夏 曦(綜述),王 紅(審校)
(成都軍區(qū)昆明總醫(yī)院干部病房,昆明650032)
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Id1和E2-2參與血管內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展
夏曦△(綜述),王紅※(審校)
(成都軍區(qū)昆明總醫(yī)院干部病房,昆明650032)
摘要:血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞增殖、遷移是促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)及有益再生,防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等血管損傷性疾病的重要因素。近年來大量研究證明,分化抑制因子1(Id1)、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2-2在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞增殖、遷移調(diào)控過程中起重要作用,共同參與血管內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù),但機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。深入探討Id1及E2-2對(duì)以上功能調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制將為促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮有益再生提供重要科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:血管內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù);分化抑制因子1;E2-2;增殖;遷移
Migration
血管內(nèi)皮損傷及功能障礙是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生、發(fā)展的核心機(jī)制,促進(jìn)損傷內(nèi)皮修復(fù)及有益再生是防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)鍵。血管內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)的重要環(huán)節(jié)包括:①損傷部位毗鄰的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(endothelial cells,ECs)增殖、遷移。②內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)從骨髓中動(dòng)員、遷移到內(nèi)皮損傷部位,并增殖、分化為ECs,促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)膜再內(nèi)皮化;同時(shí)通過旁分泌途徑促進(jìn)ECs的增殖和遷移[1-4]。因此,提高ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移活性,對(duì)防治AS具有重要意義。近年來大量研究證明,分化抑制因子1(inhibitors of cell differentiation 1,Id1)、E2-2在 ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移過程中起著重要的作用?,F(xiàn)對(duì)Id1、E2-2在ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移過程中的調(diào)控作用及其機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述。
1分子生物學(xué)概述
Id1是Ids家族成員之一,屬于螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋(helix-loop-helix,HLH) 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族,具有保守的HLH結(jié)構(gòu)域,因缺乏與DNA結(jié)合的特定堿性氨基酸序列,所以不能直接與DNA結(jié)合,且Id1能通過HLH結(jié)構(gòu)域與含有堿性HLH(basic HLH,bHLH) 結(jié)構(gòu)域的蛋白相互結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,阻止該蛋白與DNA結(jié)合[5]。Id1是HLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子負(fù)性調(diào)控因子,在機(jī)體內(nèi)廣泛存在,參與細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控,在多種細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、凋亡等活性調(diào)控方面起重要作用[6-8]。類似調(diào)控作用同樣存在于ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移活性調(diào)控過程中。
E2-2,HLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族另一成員,含有bHLH結(jié)構(gòu)域,與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2A、HEB共同組成E蛋白家族,廣泛表達(dá)于各組織中。E2-2可以通過自身相互連接形成同源二聚體或者與其他bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員形成異源二聚體,二聚體復(fù)合物與含有E-box(CANNTG)的DNA序列結(jié)合,發(fā)揮相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控作用。研究證實(shí),E2-2不僅在調(diào)控淋巴系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)分化、肌細(xì)胞形成等方面有重要作用[9],還參與ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移活性調(diào)控。
