侯毅 陳曉亮 霍威 孔祥波 王志新
1吉林大學(xué)中日聯(lián)誼醫(yī)院泌尿外科 130000 長(zhǎng)春
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論 著
后腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)放手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌的對(duì)照研究
侯毅1陳曉亮1霍威1孔祥波1王志新1
1吉林大學(xué)中日聯(lián)誼醫(yī)院泌尿外科 130000 長(zhǎng)春
目的:比較后腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)放性手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌(腫瘤體積>7 cm)的療效。方法:回顧性分析2012年1月~2015年1月經(jīng)手術(shù)治療的57例大體積腎癌(>7 cm)患者的臨床資料。男34例,女23例,年齡44~72歲,平均(58.2±7.0)歲。腫瘤直徑7.0~12.2 cm,平均(8.8±1.2)cm。腫瘤位于左側(cè)30例,右側(cè)27例。術(shù)前臨床分期T2~T3期。所有患者均行根治性腎切除術(shù),26例采用后腹腔鏡手術(shù)(研究組),31例采用開(kāi)放性手術(shù)(對(duì)照組)。排除下腔靜脈瘤栓形成,術(shù)前淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、多發(fā)腫瘤患者。兩組患者的年齡、性別、腫瘤大小和位置等臨床資料比較均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。比較兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量、輸血率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、隨訪情況等。 結(jié)果:研究組1例中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù)。研究組與對(duì)照組的手術(shù)時(shí)間分別為(115.0±23.1)min和(132.2±28.4)min,術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間分別為(1.7±0.6)d和(2.3±0.6)d,均差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組在術(shù)中出血量、輸血率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間等方面比較均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后病理均診斷為腎透明細(xì)胞癌,病理分期研究組T2期21例,T3a期5例;對(duì)照組T2期25例,T3a期6例。術(shù)后隨訪4~40個(gè)月,平均19個(gè)月,中位時(shí)間20個(gè)月。研究組平均生存期為17.5個(gè)月,對(duì)照組為18.2個(gè)月;研究組無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展生存期平均為15.5個(gè)月,對(duì)照組為16.9個(gè)月。Cox風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析結(jié)果顯示,在年齡、性別、手術(shù)方式、腫瘤分期四個(gè)因素,只有腫瘤分期是總體生存期(P=0.018)和無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展生存期(P=0.020)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。手術(shù)方式不是獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P=0.312;P=0.331)。 結(jié)論:后腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療大體積腎癌安全、可行、有效。后腹腔鏡手術(shù)較開(kāi)放手術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快。手術(shù)方式不是患者總體生存期和無(wú)疾病生存期的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
腎癌;后腹腔鏡手術(shù);開(kāi)放手術(shù)
腎癌對(duì)放化療不敏感,目前公認(rèn)根治性腎切除術(shù)可提高腎癌患者生存率[1]。盡管開(kāi)放式腎癌根治術(shù)是治療腎癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,但隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)的完善和提高,腹腔鏡下根治性腎切除術(shù)的可行性、安全性與腫瘤治療效果已被大量文獻(xiàn)證實(shí),與開(kāi)放手術(shù)相比較,腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小,出血量少,傷口疼痛輕,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等諸多優(yōu)勢(shì)[2~6]。因此腹腔鏡下根治性腎切除已經(jīng)在全球多個(gè)中心廣泛開(kāi)展,甚至有學(xué)者提出將腹腔鏡下根治性腎切除作為腎癌手術(shù)治療的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7,8]。但對(duì)于大體積(直徑>7 cm)腎癌這一獨(dú)立亞群,目前關(guān)于兩種方式的比較研究較少。我們回顧性分析2012年1月~2015年1月經(jīng)手術(shù)治療的57例T2期及以上腎癌(腫瘤體積>7 cm)患者的臨床資料,對(duì)后腹腔鏡與開(kāi)放手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌的療效進(jìn)行比較,報(bào)告如下。
1.1 臨床資料
本組57例,男34例,女23例,年齡44~72歲,平均(58.2±7.0)歲。CT及彩超檢查測(cè)量腫瘤直徑7.0~12.2 cm,平均(8.8±1.2)cm。術(shù)前均經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查診斷為腎癌,臨床分期為T2和T3期。所有患者均行根治性腎切除術(shù),26例采用后腹腔鏡手術(shù)(研究組),31例采用開(kāi)放性手術(shù)(對(duì)照組)。兩組臨床資料比較見(jiàn)表1。排除下腔靜脈瘤栓形成,術(shù)前淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、多發(fā)腫瘤患者。手術(shù)分別由7名有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師完成。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
