王新寬等
[摘要] 目的 評價微型體外循環(huán)與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)對心臟手術術后死亡率與不良心血管事件的影響。方法 采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評價方法,檢索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane database數(shù)據(jù)庫,納入心臟手術術中微型體外循環(huán)與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)對術后影響的隨機對照試驗,采用RevMan 5.2軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。 結(jié)果 共納入24個研究共2770例患者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)比較,微型體外循環(huán)可減低術后死亡率(OR 0.40,95%CI 0.18,0.88),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義;與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)比較,微型體外循環(huán)可降低術后心肌梗死發(fā)病率(OR 0.33,95%CI 0.12,0.90)、降低輸血率(OR 0.24,95%CI 0.16, 0.37)、降低心衰的發(fā)生率(OR 0.52,95%CI 0.32,0.84)、降低術后房顫的發(fā)生率(OR 0.66,95%CI 0.48,0.91)等不良心血管事件,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義。 結(jié)論 心臟手術術中使用微型體外循環(huán)可降低術后的死亡率及不良心血管事件的發(fā)生率。
[關鍵詞] 微型體外循環(huán);心臟手術;Meta分析
[中圖分類號] R608 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)33-0155-06
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the impact of minimal extracorporeal circulation (MECC) compared to conventional extracorporeal circulation(CECC) on mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing heart surgery. Methods Used Cochrane systemic review, we conducted systematic search of Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases to include randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of MECC vs. CECC in patients with heart surgery. RevMan 5.2 software was used for data analysis. Results Twenty-four prospective RCTs have been included (2770 patients). MECC significantly decrease mortality(OR 0.40,95%CI 0.18,0.88). And MECC significantly decrease postoperative myocardial infarction(OR 0.33,95%CI 0.12,0.90), need for red blood cell transfusion(OR 0.24,95%CI 0.16,0.37), need for inotropic support(OR 0.52,95%CI 0.32,0.84), and postoperative atrial fibrillation(OR 0.66,95%CI 0.48, 0.91). Conclusion Using of MECC in heart surgery resulted in improved short-term outcome as reflected by reduced mortality and morbidity compared with CECC.
[Key words] Minimal extracorporeal circulation; Heart surgery; Meta-analysis
隨著醫(yī)學的進步,心臟的各種手術量不斷增多,如冠狀動脈旁路移植術和心臟瓣膜置換術,均可以顯著改善患者的預后,延長患者的預期壽命[1-3]。心臟的手術過程中盡管部分患者可采取不停跳冠狀動脈旁路移植術,然而,由于解剖的特點、技術的水平、遠期預后和特殊疾病的限制等原因,體外循環(huán)輔助仍然是必不可少的[4,5],可以在手術的過程中對血液和其他組織器官起到重要的保護作用[6-11]。然而,在體外循環(huán)之后,由于與外源性物品發(fā)生接觸,常常會引起全身炎癥反應綜合征、凝血級聯(lián)反應,最終導致手術發(fā)生嚴重的并發(fā)癥[3,12,13]。隨著微型體外循環(huán)技術在心臟外科手術過程中的應用,心臟手術術后預后有了進一步的提高[2,14]。但是,關于微型體外循環(huán)技術仍具有一定的爭議性,臨床療效值得進一步探討[4,5,15,16]。本研究擬采用系統(tǒng)評價的方法,評價微型體外循環(huán)技術對心臟手術術后死亡率和并發(fā)癥的影響,以期為臨床治療方案的制定提供依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 納入標準
納入的研究類型需為隨機對照或半隨機對照試驗,語種不限;研究對象為心臟手術患者,所有患者在手術的過程中均需要輔助體外循環(huán)技術(傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)/微型體外循環(huán));觀察組干預措施為心臟手術過程中輔助微型體外循環(huán)技術,對照組干預措施為心臟手術過程中輔助傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)技術;結(jié)果指標為術后死亡率及術后的不良反應。
1.2文獻檢索
以“heart surgery AND extracorporeal circulation AND randomized trial”檢索Pubmed(1966~2014年2月)、Embase(1970~2014年2月)和Cochrane database(1990~2014年2月)數(shù)據(jù)庫。兩個作者獨立篩選所獲取的文獻,如遇不一致討論解決。endprint
1.3數(shù)據(jù)提取與質(zhì)量評價
