劉洪金,趙忠鵬,付 艷,楊鵬輝,段躍強(qiáng),門 麗,趙 暉,杜 楠,王希良解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 腫瘤二科,北京 00048;軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 微生物流行病研究所,北京0007
貝伐珠單抗引起肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體2上調(diào)表達(dá)
劉洪金1,趙忠鵬2,付 艷1,楊鵬輝2,段躍強(qiáng)2,門 麗2,趙 暉1,杜 楠1,王希良21解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 腫瘤二科,北京 100048;2軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 微生物流行病研究所,北京100071
目的探討貝伐珠單抗對肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)相關(guān)受體的影響。方法 通過不同濃度的貝伐珠單抗降低培養(yǎng)液中VEGF來模擬低濃度VEGF的腫瘤微環(huán)境,RT-PCR、ELISA、Western blotting檢測腫瘤細(xì)胞VEGF相關(guān)受體表達(dá)水平的變化。結(jié)果細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液的VEGF濃度大幅度下降(P<0.05);可溶性VEGFR2的濃度出現(xiàn)了上升(P<0.05);HepG2細(xì)胞VEGF和VEGFR1表達(dá)水平無明顯變化(P>0.05);VEGFR2表達(dá)水平出現(xiàn)了明顯的上調(diào)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論貝伐珠單抗導(dǎo)致了肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2大幅度上調(diào)了VEGFR2的表達(dá)。
貝伐珠單抗;肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2;血管內(nèi)皮生長因子;血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體2
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)調(diào)控著血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的生長和代謝,在機(jī)體正常血管發(fā)育、血管相關(guān)病變和腫瘤血管侵襲方面起重要作用[1-3]。與血管關(guān)系密切的VEGF受體有兩種,即VEGFR1和VEGFR2,與VEGF一起調(diào)控各種血管相關(guān)的病變或疾病發(fā)生[3-5]。貝伐珠單抗是VEGF的人源單克隆抗體,可有效地降低晚期腫瘤患者體內(nèi)VEGF水平,很大程度上抑制了腫瘤血管生成,從而抑制腫瘤血管侵襲,為提高治療效果及改善患者的生活質(zhì)量提供了幫助[6-7]。以貝伐珠單抗和5-FU為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合治療已成為晚期侵襲性結(jié)腸癌治療的經(jīng)典方案[8]。但臨床腫瘤治療中貝伐珠單抗存在部分患者耐藥及治療后病情加重現(xiàn)象,這降低了貝伐珠單抗腫瘤治療的效果[2,9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用貝伐珠單抗降低腫瘤細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)微環(huán)境中的VEGF,模擬貝伐珠單抗治療后患者體內(nèi)低濃度VEGF環(huán)境,檢測肝癌細(xì)胞系HepG2的VEGF受體變化,探究臨床腫瘤治療中貝伐珠單抗耐藥的機(jī)制,為臨床腫瘤藥物治療及多靶點(diǎn)藥物治療提供一些參考[10]。
1 材料 HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞株購于中國科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院細(xì)胞資源中心。DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清、0.25%胰蛋白酶均購于Hyclone。人源VEGF、VEGFR1、VEGFR2的ELISA試劑盒均購買于英駿公司(Invitrogen)。抗人VEGFR2抗體,抗人β-actin抗體,羊抗兔抗體(二抗)購自Cell signaling technology公司。
2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞株培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基。放置于37℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中,1 ~ 2 d換液1次,待貼壁細(xì)胞長滿至80% ~ 90%時傳代。當(dāng)細(xì)胞達(dá)到對數(shù)生長期時開始試驗(yàn)。