所有手術(shù)均使用全身麻醉。均參照手術(shù)學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完成根治性腎切除手術(shù)。術(shù)畢留置腹膜后引流管。引流量<10 ml時(shí)拔除引流管。
項(xiàng)目研究組對(duì)照組P值例數(shù)2631-男/女16/1018/130.88年齡/歲58.5±6.958.0±7.20.84體質(zhì)指數(shù)/(kg·m2)24.9±1.424.8±1.20.51腫瘤部位/例0.95 左側(cè)1416 右側(cè)1215腫瘤直徑/cm8.8±1.18.8±1.20.86
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)收集
記錄圍手術(shù)期數(shù)據(jù):手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、輸血例數(shù)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后病理結(jié)果及隨訪情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
研究組1例因腫瘤表面明顯滲血視野不清中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù),余56例手術(shù)順利完成。兩組患者術(shù)后數(shù)據(jù)比較見(jiàn)表2。兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間比較均差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組在術(shù)中出血量、輸血率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間等方面比較均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。 以上手術(shù)分別由不同術(shù)者實(shí)施手術(shù),術(shù)后病理均診斷為腎透明細(xì)胞癌,57例手術(shù)切緣均為陰性。病理分期研究組T2期21例,T3a期5例;對(duì)照組T2期25例,T3a期6例。
術(shù)后研究組出現(xiàn)2例并發(fā)癥,其中術(shù)后腹膜后血腫形成及切口延遲愈合各1例;對(duì)照組出現(xiàn)術(shù)后切口延遲愈合及下肢靜脈血栓形成各1例,均經(jīng)保守對(duì)癥治療后痊愈。
術(shù)后隨訪4~40個(gè)月,平均19個(gè)月,中位時(shí)間20個(gè)月。無(wú)失訪患者。兩組均有3例發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)局部復(fù)發(fā)。截至隨訪結(jié)束,研究組平均生存期為17.5個(gè)月,對(duì)照組為18.2個(gè)月;研究組無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展生存期平均為15.5個(gè)月,對(duì)照組為16.9個(gè)月。Cox風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析結(jié)果顯示,在年齡、性別、手術(shù)方式、腫瘤分期四個(gè)因素中,只有腫瘤分期是總體生存期(P=0.018)和無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展生存期(P=0.020)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。手術(shù)方式不是獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P=0.312;P=0.331)。
項(xiàng)目研究組對(duì)照組P值例數(shù)2631-手術(shù)時(shí)間/min115.0±23.1132.2±28.40.02術(shù)后出血量/ml140.5±92.6150.3±100.20.22輸血/例(%)2(7.6)2(6.5)1.00術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間/d1.7±0.62.3±0.6<0.01術(shù)后住院時(shí)間/d7.0±1.67.2±1.50.75并發(fā)癥/例(%)2(7.6)2(6.5)1.00
隨著技術(shù)及設(shè)備的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡手術(shù)的適應(yīng)證已推廣到T2期腫瘤的治療[9]。但是,后腹腔鏡下根治性腎切除術(shù)治療T2、T3期腎癌的比例仍然很少[10,11]。目前對(duì)于大體積腎癌的后腹腔鏡手術(shù)一直非常謹(jǐn)慎,主要原因是T2期及以上腎癌與周圍臟器關(guān)系密切,需要考慮手術(shù)的安全性與可行性。此外,在腫瘤控制方面的效果如何也是后腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療大體積腎癌的顧慮之一。
目前,已有研究結(jié)果提示腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌在圍手術(shù)期安全性與療效方面與開(kāi)放手術(shù)無(wú)明顯差異,而在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和術(shù)后恢復(fù)方面優(yōu)于開(kāi)放手術(shù)[12~15]。Pierorazio等[12]報(bào)道采用腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療200例腫瘤直徑>7cm的腎癌患者,其中腫瘤直徑7~10 cm者138例,>10 cm者62例,取得較理想的療效。但他們也指出更大的腫瘤(>10 cm)與更多的術(shù)中出血量及更高的中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放率有相關(guān)性,同時(shí),術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。Luciani等[13]報(bào)道了腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療222例腫瘤直徑>7 cm的腎癌患者,認(rèn)為腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌是安全的,但pT3期是中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù)及術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。本研究結(jié)果顯示腹腔鏡手術(shù)切除T2期及以上腎癌是可行的,但也應(yīng)注意到,研究組1例因腫瘤表面明顯滲血視野不清中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù)。