2Id1調(diào)控ECs及EPCs的增殖與遷移
2.1Id1調(diào)控ECs增殖與遷移Id1調(diào)控ECs增殖、遷移有多種途徑。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)Id1可通過增強(qiáng)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)活性,促進(jìn)ECs增殖、遷移;相反,干擾 Id1的表達(dá)可抑制VEGF的轉(zhuǎn)錄[10]。若加入VEGF的中和抗體抑制VEGF的功能,可阻斷Id1誘導(dǎo)的ECs增殖和管樣形成等能力[11]。Sun等[12]進(jìn)一步證實(shí)Id1經(jīng)VEGF通路調(diào)控ECs增殖,并發(fā)現(xiàn)此效應(yīng)由Id1和一個(gè)RNA結(jié)合蛋白——Acheron共同參與完成。該實(shí)驗(yàn)室在ECs中過表達(dá)Id1,檢測(cè)出VEGF、Acheron、整合蛋白β1的表達(dá)不同程度增加;敲除Id1,則VEGF、Acheron、整合蛋白β1表達(dá)下調(diào)。其中,VEGF變化尤為顯著。而過表達(dá)Id1同時(shí)抑制Acheron表達(dá)的ECs與僅過表達(dá)Id1的ECs相比,前者VEGF的表達(dá)水平顯著下降。此外,該實(shí)驗(yàn)室還發(fā)現(xiàn),正常ECs內(nèi)Acheron與Id1、整合蛋白β1均有相互結(jié)合。血管內(nèi)皮損傷模型中,該結(jié)合現(xiàn)象減弱,誘導(dǎo)整合蛋白β1表達(dá)可明顯增強(qiáng)Acheron與Id1結(jié)合。由此可以得出,Id1與Acheron、整合蛋白β1共同作用調(diào)節(jié)ECs中VEGF表達(dá),促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮損傷部位毗鄰的ECs增殖,完成血管內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)。另一方面,VEGF又能通過細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶5信號(hào)通路上調(diào)ECs中Id1的表達(dá)[13],過表達(dá)Id1可下調(diào)凝血酶敏感蛋白1表達(dá),解除其對(duì)VEGF活性的抑制作用,增強(qiáng)ECs增殖、遷移活性,及抗凋亡能力[14]。綜上所述,Id1可上調(diào)VEGF表達(dá),促進(jìn)ECs增殖、遷移,ECs增殖又可增加VEGF表達(dá),進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)Id1表達(dá),由此形成一個(gè)正反饋環(huán)狀通路,增強(qiáng)ECs增殖、遷移活性,促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)。此外,Id1在ECs中過表達(dá)還可明顯抑制抑癌基因p53表達(dá),上調(diào)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1及整合蛋白β1表達(dá),通過低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1/整合蛋白β1依賴性信號(hào)通路調(diào)控ECs黏附和遷移[15];另一方面,Id1部分抑制p53的核轉(zhuǎn)位,進(jìn)一步抑制p53依賴性信號(hào)通路活性,促進(jìn)ECs增殖、遷移,加速損傷內(nèi)皮再內(nèi)皮化[16-18]。除以上機(jī)制外,另有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道ECs中Id1還可通過抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2A與周期蛋白依賴性激酶抑制劑基因p21的啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合,參與p21依賴性細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控[19]:過表達(dá)Id1,抑制p21的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,導(dǎo)致p21表達(dá)降低;反之,干擾Id1表達(dá),p21轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制被解除,p21蛋白表達(dá)增強(qiáng)。細(xì)胞周期分析顯示抑制Id1表達(dá)的ECs,處于G1期的細(xì)胞比例明顯增多,細(xì)胞周期停滯,細(xì)胞增殖緩慢;而誘導(dǎo)Id1表達(dá)的ECs處于G1期的細(xì)胞比例減少,細(xì)胞周期演進(jìn),細(xì)胞增殖加快。由此可得出結(jié)論,Id1可通過抑制p21的表達(dá),加快細(xì)胞周期演進(jìn),促進(jìn)ECs增殖。Id1通過促進(jìn)ECs增殖、遷移活性參與內(nèi)皮損傷修復(fù)調(diào)控已經(jīng)得到證實(shí),但其具體的信號(hào)通路及下游作用靶點(diǎn)仍需進(jìn)一步探討。
