高 群 潘祝彬 黃 河
(安徽省兒童醫(yī)院普外一科,合肥 230001)
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·臨床論著·
腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療先天性膽總管囊腫的改進(jìn)
高 群*潘祝彬 黃 河
(安徽省兒童醫(yī)院普外一科,合肥 230001)
目的 總結(jié)腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫切除肝管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 方法 2011年1月~2013年12月,采用腹腔鏡技術(shù)治療先天性膽總管囊腫69例,年齡2個(gè)月~14歲,平均3.5歲。三孔法12例,四孔法57例。利用右上腹trocar完成膽道造影,5 mm 30°腹腔鏡下膽囊和膽總管囊腫壁全層切除;利用腹腔鏡鏡頭探查擴(kuò)張的肝內(nèi)膽管;從臍部1.5 cm切口提出空腸,腹外行空腸吻合;還納空腸腸管;經(jīng)臍部切口提出橫結(jié)腸,于橫結(jié)腸系膜打孔上提空腸的肝支,還納橫結(jié)腸,鏡下用4-0 Quill線將肝管與空腸端側(cè)連續(xù)吻合。 結(jié)果 中轉(zhuǎn)開腹5例,原因主要為1例肝總管無(wú)狹窄但過細(xì),肝管分離,存在副肝管,4例囊腫巨大且囊腫炎癥重尤其胰腺段過長(zhǎng)。64例腹腔鏡下完成手術(shù),手術(shù)時(shí)間180~380 min,平均225 min,術(shù)中出血5~20 ml。術(shù)后出血2例,均經(jīng)保守治療痊愈。膽腸吻合口漏2例,經(jīng)腹腔引流痊愈。2例術(shù)后2個(gè)月和6個(gè)月因系膜裂孔內(nèi)疝導(dǎo)致腸梗阻,均急診手術(shù)解除。其他58例腹腔鏡術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間4~21 d,平均6.8 d。64例術(shù)后隨訪4~42個(gè)月,平均23.6月,肝功能正常,無(wú)結(jié)石和胰腺炎發(fā)生。 結(jié)論 腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫切除肝管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)需要嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)證,術(shù)者需要有熟練的開放手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和腹腔鏡操作技巧,穩(wěn)定的手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)是也確保手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵。
腹腔鏡; 膽總管囊腫; 外科手術(shù)
先天性膽總管囊腫系小兒外科常見的膽道病變,目前囊腫切除加肝管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)是其最佳治療方案。傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,而腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有損傷小、恢復(fù)快、美觀等優(yōu)勢(shì),已被廣大兒外科醫(yī)生接受并開展。我科自2011年1月開展腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫切除手術(shù),至2013年12月共完成69例,其中三孔法12例,四孔法57例,并隨訪3個(gè)月以上,有一些新的體會(huì)和應(yīng)用,現(xiàn)總結(jié)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
本組69例,男21例,女48例。年齡2個(gè)月~14歲,平均3.5歲,其中<6個(gè)月4例,6~12個(gè)月15例,1~5歲40例,5歲以上10例。間歇性腹痛伴嘔吐43例,皮膚黃染14例,腹部體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)包塊8例,產(chǎn)前超聲診斷先天性膽總管囊腫4例。術(shù)前腹部CT及MRCP檢查證實(shí)囊狀擴(kuò)張60例(87.0%),直徑2.8~13.4 cm,平均3.0 cm;梭形擴(kuò)張9例(13.0%),直徑1.8~2.3 cm,平均1.7 cm。均完善腹部B超、CT及MRCP檢查,提示胰膽合流異常46例。術(shù)前肝功能異常31例,總膽紅素45.6~275.4 μmol/L,直接膽紅素28.6~168.5 μmol/L,丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)55~276 U/L,天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶58~247 U/L。合并胰腺炎16例,膽石癥8例,上呼吸道感染10例,不完全性腸梗阻3例。
病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):先天性膽總管囊腫,無(wú)重癥感染,無(wú)合并心腦血管疾病不能耐受腹腔鏡手術(shù)者,近期有感染癥狀者常規(guī)抗感染治療1~2周,待感染癥狀控制后再行手術(shù)治療[1,2]。
1.2 方法