3 樣品處理 先將對數(shù)生長期的HepG2細(xì)胞鋪于24孔培養(yǎng)板上,24 h后待細(xì)胞完全貼壁后更換為新鮮血清培養(yǎng)基,同時加入不同濃度的貝伐珠單抗藥物。37℃溫箱孵育48 h后,收集培養(yǎng)上清液,然后用冷PBS沖洗孔板2次,用ELISA細(xì)胞裂解液冰上裂解細(xì)胞30 min,4℃12 000 r/min離心5 min,收集上清,BCA法測量每孔細(xì)胞總蛋白,進(jìn)行總蛋白定量。
4 ELISA實(shí)驗(yàn) 制備樣品,依次把樣品、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品等體積加入相應(yīng)的酶連條孔,按照產(chǎn)品說明書,依次加入相應(yīng)的試劑,37℃溫箱孵育,PBST進(jìn)行孔板洗滌,最后加入反應(yīng)終止液,OD490上機(jī)讀取數(shù)值,繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,測出樣品的含量。
5 RT-PCR檢測mRNA表達(dá) 引物序列如下:VEGFA:forward primer TGAGATCGAGTACATCTTC AAGCC,reverse primer CACATTTGTTGTGCTGTAGG AAGC;VEGFR1:TGAGAAAGAATTTGATACGCAC C,CGCTGTCCATCTGCTCCTG;VEGFR2:forward primer CGGCAAATGTGTCAGCTTTG,reverse primer CACGTGGAAGGAGATCACCC。β-actin:forward primer GGACCTGACTGACTACCTCATGAAGAT;reverse primer TCGTAGCTCTTCTCCAGGGAGGAGCT。引物合成于生工生物工程(上海)有限,制備樣品,Triozl法提取總RNA,AMV法逆轉(zhuǎn)錄cDNA,進(jìn)行PCR和凝膠電泳,分析目的條帶。
6 Western blot法測定VEGFR2的表達(dá) 制備樣品,BCA法總蛋白定量,煮樣,采用8%梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝膠,上樣,電泳,采用PVDF膜轉(zhuǎn)膜,封閉慢搖床,浸入稀釋的一抗中(1∶500),于搖床上4℃雜交過夜,TBST洗膜3遍。取出PVDF膜,洗膜后孵育二抗(1∶5 000),搖床上雜交1 h。取出PVDF膜,TBST洗膜3遍。將ECL試劑盒內(nèi)的兩種試劑等體積混合后滴在PVDF 膜上,反應(yīng)1 ~ 2 min,然后在暗屋中壓X線片45 min后曝光,分析結(jié)果。7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS15.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析,數(shù)據(jù)用表示,采用單因素t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1 VEGFA、VEGFR1和 VEGFR2的 mRNA水 平變化 加入終濃度400 ng/ml貝伐珠單抗,48 h后RT-PCR法檢測細(xì)胞的mRNA水平。和對照組相比,藥物組細(xì)胞內(nèi)VEGFA表達(dá)水平無明顯變化;VEGFR1和VEGFR2表達(dá)水平出現(xiàn)了上調(diào)。見圖1。2 細(xì)胞和培養(yǎng)液上清的VEGFA蛋白水平 加入不同濃度貝伐珠單抗48 h后,ELISA法檢測細(xì)胞和培養(yǎng)液上清VEGFA。和對照組相比,加入梯度濃度的貝伐珠單抗組腫瘤細(xì)胞VEGFA蛋白水平未發(fā)生明顯變化;細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液上清的VEGFA水平出現(xiàn)了明顯降低,其降低幅度大致和貝伐珠單抗?jié)舛瘸氏嚓P(guān)關(guān)系。見圖2。
圖 1 RT-PCR法檢測HepG2細(xì)胞mRNA表達(dá)水平Fig. 1 RT-PCR showing expression of VEGFR mRNA in HepG2 cells
圖 2 ELSIA法檢測HepG2細(xì)胞和培養(yǎng)液上清VEGFA蛋白含量A: HepG2細(xì)胞; B: 培養(yǎng)液上清Fig. 2 ELISA showing expression of VEGFA in HepG2 cells (A) and cultured supernatant (B)(aP<0.05, bP<0.01, vs 0 ng/ml)
3 HepG2細(xì)胞VEGFR1受體表達(dá)水平 加入不同濃度貝伐珠單抗48 h后,ELISA法檢測細(xì)胞VEGFR1受體表達(dá)水平。和對照組相比,貝伐珠單抗組VEGFR1受體蛋白水平出現(xiàn)了少許上調(diào),但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。見圖3。
4 HepG2細(xì)胞和培養(yǎng)液上清VEGFR2蛋白表達(dá)水平 加入不同濃度貝伐珠單抗48 h后,ELISA法檢測細(xì)胞和培養(yǎng)液上清VEGFR2表達(dá)水平。和對照組相比,藥物組細(xì)胞VEGFR2受體蛋白水平出現(xiàn)了明顯上升趨勢,其中200 ng/ml濃度組上升幅度最大;藥物組培養(yǎng)液的可溶性VEGFR2也出現(xiàn)了上升趨勢。見圖4。