2.2Id1調(diào)控EPCs增殖與遷移外周血中EPCs數(shù)量是影響血管損傷修復(fù)的重要因素,EPCs動(dòng)員、增殖、遷移是影響外周血中EPCs數(shù)量的重要環(huán)節(jié),干擾內(nèi)源性Id1表達(dá)可導(dǎo)致外周血中EPCs數(shù)量明顯降低,Id1是調(diào)控EPCs活性的關(guān)鍵因子[20-22]。近年來,研究證實(shí),在EPCs靜息狀態(tài)下,Id1表達(dá)低下,而VEGF可增強(qiáng)Id1表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)EPCs增殖、遷移[23]。進(jìn)一步研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),在EPCs內(nèi)過表達(dá)Id1可上調(diào)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)、核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)、凋亡抑制蛋白(survivin)等的表達(dá),并促進(jìn)NF-κB/p65核轉(zhuǎn)位,增強(qiáng)EPCs增殖活性;相反,沉默Id1基因表達(dá),以上蛋白表達(dá)顯著降低,NF-κB/p65核轉(zhuǎn)位明顯減弱,EPCs增殖受到抑制。由以上現(xiàn)象推論Id1可通過PI3K/Akt/ NF-κB/survivin信號(hào)通路調(diào)控EPCs增殖活性,即:VEGF上調(diào)Id1表達(dá),促進(jìn)上述信號(hào)蛋白表達(dá),同時(shí)VEGF啟始PI3K激活,通過PI3K/Akt/NF-κB途徑從細(xì)胞質(zhì)中釋放NF-κB進(jìn)行核轉(zhuǎn)位,激活其靶基因survivin,促進(jìn)EPCs增殖。另外,Su等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),Id1通過PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信號(hào)通路同樣能上調(diào)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2表達(dá),調(diào)控EPCs參與管樣形成。除以上信號(hào)通路外,Id1還可以通過抑制p21表達(dá),促進(jìn)EPCs在骨髓中生成[26]。Id1調(diào)控EPCs參與血管損傷修復(fù)過程的重要性已得以證實(shí),同時(shí)也顯現(xiàn)出其調(diào)控機(jī)制的復(fù)雜性,因此其分子調(diào)控機(jī)制尚還需進(jìn)一步研究。
3E2-2調(diào)控ECs及EPCs的增殖與遷移
E2-2普遍表達(dá)于機(jī)體各組織中,參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞分化、增殖、維持成熟細(xì)胞特性等功能。近年文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,E2-2在ECs增殖、遷移及管樣形成調(diào)控過程中也起著重要作用。Tanaka等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)錄因子T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1/stem cell leukemia hematopoietic transcription factor(TAL1/SCL)通過HLH結(jié)構(gòu)域與E2-2結(jié)合,抑制E2-2活性,使VEGF受體2(VEGF receptor 2,VEGFR2)基因啟動(dòng)子活性得以恢復(fù)。隨后,進(jìn)一步研究[28]證實(shí)E2-2可通過bHLH結(jié)構(gòu)域,與VEGFR2啟動(dòng)子中非典型E-box 的DNA序列結(jié)合,降低VEGFR2基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,顯著減少ECs中VEGFR2的表達(dá)。因E2-2并未常規(guī)的通過VEGFR啟動(dòng)子中典型E-box起作用,故推測(cè)E2-2并非與VEGFR啟動(dòng)子直接結(jié)合,而是參與調(diào)控其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與DNA序列結(jié)合。另一方面,VEGF信號(hào)通路通過VEGFR2受體對(duì)ECs增殖、遷移、凋亡等活性產(chǎn)生影響,其下游信號(hào)通路之一是有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶/細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)激酶信號(hào)通路,當(dāng)ECs受到VEGF刺激,激活VEGFR2,短時(shí)間內(nèi)細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)激酶磷酸化達(dá)到高峰,隨后迅速降低[29]。ECs過表達(dá)E2-2時(shí),VEGF誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)激酶磷酸化程度明顯削弱[28]。該結(jié)果提示,E2-2可降低VEGF/VEGFR2信號(hào)通路活性,抑制ECs增殖、遷移;反之,下調(diào)E2-2表達(dá),則可解除E2-2對(duì)VEGF/VEGFR2信號(hào)通路的拮抗作用,促進(jìn)ECs的增殖、遷移。研究[9,28]還發(fā)現(xiàn),E2-2能抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2及integrin-β4的轉(zhuǎn)錄,推測(cè)E2-2可通過調(diào)控其他促血管生成相關(guān)因子的轉(zhuǎn)錄,進(jìn)一步抑制ECs增殖、遷移。此外,Tanaka等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),E蛋白家族另一成員E2A同樣能抑制VEGFR2啟動(dòng)子活性,抑制VEGF/VEGFR2信號(hào)通路,最終抑制ECs增殖、遷移。但研究顯示,E2A與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TAL-1/SCL 和LIM domain only 2(LMO2)共同作用,上調(diào)血管內(nèi)皮鈣黏素的表達(dá),促進(jìn)ECs遷移[30]。E蛋白家族調(diào)控ECs增殖、遷移等活性是否隨共同作用因子不同而產(chǎn)生不同效應(yīng),尚待更多的研究證實(shí)。
4Id1與E2-2相互作用
