盧東 張博堅 +張潔媛
摘要:基于社會交換理論的觀點,探索了心理契約違反在員工政治知覺對離職傾向影響中的中介作用,以及群體凝聚力對心理契約違反中介效應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)作用。通過對52個工作單位的691名員工的組織政治知覺、心理契約違反、離職傾向、群體凝聚力與人口統(tǒng)計變量的調(diào)查,采用層級線性模型 (Hierarchical Linear Modeling; HLM) 對理論模型進(jìn)行驗證。研究結(jié)果顯示,員工的心理契約違反會部分中介組織政治知覺與員工離職傾向的關(guān)系,此外,心理契約違反的部分中介效應(yīng)群體凝聚力的調(diào)節(jié),即對于高凝聚力的工作群體,這種中介效應(yīng)會被弱化。
關(guān)鍵詞:社會交換理論;組織政治知覺;心理契約違反;離職傾向;群體凝聚力
中圖分類號:C936;F272.92文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A文章編號:1001-8409(2014)10-0087-04
過去大多數(shù)研究已經(jīng)證實組織政治普遍存在于組織中,而且通常會對組織及個人產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的影響[1,2]。然而,很少有研究探討組織政治知覺如何影響員工的態(tài)度和行為反應(yīng)。心理契約代表的是員工與組織間交換關(guān)系發(fā)展的一種方式,這種不成文的交換關(guān)系創(chuàng)造了兩個不同群體間的互惠關(guān)系,而且這樣的關(guān)系基本上超越了組織的正式契約。但是,一旦員工在這樣的關(guān)系中感知到組織已無法再符合彼此間交換的義務(wù)和責(zé)任時,員工就會認(rèn)定組織已違反這個契約,從而采取應(yīng)對措施。Morrison 與 Robinson的研究提出,存在于兩個不同團(tuán)體間的不一致性 (Incongruence),往往是造成心理契約違反的主要前因,而個人的態(tài)度和行為則是個人心理契約遭到違反后的結(jié)果[3]。員工的政治知覺是造成這種不一致性的主要原因,而離職傾向則反映了員工對于這一客觀事實認(rèn)知后的一種態(tài)度上的反應(yīng)。因此,本文將心理契約違反作為員工組織政治知覺與其離職傾向之間重要的中介因素。
那么,到底哪些因素能夠減緩組織政治氛圍給員工帶來的負(fù)面沖擊呢?在過去組織政治的研究中,學(xué)者們廣泛討論的兩個因素是員工對工作環(huán)境知覺以及對環(huán)境的控制程度。然而,鑒于組織具有嵌套 (Nested) 層級結(jié)構(gòu)的特性,組織中個人的知覺、態(tài)度和行為之間的關(guān)系不僅受到個人特質(zhì)因素的影響,而且還受到來自工作群體、部門及組織等系統(tǒng)因素的影響,甚至是彼此之間相互作用的結(jié)果。群體凝聚力作為一種群體成員受群體吸引而共享群體目標(biāo)的程度,在組織中除了會在群體中形成一股規(guī)范的力量外,更會對個人態(tài)度和行為產(chǎn)生不同的影響。因此,本文將探討群體凝聚力在組織政治知覺經(jīng)由心理契約違反對離職傾向影響中的跨層次調(diào)節(jié)作用。
4結(jié)論
根據(jù)上述研究結(jié)果,歸納結(jié)論如下:
(1)員工在工作情境中所表現(xiàn)的態(tài)度和行為,并非僅是被動地接受環(huán)境的刺激產(chǎn)生,而是會先通過一個內(nèi)在的心理機(jī)制對環(huán)境所提供的事件線索予以詮釋,并賦予意義后,再進(jìn)行自我的判斷與認(rèn)定并產(chǎn)生一種認(rèn)知狀態(tài),而后引發(fā)其后續(xù)的態(tài)度和行為。組織政治知覺通過心理契約違反對離職傾向產(chǎn)生影響。
(2)群體凝聚力對組織政治知覺經(jīng)由心理契約違反對離職傾向的中介效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生調(diào)節(jié)作用。高群體凝聚力不僅為成員提供更多溝通、協(xié)調(diào)、信息分享、互助及參與決策的機(jī)會,而且促使群體內(nèi)成員彼此間更緊密地相連在一起,把群體利益置于個人之上,避免自利、不合法及傷害群體或同事的活動,取而代之的是維持更多的合作關(guān)系而非競爭關(guān)系,從而降低了組織政治帶來的負(fù)面效果。
5理論意義與實踐建議
本文通過導(dǎo)入心理契約,以組織和成員彼此之間基于互惠交換的觀點,說明組織政治是如何影響個體態(tài)度和行為的,彌補(bǔ)了過去研究所遺留的缺口。其次,通過群體特性變量(群體凝聚力)的導(dǎo)入,減緩組織政治所帶來的負(fù)面影響效果,也直接呼應(yīng)了社會心理學(xué)研究學(xué)者,如Rousesau(1985)所提出的個人態(tài)度和行為并非僅受個人特質(zhì)的影響,同時也受到個人和環(huán)境交互作用影響的觀點。
在管理實踐上,管理者在實際管理中應(yīng)當(dāng)致力于提供一個透明、明確和一致的政策和措施,以降低組織政治作為壓力源所帶來的負(fù)面效果。管理者也必須極力阻止工作場所中政治活動的發(fā)生,例如通過反饋機(jī)制讓員工了解什么樣的行為才是組織所許可的。管理者更應(yīng)采取必要手段將工作環(huán)境中從事政治活動且已對其他人產(chǎn)生重大傷害的核心行動者逐出工作場所。最后,管理者應(yīng)該通過提升群體凝聚力減輕員工在感知組織無法符合他們期望時產(chǎn)生的離職傾向。
6研究局限與展望
本文采用橫斷性 (Cross-sectional) 的研究設(shè)計,限制了因果關(guān)系推論上的正確程度。首先,組織政治知覺、心理契約違反、群體凝聚力都是和時間存在相關(guān)性的因素,尤其是員工的心理契約違反,它應(yīng)該是一個受所處工作環(huán)境及時間持續(xù)變化而不斷改變的一種心理狀態(tài)。因此嚴(yán)格來說,因果關(guān)系推論的基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)是基于縱貫性 (Longitudinal) 的研究設(shè)計。故建議后續(xù)的研究者可朝此方向做更進(jìn)一步的分析與探討。
其次,本文雖然結(jié)合了群體層次與個體層次的影響變量,同時也控制了群體特性變量(例如群體規(guī)模、群體工作屬性),但由于在實際的情境中,組織屬于嵌套結(jié)構(gòu),組織中的個人在組織中除了可能受到來自于工作群體最直接的系統(tǒng)影響外,還會受到更高層次(即組織)因素的影響,例如組織規(guī)模、組織所屬產(chǎn)業(yè)特性等。因此,建議后續(xù)研究者,為了更真實地反映組織中發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象,在研究設(shè)計時應(yīng)考慮更多層次的影響因素,從而盡量真實地呈現(xiàn)組織的全貌。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[9]Robinson S L, Morrison E W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000(21): 525-546.
[10]Konovsky M A, Cropanzano R. Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991(76): 698-707.
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(責(zé)任編輯:楊銳)
[2]Kacmar K M, Baron R A. Organizational Politics: The State of the Field, Links to Related Processes, and an Agenda for Future Research [A]. G R Ferris.Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management[C]. Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999. 1-39.
[3]Morrison E W, Robinson S L. When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops [J]. Academy of Management Review,1997(22): 226-256.