積極行術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,包括影像學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室的相關(guān)檢查,預(yù)約術(shù)中膽道造影和腸道準(zhǔn)備,和家屬積極有效溝通。
手術(shù)方法與劉雪來等[3]所報(bào)道腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫切除的方法相類似,有三點(diǎn)不同:①2013年6月以后所有手術(shù)均采用三孔法腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫根治手術(shù),共12例,臍部切口約1.5 cm,置入TriPort(三通道單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)穿刺器),以取代傳統(tǒng)5 mm trocar作為操作孔。②在體外完成空腸的端側(cè)吻合后,并不將腸管還納回腹腔,而是通過臍環(huán)于肉眼下用卵圓鉗牽出橫結(jié)腸,體外完成結(jié)腸后隧道的建立,再將所有腸管還回腹腔,以備肝腸吻合。③肝腸吻合操作采用4-0 Quill可吸收自封縫線(美國(guó),Angiotech公司)以取代前期5-0 PDS線進(jìn)行連續(xù)雙向縫合。
中轉(zhuǎn)開腹5例,1例因肝總管無(wú)狹窄但過細(xì),肝管分離,存在副肝管;另4例因囊腫巨大且囊腫炎癥重尤其胰腺段過長(zhǎng)等。
64例腹腔鏡下完成手術(shù),手術(shù)時(shí)間180~380 min,平均225 min,術(shù)中出血5~20 ml。術(shù)后出血2例,均經(jīng)保守治療痊愈。膽腸吻合口漏2例,經(jīng)腹腔引流痊愈。2例術(shù)后2個(gè)月和6個(gè)月因系膜裂孔內(nèi)疝導(dǎo)致腸梗阻,均急診手術(shù)解除。其他58例腹腔鏡術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間4~21 d,平均6.8 d。64例術(shù)后隨訪4~42個(gè)月,平均23.6月,肝功能正常,無(wú)結(jié)石和胰腺炎發(fā)生。
膽總管囊腫切除加肝管空腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)現(xiàn)已公認(rèn)為根治先天性膽總管囊腫的唯一有效措施,自Farello等[4]首次在腹腔鏡下完成此手術(shù)以來,已得到大規(guī)模論證,越來越成熟。我院開展此項(xiàng)技術(shù)3年,積累了一些經(jīng)驗(yàn),現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下。
3.1 應(yīng)用TriPort三通道單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)穿刺器
我們目前臍部置TriPort取代傳統(tǒng)5 mm trocar作為操作孔,一助手可通過TriPort的2個(gè)通道配合操作。操作中我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是,助手兩把抓鉗,或者一把抓鉗,一個(gè)吸引器。抓鉗以無(wú)損傷寬嘴抓鉗為主,張開鉗嘴,以最大幅度下壓腸管,充分暴露手術(shù)區(qū)域。吸引器下壓腸管的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于,能夠以低負(fù)壓持續(xù)吸引手術(shù)區(qū)域的膽汁或出血滲出,在不影響氣腹及手術(shù)操作的同時(shí),最大程度使手術(shù)區(qū)域視野清晰。另外,置TriPort時(shí)提前擴(kuò)大臍部,方便后續(xù)行經(jīng)臍腸吻合手術(shù)及取出標(biāo)本。此舉可使左腹部減少1~2個(gè)trocar切口,且臍部術(shù)后同樣美觀無(wú)瘢痕。三孔法與四孔法的選擇無(wú)固定依據(jù),主要根據(jù)術(shù)中觀察囊腫大小,局部炎癥,粘連及肝門部暴露等情況具體而定,操作時(shí)可先行三孔法,若難度大進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)為四孔法操作。我們自2013年6月引進(jìn)TriPort后,均按此原則操作。三孔法手術(shù)時(shí),肝臟懸吊暴露肝門部局部解剖系關(guān)鍵。為充分顯露肝門便于操作,我們先在劍突下肝鐮狀韌帶的左側(cè)經(jīng)腹壁穿入2-0絲線,貫穿縫合近肝緣處肝圓韌帶,然后從肝鐮狀韌帶的右側(cè)穿出腹壁,懸吊肝圓韌帶,上提肝臟暴露膽總管囊腫,術(shù)中若暴露不充分,可直接縫合在囊腫前壁或行膽囊床懸吊。
3.2 空腸肝支長(zhǎng)度問題
