù)的患兒50例,分為SLIPA喉罩組(S組)和氣管插管組(E組),每組25例。記錄麻醉前(T0)、插管/罩前(T1)、插管/罩后(T2)、拔管/罩前(T3),以及拔管/罩后1 min(T4)、5 min(T5)的收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、心率(HR),記錄拔除氣管導(dǎo)管或喉罩時(shí)發(fā)生嗆咳、喉痙攣或支氣管痙攣、嘔吐、聲音嘶啞、術(shù)后咽痛等并發(fā)癥的情況。結(jié)果 與T0比較,兩組患兒在T1時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR均明顯降低(P<0.05);與T1比較,E組SBP、DBP、HR在T2、T4時(shí)明顯升高(P<0.05);與S組比較,E組SBP、DBP、HR在T2、T4時(shí)明顯升高(P<0.05)。術(shù)后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管或喉罩時(shí),S組患兒發(fā)生嗆咳、術(shù)后聲音嘶啞、術(shù)后咽痛的比例均明顯低于E組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 SLIPA喉罩通氣用于小兒下腹部及四肢手術(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)激反應(yīng)小,術(shù)后咽部并發(fā)癥少。
SLIPA喉罩; 氣管插管; 精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性激動(dòng); 全身麻醉; 兒童
小兒全身麻醉在氣管插管或拔管期間均可引起強(qiáng)烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),如交感神經(jīng)興奮引起心率(HR)增快、血壓升高、喉痙攣及支氣管痙攣等[1-2]。最新的喉上型SLIPA喉罩具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、無(wú)須喉鏡暴露聲門、可避免氣管插管直接對(duì)氣管的刺激等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3-5]。本文通過(guò)比較SLIPA喉罩與氣管插管通氣對(duì)小兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響,旨在探討SLIPA喉罩在小兒全身麻醉中的可行性及安全性。
1.1 一般資料 擇期行下腹部及下肢手術(shù)的患兒50例,性別不限,美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),年齡3~9歲,體質(zhì)量9~34 kg。將所有患兒分為SLIPA喉罩組(S組)和氣管插管組(E組),每組各25例。兩組患兒性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、ASA分級(jí)、手術(shù)時(shí)間等一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法 術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食、禁飲4 h,麻醉前30 min肌內(nèi)注射阿托品0.02 mg/kg。患兒入手術(shù)室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、血壓、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PETCO2)?;純和ㄟ^(guò)面罩吸入七氟醚入睡后,建立靜脈通道,靜脈滴注芬太尼2 μg/kg,維庫(kù)溴銨0.1 mg/kg,待下頜松弛后,S組根據(jù)患兒體質(zhì)量選擇相應(yīng)的SLIPA喉罩插入,E組經(jīng)喉鏡明視下插入氣管導(dǎo)管。聽(tīng)診雙肺呼吸音清晰,PETCO2波形顯示正常,采用定壓控制通氣(PCV)模式行機(jī)器通氣,呼吸機(jī)設(shè)定的吸氣壓力水平(PINSP)=11 cm H2O,呼吸頻率(Freq)=14 次/分,吸氣時(shí)間(TI)/呼氣時(shí)間(TE)=1/2.0,維持PETCO235~45 mm Hg,氧流量為2 L/min。術(shù)中吸入七氟醚2%~3%,靜脈泵注瑞芬太尼0.1 μg/(kg·min)維持適當(dāng)?shù)穆樽砩疃???p合皮膚前停用瑞芬太尼,手術(shù)結(jié)束后停用七氟醚。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 分別記錄麻醉前(T0),插管/罩前(T1),插管/罩后(T2),拔管/罩前(T3),拔管/罩后1 min(T4)、5 min(T5)的收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、HR和SpO2,并觀察拔除氣管導(dǎo)管/喉罩時(shí)嗆咳、喉痙攣或支氣管痙攣、嘔吐、聲音嘶啞、術(shù)后咽痛等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。
2.1 血壓、HR及SpO2比較 與T0比較,兩組患兒在T1時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR均明顯降低(P<0.05);與T1比較,E組SBP、DBP、HR在T2、T4時(shí)明顯升高(P<0.05),與S組比較,E組SBP、DBP、HR在T2、T4時(shí)明顯升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患兒SBP、DBP、HR的變化
注:與同組T0比較,*P<0.05;與同組T1比較,#P<0.05;與S組比較,△P<0.05。
2.2 并發(fā)癥比較 術(shù)后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管/喉罩時(shí),S組有4例患兒發(fā)生嗆咳,E組有12例,二者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.882,P<0.05);S組有2例患兒發(fā)生喉痙攣,E組有3例,經(jīng)面罩輔助通氣后緩解;術(shù)后聲音嘶啞S組1例,E組6例,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.153,P<0.05);術(shù)后咽痛S組1例,E組7例,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.357,P<0.05);兩組均無(wú)嘔吐、反流誤吸發(fā)生,見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組患兒術(shù)后拔管/喉罩情況及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生(n)