[4]Gouldner A W. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement [J]. American Sociological Review, 1960(25): 161-178.
[5]Eisenberger R, Huntington R, Hutchison S, Sowa D. Perceived Organizational Support [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986(71), 500-507.
[6]Ferris G R, Russ G S, Fandt P M. Politics in Organizations [A]. R A Giacalone, P Rosenfeld, Impression Management in the Organization [C]. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1989. 143-170.
[7]Widmeyer W N, Brawley L R, Carron Albert V. Group Dynamics in Sport [A]. Horn, Thelma S, Advances in Sport Psychology [C]. Champaign, IL, England: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 163-180.
[8]Kacmar K M, Carlson D S. Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale: A Multiple Sample Investigation [J]. Journal of Management, 1997(23): 627-658.
[9]Robinson S L, Morrison E W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000(21): 525-546.
[10]Konovsky M A, Cropanzano R. Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991(76): 698-707.
[11]Dobbins G H, Zaccaro S J. The Effects of Group Cohesion and Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction [J]. Goup and Organization Studies, 1986(11): 203-219.
[12]Price J L. The Study of Turnover [M]. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977.
[13]Mobley W H. Intermediate Linkages in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1977(62): 237-240.
[14]Baron R M, Kenny D A. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychology Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideration [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986(51): 1173-1182.
(責(zé)任編輯:楊銳)
[2]Kacmar K M, Baron R A. Organizational Politics: The State of the Field, Links to Related Processes, and an Agenda for Future Research [A]. G R Ferris.Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management[C]. Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999. 1-39.
[3]Morrison E W, Robinson S L. When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops [J]. Academy of Management Review,1997(22): 226-256.
[4]Gouldner A W. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement [J]. American Sociological Review, 1960(25): 161-178.
[5]Eisenberger R, Huntington R, Hutchison S, Sowa D. Perceived Organizational Support [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986(71), 500-507.
[6]Ferris G R, Russ G S, Fandt P M. Politics in Organizations [A]. R A Giacalone, P Rosenfeld, Impression Management in the Organization [C]. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1989. 143-170.
[7]Widmeyer W N, Brawley L R, Carron Albert V. Group Dynamics in Sport [A]. Horn, Thelma S, Advances in Sport Psychology [C]. Champaign, IL, England: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 163-180.
[8]Kacmar K M, Carlson D S. Further Validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale: A Multiple Sample Investigation [J]. Journal of Management, 1997(23): 627-658.
[9]Robinson S L, Morrison E W. The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000(21): 525-546.
[10]Konovsky M A, Cropanzano R. Perceived Fairness of Employee Drug Testing as a Predictor of Employee Attitudes and Job Performance [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991(76): 698-707.
[11]Dobbins G H, Zaccaro S J. The Effects of Group Cohesion and Leader Behavior on Subordinate Satisfaction [J]. Goup and Organization Studies, 1986(11): 203-219.
[12]Price J L. The Study of Turnover [M]. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977.
[13]Mobley W H. Intermediate Linkages in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1977(62): 237-240.
[14]Baron R M, Kenny D A. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychology Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Consideration [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986(51): 1173-1182.
(責(zé)任編輯:楊銳)