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胃癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合改良胃旁路術(shù)在胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者中的應(yīng)用

2015-03-09 01:35焦喜林王振全陳金輝申立中吳勁松蔣志斌賀屹巍苗玲玲
解放軍醫(yī)藥雜志 2015年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:全胃旁路空腸

焦喜林,王振全,陳金輝,申立中,吳勁松,陳 蕓,蔣志斌,賀屹巍,苗玲玲

[作者單位] 050082 石家莊,解放軍白求恩國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院普外二科

·論著·

胃癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合改良胃旁路術(shù)在胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者中的應(yīng)用

焦喜林,王振全,陳金輝,申立中,吳勁松,陳蕓,蔣志斌,賀屹巍,苗玲玲

[作者單位]050082 石家莊,解放軍白求恩國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院普外二科

[摘要]目的探討胃癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合改良胃旁路術(shù)治療胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者的臨床效果。 方法回顧性分析我科2007年10月—2014年10月收治的72例胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者的臨床資料,根據(jù)胃腫瘤部位選擇手術(shù)方法的不同分為遠(yuǎn)端胃組30例,近端胃組14例和全胃組28例,分別予遠(yuǎn)端胃癌根治術(shù)、近端胃癌根治術(shù)、根治性全胃切除術(shù)聯(lián)合改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-y吻合術(shù)。術(shù)后觀(guān)察各組手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,術(shù)前及術(shù)后1、6個(gè)月空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2h PG)及糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1C)水平,以及手術(shù)后1年癌轉(zhuǎn)移情況。結(jié)果本組手術(shù)均獲成功,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間9~25 d,進(jìn)食及營(yíng)養(yǎng)情況良好,術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利。術(shù)后無(wú)嚴(yán)重手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。術(shù)后1個(gè)月、6個(gè)月3組FPG、2h PG及HbA1c均明顯下降(P<0.01或P<0.05)。術(shù)后1年各組無(wú)死亡病例,遠(yuǎn)端胃組發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移2例,近端胃組發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移、肺轉(zhuǎn)移各1例,全胃組發(fā)生腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移2例、肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移1例。結(jié)論胃癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合改良胃旁路術(shù)治療胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者操作簡(jiǎn)單,安全可行,有很好的臨床應(yīng)用前景。

[關(guān)鍵詞]胃腫瘤;胃旁路術(shù);糖尿病,2型;血糖

[DOI]10.3969/j.issn.2095-140X.2015.09.017

糖尿病作為一種常見(jiàn)病﹑多發(fā)病,隨著人民生活水平的提高﹑生活方式的改變以及人口老齡化的加劇,其發(fā)病率正逐年升高。胃旁路術(shù)在治療2型糖尿病的效果已得到廣泛證實(shí)[1-4],且有可能成為根治2型糖尿病的最佳方法。胃癌是我國(guó)最常見(jiàn)的消化道惡性腫瘤,臨床上胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者較常見(jiàn),對(duì)此類(lèi)患者在進(jìn)行胃部手術(shù)的同時(shí)開(kāi)展改良式胃旁路術(shù)操作簡(jiǎn)單,安全可行。我科2007年10月—2014年10月對(duì)72例胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者施行胃癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合殘胃或食管與空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù),術(shù)后患者恢復(fù)順利,短期療效滿(mǎn)意,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料本組72例均經(jīng)胃鏡及病理檢查確診為胃腺癌,男46例,女26例;年齡36~65(52.3±4.1)歲;腫瘤位于賁門(mén)及胃底部19例,T2N1M05例,T2N2M09例,T3N2M05例;胃體部20例,T2N1M06例,T2N2M08例,T3N2M06例;胃竇部33例T2N1M08例,T2N2M019例,T3N2M06例;糖尿病病史1~12年,平均4.9年;發(fā)病時(shí)空腹血糖水平為8.39~17.45 mmol/L,體重指數(shù)(BMI)<25 kg/m240例,25~27.9 kg/m228例,>28 kg/m24例。所有患者根據(jù)胃腫瘤部位行手術(shù)方法的不同分為遠(yuǎn)端胃組30例,近端胃組14例和全胃組28例。所有患者充分了解、自愿接受胃旁路術(shù)并簽署知情同意書(shū)。