主要提取以下資料:研究的基本情況、兩組患者的基線資料和疾病狀況、干預措施、對照措施、結(jié)果指標。納入研究的質(zhì)量據(jù)Cochrane 評價手冊進行評價,主要評價以下條目:隨機數(shù)字的產(chǎn)生、分配隱藏、盲法、結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)完整性、選擇性報告、其他偏倚。
1.4統(tǒng)計學分析
數(shù)據(jù)分析采用RevMan 5.2軟件進行分析。對二分類變量的結(jié)果指標,采用比值比(OR)及其95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI)描述。采用I2檢驗進行異質(zhì)性分析,若I2<50%,認為沒有異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應模型,反之則采用隨機效應模型。檢驗水平為α=0.05。
2結(jié)果
2.1檢索結(jié)果及納入研究的一般特征
初步檢索獲得1634條文獻,排除重復文獻、綜述、病例報告、動物實驗等,最終納入24個研究[1-3,6-9,12-14,17-30](圖1)。納入24個研究,共2770例心臟手術患者,1387例心臟手術患者接受微型體外循環(huán)輔助手術,1383例患者接受傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)輔助手術。納入研究的患者基線水平較一致,臨床異質(zhì)性較小。所有研究均報道了術后死亡率,6個研究關注了術后心肌梗死發(fā)生率,7個研究關注了術后輸血率,7個研究關注了心衰需強心藥物率,9個研究關注了術后房顫的發(fā)生率。所有研究都提及隨機和盲法,但是均未描述隨機的方法,所有研究均未提及分配隱藏,18個研究報道了失訪。
2.2 Meta分析的結(jié)果
所有研究均關注了心臟手術術后死亡率,與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)相比較,微型體外循環(huán)的心臟術后的死亡率更低(OR 0.40,95%CI 0.18,0.88)(圖2),結(jié)果有統(tǒng)計學意義。與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)比較,微型體外循環(huán)心臟手術組的各種不良事件發(fā)生率更低,包括心肌梗死的發(fā)病率(OR 0.33,95%CI 0.12,0.90)(圖3)、降低輸血率(OR 0.24,95%CI 0.16,0.37)(圖4)、降低心衰的發(fā)生率(OR 0.52,95% CI 0.32,0.84)(圖5)、降低術后房顫的發(fā)生率(OR 0.66,95% CI 0.48,0.91)(圖6),結(jié)果均有統(tǒng)計學意義。
3 討論
本研究是基于24個前瞻性隨機對照試驗的meta分析,共2770例患者。本研究結(jié)果顯示,對于心臟手術術中輔助微型體外循環(huán),可顯著降低患者術后的死亡率,同時對減少術后不良反應包括心梗發(fā)生率、輸血率、心衰率和房顫發(fā)生率及術后的恢復具有積極的作用。meta分析可以提高統(tǒng)計學精確性和統(tǒng)計學效能,可以增加樣本量,減少假陽性的可能性,因此在評估干預措施的效果和安全性上具有獨特的優(yōu)勢。本研究是國內(nèi)第一個全面評估微型體外循環(huán)和傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)的meta分析,通過全面檢索,全面收集當前所有的隨機對照試驗,可對微型體外循環(huán)和傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)效果和安全性差異進行全面分析、評價和比較。
研究顯示,微型體外循環(huán)較傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)可以減少術后死亡率、術后不良反應,這可能是由于微型體外循環(huán)較傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)可以減少術后的炎癥反應,同時避免術后凝血異常[14,22,24]。與傳統(tǒng)的體外循環(huán)技術相比,微型體外循環(huán)系統(tǒng)為密閉式,避免了血液與空氣接觸面,使用肝素涂層管路,有效地減小血液在回路中的接觸面積[5,15,31]。同時,其將術區(qū)血液經(jīng)過處理后再回輸體內(nèi),減少各種炎癥因子的入血,可以避免全身炎癥反應,同時可顯著降低患者術后凝血紊亂和補體的激活,減少各種并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[11,32]。因微型體外循環(huán)可以減少術中失血,故其可以顯著降低術后的輸血率[6,9,12,23,25,26]。
本研究納入24個研究,共2770例患者,納入的研究較多,結(jié)果的可信度更高。但是本研究具有一定的局限性:第一:納入的研究質(zhì)量參差不齊。多數(shù)研究為報道具體的盲法及分配隱藏,研究的質(zhì)量較低,說明研究可能存在較高的風險偏倚,進而影響研究的結(jié)果。隨機對照試驗采取一定的方法進行隨機,是為了保證兩組患者之間的可比性,但是目前所有的研究均提及隨機,并沒有詳細描述隨機方法,這意味著這些研究可能存在著風險偏倚。第二:本研究僅納入英文文獻,并沒有納入中文文獻;同時,本研究只納入發(fā)表的研究,并沒有聯(lián)系作者和相關機構(gòu),尋找未發(fā)表的研究或者正在進行的研究,這意味著本meta分析可能存在著選擇偏倚。第三:大多數(shù)納入研究的患者為輕中度患者,納入的研究隨訪時間較短,這就意味著微型體外循環(huán)與傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)在重度心臟病患者中的效果尚不可知,兩者遠期的效果并不清楚?;颊叩男呐K病程度和隨訪時間限制了本meta分析的外部真實性及可推廣性。
本研究表明,微型體外循環(huán)可以有效降低心臟手術術后的死亡率,同時減少術后不良事件的發(fā)生。本研究基于24個隨機對照試驗,總樣本量2770例,因此本研究具有較高的統(tǒng)計效能和精確性,但是本研究納入的患者為輕中度患者,隨訪時間段,這就意味著本研究的結(jié)果可適用于輕中度患者,對于重度患者,本研究的結(jié)果要慎重應用。本研究的結(jié)果局限于近期效果,因此兩者的遠期效果并不清楚。未來的研究應該評估兩者在重度患者中的效果和安全性,同時對兩者的遠期效果應該進行評價。
由于本研究納入研究質(zhì)量普遍較低,因此未來的研究應該提高隨機對照試驗的質(zhì)量,同時增加隨訪時間,詳細報告完成的隨機對照試驗的具體細節(jié)。
本研究表明,微型體外循環(huán)可以有效降低心臟手術術后的死亡率,同時減少術后不良事件的發(fā)生。由于本研究納入研究質(zhì)量普遍較低,因此在未來的研究中應該采用高質(zhì)量、大樣本的隨機對照試驗,評估微型體外循環(huán)對心臟手術術后的影響。
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(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint
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(收稿日期:2014-06-06)endprint