5 Western blot檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)VEGFR2水平的變化趨勢 和對照組相比,藥物組細(xì)胞VEGFR2水平出現(xiàn)了上升趨勢,其中200 ng/ml和400 ng/ml濃度組細(xì)胞VEGFR2上升幅度最大。見圖5。
圖 3 ELISA法檢測HepG2細(xì)胞VEGFR1受體表達(dá)水平Fig. 3 ELISA showing expression of VEGFR1 in HepG2 cells
圖 4 ELSIA法檢測HepG2細(xì)胞內(nèi)和培養(yǎng)液上清VEGFR2蛋白含量 A: HepG2細(xì)胞; B: 培養(yǎng)液上清Fig. 4 ELISA showing expression of VEGFR2 in HepG2 cells (A)and cultured supernatant (B)(aP<0.05, bP<0.01, vs 0 ng/ml)
圖 5 Western blotting檢測HepG2細(xì)胞的VEGFR2蛋白表達(dá)Fig. 5 Western blotting showing expression of VEGFR2 in HepG2 cells
在臨床腫瘤治療中,貝伐珠單抗可抑制腫瘤血管轉(zhuǎn)移,改善晚期腫瘤患者治療效果。但貝伐珠單抗也存在治療缺點(diǎn),比如部分患者治療效果不好或者耐藥;治療效果一過性及極少數(shù)患者治療后病情加重[11]。因此,探究貝伐珠單抗治療后腫瘤細(xì)胞相關(guān)代謝變化尤為必要[12-13]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用貝伐珠單抗藥物作用于肝癌細(xì)胞系HepG2,48 h后檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)VEGF含量并未發(fā)生變化;而培養(yǎng)液上清VEGF含量發(fā)生了大幅度下降,貝伐珠單抗有效降低了細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液上清的VEGF含量。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),貝伐珠單抗導(dǎo)致了VEGFR2的大幅度上調(diào);另一個受體VEGFR1無明顯上調(diào)趨勢,貝伐珠單抗還導(dǎo)致了培養(yǎng)液上清可溶性VEGFR2的上調(diào)。這表明貝伐珠單抗導(dǎo)致了低濃度VEGF培養(yǎng)環(huán)境,使腫瘤細(xì)胞的相關(guān)受體發(fā)生變化。文獻(xiàn)表明VEGF與其相關(guān)受體可能參與腫瘤細(xì)胞的信號傳遞,比如VEGF與VEGFR2[14]。VEGFR2的上調(diào)加劇了腫瘤血管新生,而VEGFR2拮抗劑導(dǎo)致了腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖受到抑制[12-14]。這些表明了VEGF與VEGFR2的功能不僅限于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,還很有可能參與腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖及侵襲。本實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,貝伐珠單抗引起了腫瘤細(xì)胞的VEGFR2大幅度上調(diào);VEGFR2與腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖及侵襲關(guān)系密切,這表明貝伐珠單抗的耐藥現(xiàn)象很可能是由于VEGFR2的上調(diào)表達(dá)導(dǎo)致的,這或許為探究貝伐珠單抗耐藥及多靶點(diǎn)藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用提供一些幫助[10,15]。
1 Takimoto A, Nishizaki Y, Hiraki Y, et al. Differential actions of VEGF-A isoforms on perichondrial angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation[J]. Dev Biol, 2009, 332(2): 196-211.
2 Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, et al. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis[J]. Trends Mol Med, 2011, 17(7): 347-362.
3 Yamazaki Y, Nakano Y, Imamura T, et al. Augmentation of vascular permeability of VEGF is enhanced by KDR-binding proteins[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2007, 355(3): 693-699.
