王 程,茍文隆,徐小龍,袁雪凌,彭 江,盧世璧
解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853
人股骨頭壞死標(biāo)本不同區(qū)域骨小梁的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)特征及病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)
王 程,茍文隆,徐小龍,袁雪凌,彭 江,盧世璧
解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京 100853
目的對(duì)股骨頭壞死標(biāo)本不同區(qū)域的骨小梁進(jìn)行量化分析。方法 收集我院2011 - 2013年非創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭壞死病人行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的股骨頭標(biāo)本10個(gè)以及病人病歷和臨床影像學(xué)資料(男性6例,女性4例)。對(duì)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行顯微CT斷層掃描,根據(jù)圖像結(jié)果將標(biāo)本分為健康區(qū)、硬化區(qū)和壞死區(qū),分別進(jìn)行骨計(jì)量學(xué)分析。分析指標(biāo)有骨礦密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、骨礦容量(bone mineral content,BMC)、骨表面積與骨骼體積比(bone surface to bone volume ratio,BS/BV);體積分?jǐn)?shù)(bone volume fraction,BVF)、結(jié)構(gòu)模型指數(shù)(structure model index,SMI)、骨小梁數(shù)目(trabecular plate number,Tb.N)、骨小梁厚度(trabecular plate thickness,Tb.Th)、骨小梁間隙(trabecular spacing,Tb.Sp)。掃描后將標(biāo)本作病理學(xué)處理。結(jié)果晚期股骨頭壞死區(qū)和硬化區(qū)的骨小梁空間結(jié)構(gòu)明顯改變。與健康區(qū)相比,硬化區(qū)骨小梁明顯增厚,BVF顯著增加,兩組間BMD、Tb.Th、BMC、BS/BV差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而Tb.Sp差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與健康區(qū)相比,壞死區(qū)的BMD、BMC、BVF、Tb.N明顯減少,Tb.Sp較硬化區(qū)顯著增寬,兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而Tb.Th、BS/BV差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論晚期股骨頭壞死標(biāo)本壞死區(qū)的骨小梁連續(xù)性破壞,結(jié)構(gòu)散亂;硬化區(qū)的骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)增厚,數(shù)目增多,間隙變窄;正常區(qū)域骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)完整,厚度分布均勻。
骨壞死;股骨頭;顯微CT
股骨頭壞死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是骨科常見(jiàn)的一種難治性疾病,好發(fā)于中青年,而且自然進(jìn)展快,致殘率高[1]。目前其病理機(jī)制不甚明了,一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為股骨頭壞死是由于股骨頭血運(yùn)受阻,導(dǎo)致股骨頭內(nèi)骨細(xì)胞壞死,修復(fù)模式啟動(dòng)之后,股骨頭力學(xué)強(qiáng)度減低,最終導(dǎo)致股骨頭空間結(jié)構(gòu)改變,塌陷。但是股骨頭力學(xué)強(qiáng)度減低的程度與股骨頭修復(fù)的范圍和修復(fù)能力大小之間的關(guān)系尚不明確,因此有必要研究股骨頭內(nèi)部骨小梁的結(jié)構(gòu)改變和股骨頭塌陷的方式。本研究通過(guò)Micro-CT重現(xiàn)塌陷股骨頭骨小梁的三維空間結(jié)構(gòu),探討股骨頭壞死塌陷的可能方式。
1 標(biāo)本及資料 收集我院2011 - 2013年非創(chuàng)傷性股骨頭骨壞死病人行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的股骨頭標(biāo)本10個(gè)(男6例,女4例,F(xiàn)icatⅣ期)以及病人病歷和臨床影像學(xué)資料。
2 儀器設(shè)備 Micro-CT(Locus SP GE公司美國(guó)),硬組織切片機(jī)(IsoMet? 5000 BUEHLER公司美國(guó)),包埋機(jī) (Cast n’ Vac 1000 BUEHLER 公司美國(guó) ),磨片機(jī)(MetaServ? BUEHLER公司美國(guó))
3 Micro-CT掃描 將10個(gè)股骨頭標(biāo)本分別置于Micro-CT系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行掃描,掃描分辨率為45 μm×45 μm×45 μm,單次掃描時(shí)間為14 min。確定壞死區(qū)、硬化區(qū)、健康區(qū)的位置并且在每個(gè)區(qū)域分別選取3個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體信息區(qū)進(jìn)行重建(0.5 cm×0.5 cm×1 cm)。
4 不同區(qū)域骨微結(jié)構(gòu)及礦物含量評(píng)價(jià) 采用Micro-CT自帶軟件GE Microview進(jìn)行圖像處理,對(duì)股骨頭壞死不同區(qū)域進(jìn)行三維重建以及骨計(jì)量學(xué)分析;計(jì)算以下骨礦物質(zhì)參數(shù):骨礦密度(bone mineral density,BMD),骨礦容量(bone mineral content,BMC),骨表面積與骨骼體積比(bone surface to bone volume ratio,BS/BV),體積分?jǐn)?shù)(bone volume fraction,BVF),骨礦化含量(bone mineral content,BMC),結(jié)構(gòu)模型指數(shù) (structure model index,SMI),骨小梁數(shù)目 (trabecular plate number,Tb.N),骨小梁厚度(trabecular plate thickness,Tb.Th),骨小梁間隙(trabecular spacing,Tb.Sp)。
5 病理學(xué)觀察 標(biāo)本掃描之后,經(jīng)75%、85%、95%、100%的酒精逐級(jí)脫水,二甲苯透明,樹(shù)脂包埋切片,HE以及Masson染色后觀察。
