蘇圓圓綜述,廖曉輝審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,重慶400010)
新型急性腎損傷標(biāo)志物在慢性腎臟病中的作用
蘇圓圓綜述,廖曉輝審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,重慶400010)
腎/損傷;腎功能衰竭,急性/病理生理學(xué);生物學(xué)標(biāo)記;慢性??;腎疾?。痪C述
慢性腎臟?。–KD)是一組高患病率、低知曉率、高病死率的慢性疾病,在當(dāng)前全球人口老齡化的背景下患病率日益升高,且隨疾病發(fā)展從而進(jìn)一步發(fā)展至終末期腎臟病,并出現(xiàn)心血管疾病等并發(fā)癥,已成為社會的沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。在CKD病程中,早期診斷及早期干預(yù)對預(yù)后有重要意義。目前,臨床上診斷及評估CKD的主要使用指標(biāo)和手段包含血肌酐、尿素氮、內(nèi)生肌酐清除率、尿蛋白及腎臟穿刺活檢,但以上指標(biāo)及手段在臨床應(yīng)用上存在頗多缺點(diǎn),如血肌酐及尿素氮受影響因素多,對腎損害反應(yīng)較慢;尿蛋白在不同病因的腎臟病中與腎功能高低無明確相關(guān)性;腎臟穿刺病理檢查為有創(chuàng)性檢查不能反復(fù)進(jìn)行等。因此,尋找新的無創(chuàng)、早期、與腎損害關(guān)聯(lián)性好、具有預(yù)后預(yù)測價(jià)值的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物非常必要。
近年來,中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)、腎損傷分子-1(KIM-1)、肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(L-FABP)、白介素18(IL-18)等新型急性腎損傷(AKI)標(biāo)志物因具有對腎損傷反應(yīng)早、受影響因素更少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為AKI早期診斷中的研究熱點(diǎn)。同時(shí),也有部分研究發(fā)現(xiàn),此類新型標(biāo)志物在CKD中也有診斷、預(yù)測預(yù)后及并發(fā)癥等作用,具有作為CKD標(biāo)志物的應(yīng)用前景,本文將就其研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行簡要綜述。
KIM-1是一種跨膜糖蛋白,在正常腎組織中幾乎無表達(dá)。腎損傷時(shí),近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)KIM-1明顯增加并在活化的促分裂原活化蛋白激酶作用下脫落進(jìn)入尿液,成為可由外周途徑檢測的腎損傷標(biāo)志物,因其這一特性,目前KIM-1作為AKI標(biāo)志物廣泛應(yīng)用于AKI的研究中[1]。Ko等[2]在缺血再灌注腎損傷小鼠模型中,對發(fā)生AKI損傷后處于修復(fù)期的24 600個(gè)基因研究發(fā)現(xiàn)KIM-1最為活躍,提示KIM-1或與AKI向CKD轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)。Humphreys等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在長期持續(xù)表達(dá)KIM-1的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠組中觀察到發(fā)生腎臟炎癥、間質(zhì)纖維化,并且出現(xiàn)CKD的高磷、貧血、腎臟縮小等表現(xiàn)。van Timmeren等[4]在對包括糖尿病腎病、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)腎病、局灶節(jié)段性腎小球硬化、膜性腎病、紅斑狼瘡腎病等多病因致CKD患者的橫斷面研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),腎臟KIM-1、尿KIM-1水平較健康對照組均有升高,且濃度與腎臟炎癥和纖維化程度有關(guān)。有臨床研究更發(fā)現(xiàn),在不同CKD分期中KIM-1水平隨之升高[5],且KIM-1水平具有獨(dú)立于蛋白尿的對腎功能進(jìn)一步下降的預(yù)測作用[5-6]??梢奒IM-1在CKD的診斷、預(yù)后判斷上均有一定應(yīng)用前景。但是,目前也有少數(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),KIM-1與腎小球?yàn)V過率(GFR)無顯著相關(guān)性[7]。因此KIM-1在CKD中的作用尚需多中心、大樣本臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)。
NGAL是一個(gè)相對分子質(zhì)量為25×103的蛋白分子,屬于脂鈣蛋白家族,由Kjeldsen等[8]在中性粒細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),在人體腎臟、肺、胃腸等多種組織中均可表達(dá)。正常情況下NGAL在腎組織中呈低表達(dá)狀態(tài),在上皮細(xì)胞受到刺激時(shí)NGAL在近端腎小管中的表達(dá)顯著升高,并有調(diào)控腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡、誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞再生作用[9]。目前,NAGL在AKI中研究較為廣泛。近年來,NGAL被發(fā)現(xiàn)在CKD中存在可探測的濃度變化,被認(rèn)為或可作為CKD標(biāo)志物。在對IgA腎病、多囊腎的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其NGAL值高于健康對照[7,9-10]。在一項(xiàng)針對合并冠心病患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),老年患者出現(xiàn)GFR估算值(eGFR)下降的情況下血肌酐仍然維持正常水平,但血NGAL水平已經(jīng)升高[11],在多個(gè)納入多種病因CKD患者的研究中也證實(shí)NGAL與GFR/eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)[12-13]。