腹腔鏡下根治性腎切除有經(jīng)腹腔及經(jīng)后腹腔兩種。經(jīng)腹腔途徑具有視野大、解剖標(biāo)志明顯等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但對(duì)腹腔有一定的干擾,有發(fā)生腸管損傷并發(fā)腹膜炎及腹腔膿腫、術(shù)后腸道恢復(fù)慢、腸麻痹危險(xiǎn),而經(jīng)后腹腔途徑盡管操作空間相對(duì)較小、周圍脂肪多、缺乏清晰的解剖標(biāo)志,手術(shù)中若損傷腹膜,可引起腹腔積氣壓力升高進(jìn)而壓縮后腹腔造成手術(shù)操作空間進(jìn)一步狹小,增加手術(shù)難度,但這種途徑可直接、迅速進(jìn)入手術(shù)野,分離組織少、副損傷小、對(duì)腹腔臟器干擾少,避免了腹腔污染和腫瘤種植。選用哪種手術(shù)入路,主要根據(jù)術(shù)者的習(xí)慣。有學(xué)者研究表明,經(jīng)腹腔及經(jīng)后腹腔兩種途徑均能順利完成手術(shù),但經(jīng)后腹腔途徑可能具有更快的找到并處理腎蒂的優(yōu)勢(shì)[16]。
Nambirajan等[17]前瞻性比較了經(jīng)腹膜后和經(jīng)腹腔兩種手術(shù)入路的腎癌根治術(shù),認(rèn)為兩種入路在手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量及術(shù)后恢復(fù)等指標(biāo)均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Rubinstein等[16]回顧性分析了經(jīng)腹膜后入路和經(jīng)腹腔入路的腎癌根治術(shù)的病例資料,認(rèn)為經(jīng)腹膜后入路手術(shù)時(shí)間更短,控制腎蒂所需時(shí)間更短,總的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更大。
目前,腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌多主張采用經(jīng)腹腔入路[16],也有經(jīng)后腹膜入路的報(bào)道,但缺乏對(duì)于T2期及以上腎癌后腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)放手術(shù)的對(duì)照研究,本研究中Cox分析結(jié)果顯示,在年齡、性別、手術(shù)方式、腫瘤分期四個(gè)因素中,只有腫瘤分期是總體生存期及無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展生存期的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,而手術(shù)方式的選擇不是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,提示對(duì)于T2~T3期的大體積腎癌,手術(shù)方式對(duì)患者的生存期沒(méi)有顯著影響。但由于本研究隨訪時(shí)間較短,需要延長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間進(jìn)一步證實(shí)手術(shù)方式與生存期的關(guān)系。除此之外,本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩種手術(shù)方式均是安全的,在術(shù)中出血量、輸血率及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但后腹腔鏡手術(shù)的手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間均短于開(kāi)放手術(shù),說(shuō)明后腹腔鏡手術(shù)能夠更直接、快捷的完成手術(shù),且對(duì)腸道功能的干擾較小。
我院自開(kāi)展腹腔鏡下根治性腎切除以來(lái),多采用經(jīng)后腹腔入路。我們認(rèn)為后腹腔鏡手術(shù)的關(guān)鍵在于后腹腔的建立、清楚地識(shí)別解剖標(biāo)志及重要的非解剖性標(biāo)志、沿相對(duì)無(wú)血管區(qū)游離、腎蒂的處理。①首先在腋后線肋緣下建立切口,切開(kāi)肌肉組織后還應(yīng)切開(kāi)腰背筋膜才能進(jìn)入腹膜后間隙,盡可能推開(kāi)腹膜,氣囊擴(kuò)張后,示指引導(dǎo)下置入Trocar可有效避免損傷腹膜。②后腹腔常用的解剖標(biāo)志:腹膜為腹側(cè)標(biāo)志,腰大肌為背側(cè)標(biāo)志,膈肌為腎上極后側(cè)標(biāo)志,腎上腺為腎上方內(nèi)側(cè)標(biāo)志,腎靜脈位于腎動(dòng)脈前下方。③以上解剖標(biāo)志,特別是腹膜和腰大肌,并非在氣囊建立后腹膜間隙后便會(huì)立刻展現(xiàn)在術(shù)者面前,有時(shí)呈現(xiàn)在術(shù)者面前的只是大量脂肪組織,造成手術(shù)方向感迷失,在剛開(kāi)始手術(shù)分離時(shí)很容易造成腹膜的損傷,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致后腹腔間隙因腹腔壓力增大而受壓變小,增加手術(shù)難度。因此在沒(méi)有看到腹膜和腰大肌等解剖標(biāo)志時(shí),如何掌握手術(shù)的方向感至關(guān)重要。我們的體會(huì)就是充分利用Trocar這一重要的非解剖性標(biāo)志,其中又以靠背側(cè)的Trocar為重中之重。因?yàn)楦箓?cè)的Trocar靠近腹膜,背側(cè)的Trocar靠近腰大肌,當(dāng)進(jìn)入手術(shù)視野后,可以先找到背側(cè)的Trocar,在靠近背側(cè)的脂肪中稍加分離,均能順利的找到腰大肌這一重要的解剖標(biāo)志,避免損傷腹膜,有利于手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行。④沿腰大肌表面的相對(duì)無(wú)血管區(qū)向深部游離可找到搏動(dòng)的腎動(dòng)脈。在腎周筋膜前層與腹膜之間向前分離,應(yīng)仔細(xì)分離,防止誤入腹腔。⑤腎蒂血管的處理按先斷腎動(dòng)脈后斷腎靜脈的順序,使腎臟變軟利于手術(shù)操作、減少術(shù)中出血。
本研究也存在以下不足之處。首先,作為回顧性研究,不可避免地存在病例選擇的偏移;其次,手術(shù)分別由不同術(shù)者完成,可能存在手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)的差異;再次,病例數(shù)量不足。將來(lái)可開(kāi)展前瞻性的研究,以便積累更多的病例,并對(duì)手術(shù)的遠(yuǎn)期療效進(jìn)行隨訪比較。
總之,隨著腹腔鏡手術(shù)設(shè)備和技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對(duì)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)師,后腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療T2期及以上腎癌(腫瘤體積>7 cm)是安全、可行、有效。后腹腔鏡手術(shù)較開(kāi)放手術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,對(duì)比與開(kāi)放手術(shù)具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。手術(shù)方式不是患者總體生存期和無(wú)疾病生存期的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