膽總管囊腫根治術(shù)中重建膽道時(shí),為了預(yù)防反流性膽管炎,通常Roux襻的長(zhǎng)度在小嬰兒為25~30 cm,年長(zhǎng)兒為40 cm[5]。但Todani等[6]采用肝管十二指腸吻合方式重建膽道,隨訪遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥與肝管空腸吻合統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)無(wú)差異。Lee等[7]的研究也提示Roux-en-Y吻合與膽管十二指腸吻合反流率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。這提示膽道重建靠延長(zhǎng)Roux襻腸管長(zhǎng)度抗反流不一定必要。小兒尤其是嬰幼兒時(shí)期腸管尚未完全發(fā)育,長(zhǎng)度會(huì)隨年齡的增加逐漸增長(zhǎng),嬰幼兒30~40 cm腸管,到成年時(shí)Roux襻有時(shí)可達(dá)到80~100 cm甚至更長(zhǎng),這樣就造成Roux襻冗長(zhǎng),進(jìn)一步可能發(fā)生扭轉(zhuǎn)梗阻,膽汁瘀滯結(jié)石形成,所以我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是空腸肝支的長(zhǎng)度選擇在15~25 cm,根據(jù)患兒制定個(gè)體化長(zhǎng)度方案。目前確定Roux襻長(zhǎng)度的原則包括:①重建膽道前先根據(jù)肝門的位置估計(jì)所需腸管的長(zhǎng)度;②Roux襻長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)該滿足吻合完成后吻合口無(wú)張力;③Roux襻與其相關(guān)腸管不構(gòu)成牽拉成角;④采用結(jié)腸后隧道可節(jié)省腸管;⑤不能刻意追求縮短Roux襻長(zhǎng)度;⑥腸管無(wú)旋轉(zhuǎn)[8]。
3.3 Quill可吸收自封縫線的應(yīng)用
肝管空腸吻合是手術(shù)操作最困難的一步,也是手術(shù)關(guān)鍵所在。為防止吻合口漏,肝總管斷端邊緣要修剪整齊,保證血運(yùn)良好。吻合時(shí)用4-0或5-0可吸收縫線分別連續(xù)縫合前壁和后壁。要注意吻合口兩側(cè)角處不能有遺漏,否則術(shù)后會(huì)出現(xiàn)吻合口漏。本組術(shù)后2例膽腸吻合口漏,經(jīng)保守治療治愈。我們現(xiàn)階段腹腔鏡下行肝腸吻合時(shí)采用的縫線為4-0 Quill可吸收自封縫線取代前期5-0 PDS線,采用此縫合線的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:Quill為雙向倒鉤線,我們將此線于雙向縫合固定腸管1~2針后,將雙頭針埋于腸腔內(nèi)送還入腹腔。此線在縫合過程中,可雙向縫合,無(wú)需打結(jié),利于狹小空間操作,我們未應(yīng)用Quill自封縫線行空腸吻合時(shí)所用的時(shí)間一般在1 h左右,現(xiàn)階段運(yùn)用自封縫線此步驟僅需15~20 min,除去學(xué)習(xí)曲線的影響外,不難看出,自封縫線的應(yīng)用大幅度縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間,并且運(yùn)用此線縫合以來,無(wú)膽腸吻合口漏發(fā)生,安全可行。
3.4 學(xué)習(xí)曲線問題
腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫手術(shù)的技術(shù)要求較高,在手術(shù)初期,手術(shù)時(shí)間一般都長(zhǎng)于開放手術(shù),這也是腹腔鏡膽總管囊腫根治術(shù)與開放手術(shù)相比最大的不足之處,但隨著手術(shù)技術(shù)的熟練,手術(shù)時(shí)間逐步縮短。Diao等[9]報(bào)道,病例數(shù)達(dá)到35例以后,手術(shù)時(shí)間明顯縮短,并接近開腹手術(shù)。我們手術(shù)時(shí)間已經(jīng)由最初的7 h縮短至3.5~4 h,而且中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的病例均發(fā)生在早期操作中,這是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的必經(jīng)階段。我們體會(huì),腹腔鏡與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)相比最費(fèi)時(shí)且最不確定的部分并不是腹腔鏡下肝腸吻合的操作(目前此步驟我們的時(shí)間為15~20 min),而是在腔鏡下剝離囊腫的過程,此部分時(shí)間不僅取決于術(shù)者本身的認(rèn)知和學(xué)習(xí)曲線,更要求助手配合嫻熟,在固定的團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行該手術(shù)時(shí),此部分時(shí)間會(huì)大幅度減少,所以我們認(rèn)為固定手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)也是縮短學(xué)習(xí)曲線、提高手術(shù)認(rèn)知的一個(gè)重要方法,這將會(huì)使微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)更加突出。
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(修回日期:2014-11-30)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
Experiences of Laparoscopic Choledochal Cyst Resection
GaoQun,PanZhubin,HuangHe.
DepartmentofPediatricSurgery,AnhuiProvincialChildren’sHospital,Hefei230001,China
GaoQun,E-mail:qlcmb@163.com