4 Maes C, Stockmans I, Moermans K, et al. Soluble VEGF isoforms are essential for establishing epiphyseal vascularization and regulating chondrocyte development and survival[J]. J Clin Invest, 2004,113(2): 188-199.
5 Des Guetz G, Uzzan B, et al. Microvessel density and VEGF expression are prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. Meta-analysis of the literature[J]. Br J Cancer, 2006, 94(12):1823-1832.
6 Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal Cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003, 349(5): 427-434.
7 Ducreux M, Adenis A, Pignon JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab-based combination regimens in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal Cancer: final results from a randomised phase II study of bevacizumab plus 5-fluorouracil,leucovorin plus irinotecan versus bevacizumab plus capecitabine plus irinotecan (FNCLCC ACCORD 13/0503 study)[J]. Eur J Cancer,2013, 49(6): 1236-1245.
8 Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004, 350(23):2335-2342.
9 Tejpar S, Prenen H, Mazzone M. Overcoming resistance to antiangiogenic therapies[J]. Oncologist, 2012, 17(8):1039-1050.
10 Shin SJ, Hwang JW, Ahn JB, et al. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2/pAkt-positive cells as a functional pharmacodynamic marker in metastatic colorectal cancers treated with antiangiogenic agent[J]. Invest New Drugs, 2013, 31(1): 1-13.
11 Fuloria J. Safety profiles of current antiangiogenic therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2012, 5 :133-142.
12 Fernando NT, Koch M, Rothrock C, et al. Tumor escape from endogenous, extracellular matrix-associated angiogenesis inhibitors by up-regulation of multiple proangiogenic factors[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2008, 14(5): 1529-1539.
13 Pohl A, El-Khoueiry A, Yang D, et al. Pharmacogenetic profiling of CD133 is associated with response rate (RR) and progressionfree survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic colorectal Cancer(mCRC), treated with bevacizumab-based chemotherapy[J].Pharmacogenomics J, 2013, 13(2): 173-180.
14 Chatterjee S, Heukamp LC, Siobal M, et al. Tumor VEGF :VEGFR2 autocrine feed-forward loop triggers angiogenesis in lung Cancer[J]. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123(4): 1732-1740.
15 Michael M, Zalcberg J, Gibbs P, et al. A phase I trial of imatinib in combination with mFOLFOX6-bevacizumab in patients with advanced colorectal Cancer[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2013, 71(2):321-330.
Bevacizumab up-regulates expression of VEGFR2 in HepG2 cells
LIU Hong-jin1, ZHAO Zhong-peng2, FU Yan1, YANG Peng-hui2, DUAN Yue-qiang2, MEN Li2, ZHAO Hui1, DU Nan1, WANG Xi-liang21No.2 Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China;2Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
Corresponding author: DU Nan. Email: dunan05@aliyun.com; WANG Xi-liang. Email: xiliangw@126.com
ObjectiveTo study the role of bevacizumab in up-regulation of VEGFR2 expression in HepG2 cells.MethodsTumor microenvironment was simulated by decreasing the VEGF concentration with bevacizumab monoantibody. Expression of VEGF2 in HepG2 cells was detected by RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot, respectively. Results The VEGF concentration was signi fi cantly decreased (P<0.05) and the soluble VEGFR2 concentration was signi fi cantly increased in medium (P<0.05). No signi fi cant change occurred in the VEGF and VEGFR1 expression level (P>0.05) whereas the expression of VEGFR2 was signi fi cantly upregulated in HepG2 cells (P<0.05).ConclusionBevacizumab up-regulates the expression of VEGF2 in HepG2 cells.
bevacizumab; HepG2 cell; vascular endothelial growth factor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
R 342
A
2095-5227(2014)05-0474-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.05.021
時間:2014-04-01 17:50
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140401.1750.008.html
2013-11-04
北京科委首都醫(yī)療特色項目(2131107002213040)
Supported by Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology(2131107002213040)
劉洪金,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:腫瘤分子靶向治療。Email: liuhongjin1225@163.com。
杜楠,男,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: dunan05@aliyun.com;王希良,男,研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: xiliangw@126.com