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Comparison between laparoscopic and open surgical treatment for T2renal cell carcinoma
HouYi1ChenXiaoliang1HuoWei1KongXiangbo1WangZhixin1
Wang Zhixin, hern.wang@aliyun.com
Objective: To compare the efficacy of laparoscopic surgeryvs. open surgery in the treatment of T2and above renal cell carcinoma (>7 cm). Methods: From Jan. 2012 to Jan. 2015, the clinical data of 57 patients undergoing nephrectomy in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 34 males and 23 females, with age ranging from 44 to 72 (mean 58.2±7.0) years old. The size of tumor was between 7.0-12.2 cm (mean 8.8±1.2 cm). Left renal tumor was found in 30 patients and right renal tumor in 27 patients. Clinical stages of tumors were T2to T3. All patients were subjected to the nephrectomy via the retroperitoneal approach in 26 cases (observation group) and open approach in 31 cases (control group). The exclusive criteria included inferior vena cava tumor thrombus, lymphatic or distant metastasis, mutiple tumors. There were no significant differences in the age, gender, tumor size and location between two groups (P>0.05). The perioperative indexes and oncological outcomes, such as operation time, blood loss, incidence of blood transfusion, postoperative hospital stay, complications and follow-up results, were collected and compared between two groups. Results: Conversion occurred in one case from observation group. Operative time in observation group was significantly shorter than that in control group (115.0±23.1 minvs. 132.2±28.4 min,P<0.05). Bowel function recovered more rapidly in observation group than in control group (1.7±0.6 dvs. 2.3±0.6 d,P<0.05). However, the estimated blood loss, the incidence of blood transfusion, the postoperative hospital stay and perioperative complications showed no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). The histopathological examination confirmed renal clear cell carcinoma in all cases. In observation group there were 21 cases of T2stage and 5 cases of T3astage, and in control group there were 25 cases of T2stage and 6 cases of T3astage. The follow-up duration ranged from 4 to 40 months (mean 19 months). Mean overall survival was 17.5 months in observation group and 18.2 months in control group. Progression free survival time was 15.5 months in observation group and 16.9 months in control group. Cox survival analysis showed that only pre-operative stage of the tumor was independent risk factor for the survival time (P=0.018) and progression free survival time (P=0.020), while the operative approach was not the independent risk factor (P=0.312, 0.331). Conclusions: For large renal tumor(>7 cm) retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was safe and feasible. Compared to the open approach, retroperitoneal approach costs less operative time and obtains rapid recovery. But the operation approach is not an independent risk factor for the survival time and progression free survival time.
kidney cancer; retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery; open surgery
王志新,hern.wang@aliyun.com
2015-08-26
R737.11
A
2095-5146(2015)06-321-04
(1Department of Urology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China)