6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 使用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,所有數(shù)據(jù)均以的形式表示。組間數(shù)據(jù)比較采用單因素方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 Micro-CT圖像特征 股骨頭壞死標(biāo)本的三個(gè)區(qū)域(壞死區(qū)、硬化區(qū)和健康區(qū))的骨小梁排列特征明顯不同,壞死區(qū)的骨小梁斷裂破碎,連續(xù)性破壞,結(jié)構(gòu)較為散亂;硬化區(qū)的骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)增厚,數(shù)目增多,間隙變窄;正常區(qū)域骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)正常,厚度分布均勻。見(jiàn)圖1。
2 骨計(jì)量學(xué) 不同區(qū)域骨小梁的計(jì)量學(xué)參數(shù)明顯不同。與健康區(qū)域相比,硬化區(qū)骨小梁明顯增厚,BVF增加200%,小梁厚度和數(shù)目明顯增加,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而Tb.Sp兩組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與健康區(qū)相比,壞死區(qū)的BMD、BMC、BVF、Tb.N明顯減少,Tb.Sp顯著增寬,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),Tb.Th、BS/BV差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 股骨頭骨壞死樣本不同區(qū)域骨計(jì)量學(xué)分析Tab. 1 Histomorphometry for necrosis of the femoral head in different regions (, n=10)
表1 股骨頭骨壞死樣本不同區(qū)域骨計(jì)量學(xué)分析Tab. 1 Histomorphometry for necrosis of the femoral head in different regions (, n=10)
aP<0.05, bP<0.05, vs healthy region
Collapses region Sclerosis region Healthy region BMD(mg/cm3) 60.54±16.51b 265.63±38.12a102.720±25.28 BVF(%) 16.15±4.82b 53.76±5.61a 27.620±2.63 Tb.Th(μm) 111.57±12.85 293.34±31.41a144.970±39.72 Tb.N(mm) 0.76±0.54b 2.93±0.31a 1.548±0.17 Tb.Sp(μm) 1 539.32±752.31b 319.35±43.38 402.860±57.78 SMI 2.84±0.09 0.84±1.16 1.680±0.31 BMC(mg) 3.16±0.49b 10.56±3.06a 5.180±1.47 BS/BV(%) 19.57±3.89 10.49±1.93a 18.350±2.55
Fig. 1 Micro-CT image showing two-dimensional reconstruction(A) in necrosed region (B), sclerotic region (C), and healthy region (D) of femoral head
3 病理表現(xiàn) 壞死區(qū)可見(jiàn)股骨頭明顯塌陷變形,軟骨下骨結(jié)構(gòu)基本消失,甚至有關(guān)節(jié)軟骨分離等改變。壞死灶呈暗紅色、不規(guī)則、與周?chē)M織分界清楚,骨小梁壞死,骨組織被其他性質(zhì)的病理組織取代。硬化區(qū)可見(jiàn)骨小梁增生,排列規(guī)則致密,硬化區(qū)有大量炎性細(xì)胞(淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、漿細(xì)胞)浸潤(rùn)。并伴有多種組織增生,包括結(jié)締組織、新生血管等,形成一個(gè)顯微組織修復(fù)區(qū)。見(jiàn)圖2。
圖 2 股骨頭壞死標(biāo)本,根據(jù)骨密度的不同分為壞死區(qū)(a),硬化區(qū)(b),健康區(qū)(c) A: HE染色; B: Masson染色Fig. 2 HE staining (A) and Masson staining (B) showing bone mineral density in necrosed region (a), sclerotic region (b)and healthy region (c) of femoral head
股骨頭壞死主要表現(xiàn)為骨結(jié)構(gòu)的連續(xù)性破壞和骨小梁的斷裂,其原因是因?yàn)檩d荷壓力持續(xù)作用,導(dǎo)致缺血區(qū)骨無(wú)法及時(shí)修復(fù),而股骨頭具有承載載荷壓力的作用,是承載人體負(fù)荷的重要部位[2-5]。股骨頭的塌陷是骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)連續(xù)性變化的結(jié)果,股骨頭壞死的生物應(yīng)力不僅降低了骨礦物質(zhì)密度,而且改變了骨小梁的空間排列以及立體結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致力學(xué)強(qiáng)度喪失,最終塌陷[6-7]。導(dǎo)致股骨頭壞死的病因有很多,包括酒精、激素、創(chuàng)傷等,其發(fā)病機(jī)制還不太明確,大量研究表明成骨、破骨細(xì)胞的活性變化在其發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中起到關(guān)鍵的作用[8-10]。Micro-CT是一種非侵入性的檢測(cè)方式,能以非常高的分辨率對(duì)活體或者離體標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢測(cè),同時(shí)不破壞檢測(cè)對(duì)象的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),其在檢測(cè)股骨頭壞死標(biāo)本時(shí)對(duì)骨小梁有很強(qiáng)的敏感性[11-12]。Feldkamp等[13]早在20世紀(jì)80年代就應(yīng)用Micro-CT對(duì)骨小梁的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)評(píng)價(jià),并報(bào)道了相關(guān)研究結(jié)果。Marinozzi等[14]也認(rèn)為Micro-CT是精確測(cè)量離體股骨頭標(biāo)本骨形態(tài)計(jì)量學(xué)的方法。本實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康區(qū)比較,壞死區(qū)股骨頭骨小梁厚度及密度改變,骨小梁厚度不均,排列紊亂,多處的骨小梁骨折,股骨頭高度變低,股骨頭內(nèi)骨密度分布不均,顯示存在骨修復(fù)重建過(guò)程。大量研究表明,在骨壞死發(fā)生前期,修復(fù)反應(yīng)也隨之啟動(dòng),成骨及破骨活動(dòng)均增強(qiáng),但后者更為活躍,由于壞死骨的吸收作用,使骨小梁的三維支撐結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。新生的骨小梁排列紊亂,其力學(xué)支撐作用較差,在正常應(yīng)力情況下就會(huì)出現(xiàn)微骨折,最終導(dǎo)致股骨頭塌陷[15-18]。在骨計(jì)量學(xué)方面,股骨頭壞死區(qū)骨小梁的BMD、BMC、BVF、Tb.N均降低,骨量顯著降低。