Objective To review the experience of laparoscopic total cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepatoenterostomy for choledochal cyst in children. Methods A retrospective analysis of 69 patients who had undergone laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision from January 2011 to December 2013 was carried out. The patients’ average age was 3.5 years old (2 months-14 years). The surgery was performed by using three-port method in 12 cases and four-port method in 57 cases. The cholangiography was conducted via the upper right abdominal trocar. Under a 5 mm 30° laparoscope, the gallbladder and the dilated bile duct were completely excised and the intrahapic bile ducts were examined for stone debris and ductal stenosis. Laparoscopic cyst excision and ductoplasty was performed if the patient was associated with hepatic ductal stenosis. After exteriorization of the small bowel through the umbilical 1.5 cm incision, a Roux-en-Y anastomosis was performed. Then the bowel was reintroduced into the abdominal cavity and a laparoscopic end-to-side hepaticojejunostorny was carried out by continuous hand suture method between the stump of the hepatic duct and Roux-en-Y limb. Results Sixty-four patients successfully underwent laparoscopic choledochal cyst resection, while 5 patients were given a conversion to open surgery because of excessive small hepatic duct and existence of accessory hepatic duct in 1 case and inflammatory huge cysts with long pancreatic branches in 4 cases. The mean operation time of the 64 patients was 225 minutes (range, 180-380 minutes). The intraoperative bleeding volume was 5-20 ml. Postoperative bleeding occurred in 2 cases, which were cured by expectant treatment. The bile leakage occurred in 2 cases and was cured by drainage. Intestinal obstruction occurred in 2 cases because of intra-abdominal hernia in mesenteric hiatus at 2 and 6 months after the surgery,respectively,and was cured by emergencey operation.The other 58 patients were recovered smoothly, with a hospital stay of 4-21 d (mean, 6.8 d) after the operation. All of the 64 patients had been followed up for 4-42 months (mean, 23.6 months), which showed normal hepatic functions and no biliary stones or pancreatitis. Conclusions Performance of laparoscopic total cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy should strictly follow the indications. The keys of successful operation lie on not only surgical experiences and techniques, but also a stable operation team.
Laparoscopy; Choledochal cyst; Surgical procedures
R726.1
A
1009-6604(2015)02-0104-03
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.02.003
2014-09-21)
*通訊作者,E-mail:qlcmb@163.com