Id1促進(jìn)EPCs動(dòng)員進(jìn)入外周血,維持并參與調(diào)控ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移活性;E2-2抑制ECs的增殖、遷移。Id1與E2-2在功能上相互拮抗。已有文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)Id蛋白家族實(shí)現(xiàn)其負(fù)性調(diào)控功能的主要途徑是通過阻止機(jī)體內(nèi)廣泛表達(dá)的bHLH蛋白(包括E蛋白家族)形成同源二聚體或與組織特異性bHLH蛋白形成異源二聚體,或者阻止該二聚體復(fù)合物與DNA結(jié)合[31]。在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育過程中,E2-2與相應(yīng)的組織特異性bHLH蛋白形成異源二聚體調(diào)控細(xì)胞分化,過表達(dá)Id1能抑制E2-2對(duì)該細(xì)胞分化的調(diào)控[32],可見在正常機(jī)體內(nèi),存在Id1與E2-2相互作用。近期有研究證明在ECs增殖、遷移調(diào)控過程中Id1同樣存在與E2-2相互作用。Tanaka等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),Id1通過其HLH結(jié)構(gòu)域與E2-2的HLH結(jié)構(gòu)域相結(jié)合,解除E2-2介導(dǎo)的VEGFR2基因啟動(dòng)子活性抑制作用,提高VEGF/VEGFR2信號(hào)通路活性,促進(jìn)ECs增殖、遷移;并且Id1能抑制E2-2同源二聚體的形成及解離已存在的E2-2同源二聚體。但E2-2在調(diào)控VEGFR2基因啟動(dòng)子活性過程中是否以同源二聚體作用尚不清楚。新近研究[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),外源性E2-2在EPCs中過表達(dá),能明顯抑制EPCs生長(zhǎng)、增殖,同時(shí)可下調(diào)Id1的表達(dá),E2-2下調(diào)Id1表達(dá)可能在抑制EPCs增殖的過程中發(fā)揮一定作用。以上研究結(jié)果提示,Id1和E2-2之間可能通過一定的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路相互影響,調(diào)控ECs和EPCs的增殖、遷移。另外,Ghosh等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),類漿樹突細(xì)胞成熟發(fā)育過程中,E2-2表達(dá)降低可誘導(dǎo)Id2表達(dá)增強(qiáng),Id2表達(dá)增強(qiáng)進(jìn)一步抑制E2-2表達(dá)。因此,推測(cè)Id1與E2-2間也存在上述相互轉(zhuǎn)錄-翻譯調(diào)控方式,但需相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)行證實(shí)。
5展望
Id1和E2-2參與調(diào)控ECs及EPCs增殖、遷移等功能的重要性已得到證實(shí),為防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等血管損傷性疾病提供了新的靶點(diǎn)。但是,目前Id1和E2-2在防治血管損傷性疾病方面的作用及分子機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,還有很多問題亟待解決,如其是否參與ECs及EPCs旁分泌調(diào)控仍無文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。深入探討Id1和E2-2調(diào)控血管內(nèi)皮有益再生的作用機(jī)制已成為新的關(guān)注點(diǎn),具有重要研究?jī)r(jià)值。
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Research Progress in Mechanisms of Id1 and E2-2 Regulation on Repair of Injured EndotheliumXIAXi,WANGHong.(CadresWard,KunmingGeneralHospitalofChengduMilitaryRegion,Kunming650032,China)
Abstract:The proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells play an important role in repair of injured endothelium and prevent vascular injury diseases,such as atherosclerosis.Recently,a large amount of studies found the significant effects of inhibitor of cell differentiation-1 (Id1) and transcription factor E2-2 on the proliferation and migration of these cells.However,the mechanisms are not fully understood.Further exploring the mechanisms about how Id1 and E2-2 regulate the functions of endothelial progenitor cells will provide important scientific basis for reendothelialization.
Key words:Repair of injured endothelium; Inhibitor of cell differentiation-1; E2-2; Proliferation;
收稿日期:2014-08-04修回日期:2014-12-02編輯:相丹峰
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81270224)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.13.002
中圖分類號(hào):R331
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)13-2308-03