硬化區(qū)骨小梁BVF明顯增加,Tb.Sp變窄,骨小梁增厚,結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生顯著變化。理想的桿狀骨小梁和板狀骨小梁的SMI數(shù)值分別為3和0,而本實(shí)驗(yàn)中壞死區(qū)與健康區(qū)骨小梁的SMI分別為2.84和1.68,可以看出在發(fā)生骨壞死時(shí),SMI數(shù)值增加,骨小梁從板狀向桿狀的狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變,硬化區(qū)骨小梁SMI出現(xiàn)負(fù)值,表示骨體積分?jǐn)?shù)過(guò)大,骨小梁數(shù)目增多。另外,本實(shí)驗(yàn)僅從不同區(qū)域骨小梁的結(jié)構(gòu)與骨密度改變推測(cè)股骨頭的力學(xué)狀態(tài)改變,下一步我們將結(jié)合生物力學(xué)測(cè)試檢驗(yàn)我們的觀點(diǎn),通過(guò)分析骨小梁微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和應(yīng)力分布的關(guān)系,探索股骨頭壞死塌陷機(jī)制,為股骨頭壞死的治療及康復(fù)提供新的指導(dǎo)思想和研究方向。
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Microstructure features and pathology of trabecula in different regions of femoral head necrosis
WANG Cheng, GOU Wen-long, XU Xiao-long, YUAN Xue-ling, PENG Jiang, LU Shi-bi
Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: PENG Jiang. Email: pengjiang301@126.com
ObjectiveTo analyze the microstructure of trabecula in different regions of femoral head necrosis.MethodsClinical and imaging data about 10 patients (6 males and 4 females) with non-traumatic femoral head necrosis who underwent total hip arthroplasty in our hospital from 2011 to 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Samples were taken from the healthy, sclerotic and necrosed regions of the patients. The following parameters were analyzed, including the bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone surface/ bone volume (BS/BV) ratio, bone volume fraction(BVF), structure model index (SMI), number of trabecular plates, thickness of trabecular plate, and trabecular space. Results The spatial structure of trabecula was signi fi cantly changed in necrosed and sclerotic regions of femoral head. The trabecula was signi fi cantly thicker and the BVF was signi fi cantly higher in necrosed region than in healthy region (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the BMD, the number of trabecular plates, the thickness of trabecular plate, and the BS/BV ratio between the two groups (P>0.05). The BMD and BMC,the BVF, and the thickness of trabecular plate were signi fi cantly lower while the trabecular space was signi fi cantly wider in necrosed region than in healthy region (P<0.05). No signi fi cant difference was found in the thickness of trabecular plate and the BS/BV ratio between the two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionThe spatial structure and pathological features of trabecula are different in different necrosis regions of femoral head. The continuity of trabecula in necrosed region is disrupted, with its structure disarranged and thickened, the number of trabecular plates increased, and the trabecular space narrowed. However, the structure of trabecula is intact and its thickness is even in the healthy region.
osteonecrosis; femur head; Micro-CT
R 681.22
A
2095-5227(2014)05-0463-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.05.018
時(shí)間:2014-03-07 11:05
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140307.1105.002.html
2013-11-04
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(30930092);國(guó)家“863”計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012AA020502)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30930092);"863" Program of China(2012AA020502)
王程,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:骨壞死。Email: wang chengchina301@163.com
彭江,男,副主任醫(yī)師,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: pe ngjiang301@126.com
解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2014年5期