同時(shí),Xiang等[14]對 240例CKD患者的研究表明,NGAL水平與胱抑素C、β2微球蛋白、α1微球蛋白、尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值等臨床常用腎功能指標(biāo)也具有相關(guān)性。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL對CKD的進(jìn)展、到達(dá)透析/死亡終點(diǎn)、發(fā)生心血管并發(fā)癥具有預(yù)測作用[15-16]。在一個(gè)對29例IgA腎病患者的前瞻性研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)CKD進(jìn)展的患者中88.9%腎活檢NGAL陽性[17]。但同時(shí),因?yàn)镹GAL在炎癥狀態(tài)下也可有生成增加,目前尚缺乏大樣本的合并全身或尿路感染等炎癥狀態(tài)下的對照研究。
L-FABP的相對分子質(zhì)量約為14×103,屬于脂結(jié)合蛋白超家族,具有參與脂質(zhì)代謝,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長、增殖等功能,在腎臟中主要表達(dá)在近端小管[18]。Kamijo等[19]研究表明,在腎臟病患者中L-FABP與尿蛋白、肌酐清除率及腎小管間質(zhì)受損程度相關(guān),且在蛋白超負(fù)荷的腎損害模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)L-FABP表達(dá)的上調(diào)能明顯減輕腎小管間質(zhì)的炎性反應(yīng)。在一個(gè)對618例2型糖尿病患者的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高水平L-FABP發(fā)生eGFR下降的概率更大,且在蛋白尿陰性亞組中也可觀察到L-FABP與腎功能減退的關(guān)系,提示L-FABP在糖尿病腎病中或是提前于尿蛋白出現(xiàn)的早期標(biāo)志物[20]。在 Nielsen等[21]的干預(yù)性試驗(yàn)里,48例1型糖尿病腎病患者基礎(chǔ)L-FABP與尿蛋白相關(guān),并且在應(yīng)用血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑類藥物后L-FABP與尿蛋白均下降,提示L-FABP也可用于對治療效果的觀察。目前關(guān)于此類研究數(shù)量尚少,研究人員期待更多多中心、大樣本、多病因CKD研究進(jìn)一步評判L-FABP在CKD中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。另外,L-FABP在肝、腎中均有表達(dá),血、尿L-FABP是否受到肝臟病影響而特異度降低受到關(guān)注,已有一個(gè)對48例CKD患者的研究顯示,血L-FABP受肝臟疾病的影響,因此,L-FABP在CKD疾病應(yīng)用時(shí),需要排除肝臟病的影響[22]。
IL-18是一種主要由單核巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的促炎性細(xì)胞因子。在AKI后IL-18作為促炎性細(xì)胞因子由近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生增加,并進(jìn)入尿液,具有作為AKI早期診斷標(biāo)志物的價(jià)值[23]。目前認(rèn)為,CKD及其并發(fā)的心血管疾病中炎癥或有重要病理作用,因此作為炎癥因子的IL-18在CKD中的作用也受到關(guān)注。Liang等[24]實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在CKD狀態(tài)下近端腎小管產(chǎn)生IL-18增加。在一個(gè)納入多種病因致CKD 3~5期患者的臨床研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-18水平在CKD 5期患者及CKD 3~4期患者組間有顯著差別,且與GFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)[25]。同時(shí),一項(xiàng)針對148例CKD 3~4期患者的橫斷面分析顯示,IL-18水平與患者冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化評分、胸主動(dòng)脈鈣化評分相關(guān)[26];另一研究顯示,在CKD5期患者中IL-18與動(dòng)脈硬化有關(guān)[27]。IL-18在CKD中的作用研究較少,但從目前研究來看,IL-18具有作為CKD患者腎功能及并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估標(biāo)志物應(yīng)用的前景。
因?yàn)楫?dāng)前臨床使用指標(biāo)的諸多缺陷,目前針對AKI及CKD的各種生物標(biāo)志物研究眾多。AKI和CKD在腎功能損害的機(jī)制上存在相似,于是本文選擇了近年來在AKI中研究較為廣泛的4種新型標(biāo)志物,綜述其在CKD中對早期診斷、病情發(fā)展及預(yù)后的預(yù)測等作用。但目前此類研究總體數(shù)量仍較少,仍需開展更多的多中心、大樣本研究以驗(yàn)證結(jié)果的重復(fù)性及深入探究這些新型標(biāo)志物在CKD中應(yīng)用的缺陷,進(jìn)一步明確其應(yīng)用價(jià)值,為CKD的診斷和評估尋找新的途徑。
[1]Huo W,Zhang K,Nie Z,et al.Kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1)∶a novel kidney-specific injury molecule playing potential double-edged functions in kidney injury[J].Transplant Rev(Orlando),2010,24(3)∶143-146.
[2]Ko GJ,Grigoryev DN,Linfert D,et al.Transcriptional analysis of kidneys during repair from AKI reveals possible roles for NGAL and KIM-1 as biomarkers of AKI-to-CKD transition[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,298(6)∶F1472-1483.