1.2手術(shù)方法

1.2.1手術(shù)適應(yīng)證:①符合2型糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5],空腹血糖(FPG)>7.0 mmol/L,或餐后2 h血糖(2h PG)>11.1 mmol/L;糖化血紅蛋白(HbAlc)≥6.5%;胰島功能處于代償期(空腹C肽值>正常值的1/2)。②糖尿病病史<15年,年齡≤65歲。

1.2.2術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:術(shù)前檢測(cè)胰島功能并用藥調(diào)整血糖,使空腹血糖<8 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖<10 mmol/L。常規(guī)行上消化道鋇劑造影及電子胃鏡或超聲胃鏡檢查,明確病變部位及病理類(lèi)型,并按照胃腸道手術(shù)進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)常規(guī)檢查及術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備。

1.2.3手術(shù)步驟:患者均采用全身麻醉常規(guī)開(kāi)腹,術(shù)中探查無(wú)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移后進(jìn)行相應(yīng)部位胃癌D2根治術(shù),根據(jù)腫瘤大體分型及侵犯情況確定胃切除范圍。①遠(yuǎn)端胃組予遠(yuǎn)端胃癌根治術(shù)+改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù):行遠(yuǎn)端胃癌根治術(shù),保留胃容量150~500 ml,胃斷端小彎側(cè)閉合,大彎側(cè)留3.5 cm做吻合用;距Treitzs'韌帶60~100 cm切斷空腸,遠(yuǎn)側(cè)斷端與胃做端端吻合,距胃空腸吻合口40~60 cm處與空腸近側(cè)斷端做端側(cè)吻合。②近端胃組予近端胃癌根治術(shù)+改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù):行近端胃癌根治術(shù),距幽門(mén)1~2 cm處以閉合器閉合胃竇部,保留胃容量250~400 ml;距Treitzs'韌帶75~100 cm切斷空腸,遠(yuǎn)側(cè)斷端與放置吻合器的胃前壁做吻合,距胃空腸吻合口40~60 cm處與空腸近側(cè)斷端做端側(cè)吻合[6]。③全胃組予根治性全胃切除術(shù)+改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù):行根治性全胃切除,距Treitzs'韌帶60~100 cm切斷空腸,遠(yuǎn)側(cè)斷端用食道吻合器吻合,距胃空腸吻合口40~60 cm處與空腸近側(cè)斷端做端側(cè)吻合。所有殘胃或食管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合均在結(jié)腸后進(jìn)行。

1.2.4術(shù)后管理:術(shù)后按照胃腸道手術(shù)常規(guī)處理,禁食期間常規(guī)用全胃腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng),術(shù)后根據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)的血糖值調(diào)整胰島素用量控制血糖至術(shù)后1周左右。出院后按原方案和劑量口服降糖藥或注射胰島素,觀(guān)察進(jìn)食量及營(yíng)養(yǎng)情況。

1.3術(shù)后觀(guān)察指標(biāo)術(shù)后觀(guān)察各組手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,術(shù)前及術(shù)后1、6個(gè)月FPG、2h PG、HbA1c水平,以及術(shù)后1年癌轉(zhuǎn)移情況。

2結(jié)果

2.1術(shù)后近期觀(guān)察本組手術(shù)均獲成功,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間9~25 d,進(jìn)食及營(yíng)養(yǎng)情況良好,術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利。術(shù)后均無(wú)吻合口瘺、狹窄、潰瘍、出血等并發(fā)癥,近端胃組發(fā)生胃竇部閉合再通1例,全胃組發(fā)生切口脂肪液化2例。術(shù)后1個(gè)月、6個(gè)月FPG、2h PG及HbA1c均明顯下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),術(shù)后6個(gè)月均降至正常水平,見(jiàn)表1~3。

表1 遠(yuǎn)端胃組手術(shù)前后觀(guān)察指標(biāo)比較±s,n=30)

注:遠(yuǎn)端胃組為胃癌合并2型糖尿病行遠(yuǎn)端胃癌根治術(shù)+改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)患者;FPG為空腹血糖,2h PG為餐后2 h血糖,HbA1c為糖化血紅蛋白;與術(shù)前相比,aP<0.05,bP<0.01

表2 近端胃組手術(shù)前后觀(guān)察指標(biāo)比較±s,n=14)