全身麻醉在行氣管插管或拔管時(shí)可引起強(qiáng)烈的心血管和呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,以喉鏡到位1 min后最劇烈,通常表現(xiàn)為血壓升高,HR增快,喉和(或)支氣管痙攣。為此,許多麻醉科同仁主張?jiān)谏疃嚷樽硐虏骞芑虬喂?,以減少咽部刺激后帶來(lái)的不良反應(yīng)[6-8],但深度麻醉下拔管也帶來(lái)通氣不足的隱患。SLIPA喉罩是一種沒(méi)有套囊的新型聲門上通氣工具,由軟的塑料塑型成咽部結(jié)構(gòu)的加壓形狀[3]。SLIPA喉罩插入時(shí)無(wú)須使用喉鏡暴露聲門、不損傷唇齒,避免了喉鏡及氣管導(dǎo)管對(duì)咽喉及氣道的強(qiáng)烈刺激,更適用于平臥下遠(yuǎn)離頭面部的短小手術(shù)的氣道建立。因不需要喉鏡暴露聲門且無(wú)導(dǎo)管對(duì)氣道的刺激,因此在插入喉罩時(shí)需要的麻醉深度也遠(yuǎn)比氣管插管時(shí)淺,這樣既能穩(wěn)定血流動(dòng)力學(xué),也有效地減輕了氣管插管帶來(lái)的心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。本研究結(jié)果表明,S組在插入喉罩后,患兒血壓升高和HR增快的程度明顯低于E組,在拔除喉罩后也較平穩(wěn),說(shuō)明插入和拔除SLIPA喉罩的操作對(duì)患兒血流動(dòng)力學(xué)干擾較輕,也較好地降低了術(shù)后聲音嘶啞和咽痛的發(fā)生率。
值得注意的是,兩組患兒均有不同程度的喉痙攣發(fā)生,考慮與麻醉太淺時(shí)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管或喉罩有關(guān)。在以七氟醚為主的靜吸復(fù)合麻醉中,術(shù)畢麻醉程度減輕時(shí),咬肌張力增高而引起撥管困難,加之吸入可揮發(fā)性麻醉藥物本身可引起患兒躁動(dòng)[9-10]。為減輕患兒蘇醒期躁動(dòng)和內(nèi)環(huán)境的干擾,使患兒平穩(wěn)度過(guò)蘇醒期,除了良好地進(jìn)行手術(shù)后替代性鎮(zhèn)痛等藥物干預(yù)外[11],目前主張?jiān)谳^深麻醉下拔管,以達(dá)到減少蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的目的。
綜上所述,采用SLIPA喉罩通氣操作方便,手術(shù)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)小,呼吸道并發(fā)癥少,在小兒下腹部及四肢手術(shù)全身麻醉中是安全有效的。
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Comparison of application of SLIPA laryngeal mask airway and general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in pediatric operations*
WANGQian1,LIZhi-quan1,FANGLue1ZHAOZe-yu2△
(1.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,GuangyuanCentralHospital,Guangyuan,Sichuan628000,China;2.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,SichuanProvinceEighty-oneRehabilitationCenter,Chengdu,Sichuan611135,China)
Objective To compare the effects of SLIPA laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation anesthesia on hemodynamics in children and the complications after extubation or removal of laryngeal mask airway.Methods 50 children undergoing lower abdominal and lower limb operations were selected and divided into SLIPA laryngeal mask group (group S) and endotracheal intubation group (group E),with 25 cases in each group. The blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and heart rate(HR) were recorded respectively before anesthesia (T0),before intubation or inserting laryngeal mask airway (T1),after intubation or inserting laryngeal mask (T2),before extubation or removal of laryngeal mask airway (T3),1 min after extubation or removal of laryngeal mask airway (T4),and 5 min after extubation or removal of laryngeal mask airway (T5). The complications such as cough,laryngeal spasm or bronchial spasm,vomiting,hoarseness,sore throat while extubation or removal of laryngeal mask airway were also recorded.Results Compared with T0,SBP,DBP and HR in two groups were decreased at T1 (P<0.05).Compared with T1,SBP,DBP and HR in group E were significantly increased at T2 and T4 (P<0.05),which were also significantly higher than those in group S at T2 and T4 (P<0.05).After extubation or removal of laryngeal mask airway,the incidences of cough,hoarseness,and sore throat were significantly lower in group S than those in group E (P<0.05).Conclusion SLIPA laryngeal mask ventilation can provide less stress reaction and complications of pharynx in pediatric abdomen and limbs operations.
SLIPA laryngeal mask airway; endotracheal intubation; psychomotor agitation; general anesthesia; child
四川省衛(wèi)生廳科研課題(130250)。
王茜,女,副主任醫(yī)師,本科,主要從事臨床麻醉學(xué)研究?!?/p>
,E-mail:gyzhaozy@163.com。
10.3969/j.issn.1672-9455.2015.07.011
A
1672-9455(2015)07-0905-02
2014-10-05
2014-12-12)