[3]Humphreys B,Xu F,Sabbisetti V,et al.Chronic epithelial kidney injury molecule-1 expression causes murine kidney fibrosis[J].J Clin Invest,2013,123(9)∶4023-4035.
[4]van Timmeren MM,van den Heuvel MC,Bailly V,et al.Tubular kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1)in human renal disease[J].J Pathol,2007,212(2)∶209-217.
[5]Sabbisetti VS,Waikar SS,Antoine DJ,et al.Blood Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Is a Biomarker of Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury and Predicts Progression to ESRD in Type I Diabetes[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,25(10)∶2177-2186.
[6]Peralta CA,Katz R,Bonventre JV,et al.Associations of Urinary Levels of Kidney Injury Molecule-1(KIM-1)and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin(NGAL)With Kidney Function Decline in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis(MESA)[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(6)∶904-911.
[7]Peters HP,Waanders F,Meijer E,et al.High urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 is an independent predictor of end-stage renal disease in patients with IgA nephropathy[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2011,26(11)∶3581-3588.
[8]Kjeldsen L,Johnsen AH,Sengelov H,et al.Isolation and primary structure of NGAL,a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase[J]. J Biol Chem,1993,268(14)∶10425-10432.
[9]Haase-Fielitz A,Haase M,Devarajan P.Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of acute kidney injury∶a critical evaluation of current status[J].Ann Clin Biochem,2014,51(Pt 3)∶335-351.
[10]Parikh CR,Dahl NK,Chapman AB,et al.Evaluation of urine biomarkers of kidney injury in Polycystic Kidney Disease[J].Kidney Int,2012,81(8)∶784-790.
[11]Malyszko J,Bachorzewska-Gajewska H,Malyszko J,et al.Markers of kidney function in the elderly in relation to the new CKD-EPI formula for estimation of glomerular filtration rate[J].Arch Med Sci,2011,7(4)∶658-664.
[12]Lin HY,Hwanga DY,Lee SC,et al.Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2015,53(1)∶73-83.
[13]Woo KS,Choi JL,Kim BR,et al.Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in comparison with glomerular filtration rate for evaluation of renal function in patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease[J].Diabetes Metab J,2012,36(4)∶307-313.
[14]Xiang D,Zhang H,Bai J,et al.Clinical application of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the revised chronic kidney disease classification[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2014,7(10)∶7172-7181.
[15]Nielsen SE,Hansen HP,Jensen BR.Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetic Patients in a Four-Year Follow-Up Study[J].Nephron Clin Pract,2011,118(2)∶c130-135.
[16]Smith ER,Lee D,Cai MM,et al.Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin may aid prediction of renal decline in patients with non-proteinuric Stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease(CKD)[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2013,28(6)∶1569-1579.
[17]Yavas H,Sahin OZ,Ersoy R,et al.Prognostic value of NGAL staining in patients with IgA nephropathy[J].Ren Fail,2013,35(4)∶472-476.
[18]McMahon BA,Murray PT.Urinary liver fatty acid-binding protein∶another novel biomarker of acute kidney injury[J].Kidney Intl,2010,77(8)∶657-659.
[19]Kamijo A,Sugaya T,Hikawa A,et al.Urinary excretion of fatty acidbinding protein reflects stress overload on the proximal tubules[J].Am J Pathol,2004,165(4)∶1243-1255.
[20]Araki S,Haneda M,Koya D,et al.Predictive effects of urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein for deteriorating renal function and incidence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients without advanced nephropathy[J].Diabetes Care,2013,36(5)∶1248-1253.
[21]Nielsen S,Sugaya T,Tarnow L,et al.Tubular and glomerular injury in diabetes and the impact of ACE inhibition[J].Diabetes Care,2009,32(9)∶1684-1688.
[22]Kamijo A,Sugaya T,Hikawa A,et al.Urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein as a useful biomarker in chronic kidney disease[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2006,284(1/2)∶175-182.
[23]Leslie JA,Meldrum KK.The role of interleukin-18 in renal injury[J].J Sur Res,2008,145(1)∶170-175.
[24]Liang D,Liu HF,Yao CW,et al.Effects of interleukin 18 on injury and activation of human proximal tubular epithelial cells[J].Nephrology(Carlton),2007,12(1)∶53-61.
[25]Yong K,Ooi EM,Dogra G,et al.Elevated interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 in chronic kidney disease are not associated with arterial stiffness[J]. Cytokine,2013,64(1)∶39-42.
[26]KiuWeber CI,Duchateau-Nguyen G,Solier C,et al.Cardiovascular risk markers associated with arterial calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease Stages 3 and 4[J].Clin Kidney J,2014,7(2)∶167-173.
[27]Porazko T,Kuzniar J,Kusztal M,et al.IL-18 is involved in vascular injury in end-stage renal disease patients[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2009,24(2)∶589-596.
10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2015.13.016
:A
:1009-5519(2015)13-1971-03
∶2015-02-15)
∶蘇圓圓(1991-),女,重慶江北人,碩士研究生,主要從事腎內(nèi)科臨床工作;E-mail∶suyuanyuan91@163.com。
∶廖曉輝(E-mail∶lxheducation@163.com)。