注:近端胃組為胃癌合并2型糖尿病行近端胃癌根治術(shù)+改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)患者;FPG為空腹血糖,2h PG為餐后2 h血糖,HbA1c為糖化血紅蛋白;與術(shù)前相比,aP<0.05,bP<0.01

表3 全胃組手術(shù)前后觀(guān)察指標(biāo)比較±s,n=28)

注:全胃組為胃癌合并2型糖尿病行根治性全胃切除術(shù)+改良式殘胃空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)患者;FPG為空腹血糖,2h PG為餐后2 h血糖,HbA1c為糖化血紅蛋白;與術(shù)前相比,aP<0.05,bP<0.01

2.2隨訪(fǎng)結(jié)果術(shù)后1年各組無(wú)死亡病例,遠(yuǎn)端胃組發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移2例,近端胃組發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移、肺轉(zhuǎn)移各1例,全胃組發(fā)生腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移2例、肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移1例。

3討論

糖尿病現(xiàn)已成為嚴(yán)重威脅人類(lèi)健康的慢性疾病之一,資料顯示,我國(guó)20歲以上成年人糖尿病患病率為9.7%,糖尿病總患病人數(shù)達(dá)9240萬(wàn),其中2型糖尿病占90%,若同時(shí)以HbA1c≥6.5%作為糖尿病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則其患病率為11.6%[7]。傳統(tǒng)觀(guān)點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,糖尿病是一個(gè)不斷進(jìn)展、不能治愈的疾病,目前糖尿病治療主要以?xún)?nèi)科治療為主,包括飲食控制、加強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)及藥物治療等方法,但尚無(wú)較為滿(mǎn)意地控制血糖及其并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的方法[8]。1982年,美國(guó)外科醫(yī)師Pories等[9]偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)合并2型糖尿病的患者行減肥術(shù)后在體重減輕的同時(shí)血糖也快速恢復(fù)正常,從而開(kāi)創(chuàng)了一條手術(shù)治療2型糖尿病的新途徑。Roux-en-Y胃旁路術(shù)是治療肥胖型2型糖尿病的有效方法[10],臨床效果已得到廣泛證實(shí)[11-14]。近年來(lái),胃旁路術(shù)對(duì)非肥胖型2型糖尿病的治療效果已得到了進(jìn)一步證實(shí)[1-4],但仍有爭(zhēng)議[15-16]。內(nèi)、外科指南指出,將BMI<25 kg/m2的2型糖尿病患者列為減肥手術(shù)禁忌證和不推薦的治療方式,使其廣泛應(yīng)用受到限制[7,17]。胃旁路術(shù)治療2型糖尿病的機(jī)制尚未完全清楚,主要包括“前腸”學(xué)說(shuō)[18]及“后腸”學(xué)說(shuō)[19],飲食減少和體重減輕并不是糖尿病控制的主要原因,目前認(rèn)為術(shù)后相關(guān)胃腸激素在腸-胰島軸中的變化可能起到重要作用[20],Roux-en-Y胃旁路術(shù)曠置十二指腸和空腸上段,使食物改道,繞過(guò)十二指腸和空腸,并能及早進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)端回腸,從而引起一系列腸道激素改變,提高胰島素釋放及活性,降低胰島素抵抗,其基本機(jī)制在于食物改道,與保留胃容量無(wú)關(guān)[21-23]。本文3組胃切除范圍明顯不同,但降糖效果確切。胃旁路術(shù)治療2型糖尿病與傳統(tǒng)治療方法相比有如下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①避免了終生藥物治療;②能長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定控制血糖;③減輕了患者和社會(huì)的負(fù)擔(dān);④減少了糖尿病患者的致殘率和病死率;⑤提高了患者的生活質(zhì)量。

經(jīng)典Roux-en-Y胃旁路術(shù)主要針對(duì)肥胖癥患者設(shè)計(jì),要求保留胃容量很小[17],一般胃小囊容積<50 ml(建議15~30 ml),胃小囊越小,術(shù)后效果越好,并需曠置全部胃底,防止術(shù)后胃小囊擴(kuò)張導(dǎo)致復(fù)胖,但是曠置十二指腸及空腸上段會(huì)引起維生素及微量元素缺乏等一系列營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題[24-26],需要長(zhǎng)期補(bǔ)充。很顯然經(jīng)典Roux-en-y胃旁路術(shù)不適合非肥胖型患者,這也是內(nèi)外科指南限制非肥胖型患者開(kāi)展此術(shù)式的主要原因,本文對(duì)該術(shù)式進(jìn)行改進(jìn),適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大胃容量,對(duì)保障降糖效果及減少維生素及微量元素缺乏等營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題有重要的臨床意義。

胃旁路術(shù)治療2型糖尿病效果確切,隨著技術(shù)的成熟和改進(jìn),手術(shù)并發(fā)癥明顯下降,有著廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,可能成為根治2型糖尿病的最佳方法,但由于人們對(duì)手術(shù)的顧忌,單純因糖尿病行胃旁路手術(shù)尚不易被患者接受。在進(jìn)行腹部手術(shù),尤其是胃部手術(shù)的同時(shí)進(jìn)行胃旁路手術(shù)可謂一舉兩得,但傳統(tǒng)的Roux-en-Y消化道重建術(shù)式對(duì)于非肥胖型2型糖尿病患者降糖效果不顯著[27],我們只要對(duì)吻合方式稍做改進(jìn),延長(zhǎng)空腸腸袢長(zhǎng)度,即可達(dá)到治療2型糖尿病的目的,手術(shù)簡(jiǎn)單可行,又不增加胃腸吻合口數(shù)量,不延長(zhǎng)手術(shù)時(shí)間,不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,效果滿(mǎn)意[23,27-28]。本文3組術(shù)后無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。糖尿病患者有更高的胃癌發(fā)病率[29-32],對(duì)于胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者在胃癌根治術(shù)后開(kāi)展改良式胃旁路術(shù)利大于弊,但并未引起外科學(xué)界的廣泛重視,因此筆者建議在術(shù)前向胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者充分說(shuō)明該術(shù)式的臨床意義、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及存在的問(wèn)題,爭(zhēng)取在消化道重建時(shí)對(duì)部分有適應(yīng)證的患者開(kāi)展胃旁路術(shù)。

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(收稿時(shí)間:2015-05-08修回時(shí)間:2015-07-03)

Radical Gastrectomy Combined with Modified Gastric Bypass in Treatment of Gastric Cancer Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

JIAO Xi-lin, WANG Zhen-quan, CHEN Jin-hui, SHEN Li-zhong, WU Jin-song, CHEN Yun, JIANG Zhi-bin, HE Yi-wei, MIAO Ling-ling

(The Second Department of General Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, China)

[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical effect of radical gastrectomy combined with modified gastric bypass in treatment of gastric cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MethodsClinical data of 72 gastric cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during October 2007 and October 2014 was retrospectively analyzed. The 72 patients were divided into distal gastrectomy group (n=30), proximal gastrectomy group (n=14) and total gastrectomy group (n=28) according to different operative methods, and the three groups were respectively treated with operations of distal radical gastrectomy, proximal radical gastrectomy and radical total gastrectomy combined with modified Roux-en-Y anastomosis of remnant stomach and jejunum. The postoperative complications, fasting plasma glucose (FBG) levels before and 1 and 6 months after the operation, 2 h postprandial glucose (2hPG) level, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and status of cancer metastasis in postoperative 1 year in the three groups were observed. ResultsAll operations were performed successfully with postoperative 9-25 d of hospital stay, and all patients recovered well with good status of diet and nutrition. No severe postoperative complications were found in all patients. The levels of FBG, 2hPG and HbA1c 1 and 6 months after the operation were significantly decreased in the three groups (P<0.01 orP<0.05). With postoperative 1 year of follow-up, no death was reported, and there were 2 patients with liver metastasis in distal gastrectomy group, 1 patient with liver metastasis and 1 patient with lung metastasis in proximal gastrectomy group, and 2 patients with abdominal cavity metastasis and 1 patient with liver metastasis in total gastrectomy group. ConclusionThe radical gastrectomy combined with modified gastric bypass in treatment of gastric cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has the advantages such as simple operation and safety.

[Key words]Stomach neoplasms; Gastric bypass; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Blood glucose

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼][中國(guó)圖書(shū)資料分類(lèi)號(hào)]R735.2;R587.1A

[文章編號(hào)]2095-140X(2015)09-0082-04

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