方霽,楊麗 ,沈家珍,梁恒,張榮華
(1.暨南大學(xué) 醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510632;2.暨南大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510632)
骨碎補(bǔ)總黃酮對(duì)去卵巢骨質(zhì)疏松大鼠骨內(nèi)谷氨酸信號(hào)Glu、mGluR5以及EAAT1的影響
方霽1?,楊麗2?,沈家珍1,梁恒1,張榮華2Δ
(1.暨南大學(xué) 醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510632;2.暨南大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510632)
目的探討骨碎補(bǔ)總黃酮(Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae,TFRD)對(duì)去卵巢骨質(zhì)疏松(osteoporosis,OP)大鼠骨內(nèi)谷氨酸信號(hào)的影響,以明確其通過(guò)參與大鼠骨內(nèi)谷氨酸信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)骨重建的可能機(jī)制。方法45只3月齡SPF級(jí)雌性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(Sham,n=15)和去卵巢組(OVX,n=30)。采取雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)復(fù)制OP大鼠模型,14周后行雙能X線測(cè)定骨密度,模型復(fù)制成功,將OVX組隨機(jī)分為模白組(OVX,n=15)和給藥組(OVX+TFRD,n=15)。藥物干預(yù)12周后處死動(dòng)物,免疫組化法觀察左股骨骨骺端谷氨酸(Glutamate,Glu)、代謝型Glu受體-5(metabotropic glutamate receptor 5,mGluR 5)及L-谷氨酸/L-門(mén)冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(Glutamate/Aspartate transporter,EAAT1)表達(dá)。結(jié)果Glu和mGluR5主要分布于骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞和緊貼骨髓腔壁的成骨細(xì)胞(osteoblasts,OB);Glu的陽(yáng)性標(biāo)記在Sham、OVX和OVX+TFRD組的表達(dá)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;OVX+TFRD組代謝型受體mGluR5的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)顯著高于Sham組(P=0.009),而Sham組與OVX組之間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子EAAT1除了大量分布于骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞以外,還有少量表達(dá)于骨陷窩中的骨細(xì)胞,其陽(yáng)性表達(dá)在Sham、OVX和OVX+TFRD組的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論在骨內(nèi)Glu信號(hào)通路中,TFRD可顯著提高代謝型受體mGluR5的表達(dá),但尚不能認(rèn)為其對(duì)Glu和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子EAAT1有影響。
骨質(zhì)疏松癥;去卵巢大鼠;骨碎補(bǔ)總黃酮;谷氨酸;代謝型Glu受體-5
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及藥品制備 清潔級(jí)3月齡雌性SD大鼠45只,體質(zhì)量(249.58±15.65)g,由廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,合格證號(hào):SCXK(粵)2008-0002。飼養(yǎng)于(22±20)℃,相對(duì)濕度40%的清潔環(huán)境。強(qiáng)骨膠囊購(gòu)自廣州寶芝林大藥房,主要成分為T(mén)FRD,每1 g提取物相當(dāng)于生藥66.7 g,取0.25 g×12粒,將膠囊內(nèi)容物取出,置于500 mL錐形瓶中,加入144 mL蒸餾水,配制成濃度為15 mg/mL的溶液,置于4℃冰箱保存。
1.2 主要儀器及試劑 Prodigy型雙能X線骨密度儀(Lunar)、2-16 K 型臺(tái)式高速冷凍離心機(jī)(Sigma)、BX 43型奧林巴斯顯微鏡(Olympus)、Finesse 325型輪轉(zhuǎn)切片機(jī)(Shandon)、DAB顯色試劑盒、即用型SABC免疫組化染色試劑盒以及抗體稀釋液均購(gòu)自武漢博士德生物工程有限公司;抗Glu多克隆抗體(兔抗)、抗mGluR5抗體(兔抗)以及EAAT1抗體(兔抗)為英國(guó)Abcam公司產(chǎn)品。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 動(dòng)物模型與分組45只3月齡雌性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為Sham組(n=15)與OVX組(n=30),OVX組行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù),造模14周后行雙能X線掃描測(cè)定骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD),確定OP模型復(fù)制成功后再將OVX組隨機(jī)分成OVX組(n=15)和OVX+TFRD 組(n=15)。Sham組找到卵巢不切除。
1.3.2 給藥方法造模14周后,測(cè)定各組BMD。確定造模成功后,將模型組隨機(jī)分為OVX和OVX+TFRD組,將強(qiáng)骨膠囊配制成濃度為15 mg/mL的溶液,按臨床成人劑量根據(jù)大鼠體重?fù)Q算給藥量為 45 mg/(kg·d)。Sham 組與 OVX 組按 10 mL/(kg·d)的蒸餾水灌胃。灌胃為1次/天,連續(xù)6天/周,停1 d。連續(xù)灌胃12周。
1.3.3 骨組織標(biāo)本制備留取左側(cè)股骨為觀察指標(biāo):大鼠稱(chēng)重,2%戊巴比妥鈉按0.1 mL/100 g腹腔內(nèi)注射麻醉。取仰臥位,固定四肢及頭部,沿側(cè)胸壁打開(kāi)胸腔,暴露心臟, 將灌注針從心尖部經(jīng)左心室插入升主動(dòng)脈,立即剪開(kāi)右心耳,注入4%多聚甲醛300 mL進(jìn)行內(nèi)固定,直至流出清亮液體、大鼠四肢僵直為灌注完畢,取出左側(cè)股骨,置于4%多聚甲醛液放置在4℃冰箱內(nèi)固定15~20 h。
1.3.4 免疫組織化學(xué)染色①切片常規(guī)烤片,脫蠟,進(jìn)行SABC染色。具體步驟如下:3%H2O2室溫靜置孵育10 min;0.1%胰蛋白酶37℃修復(fù)抗原15 min;5滴封閉液(加正常山羊血清)室溫下靜置20~30 min,甩去多余液體,不洗;滴加一抗(Glu 為 1∶300;mGluR5 為 1∶500;EAAT1為 1∶500)室溫靜置2 h,陰性對(duì)照以蒸餾水代替一抗,滴加Ⅱ抗20℃~37℃靜置1 h;滴加SABC 20℃~37℃靜置20 min;滴加DAB顯色劑,顯微鏡下觀察控制反應(yīng)時(shí)間。以上步驟間均用0.01 M PBS(pH 7.2)緩沖液洗滌5 min×3次。蘇木素復(fù)染,常規(guī)脫水,透明,封片。②結(jié)果分析:胞漿或者包膜為淡黃色、棕黃色或褐色為陽(yáng)性標(biāo)記。以德國(guó)Leica公司產(chǎn)的圖像分析軟件LeicaQwin-Plus在陽(yáng)性區(qū)域進(jìn)行分析,每張切片在100倍的視野下隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野拍照,運(yùn)用Image-pro plus 6.0圖像分析軟件對(duì)每張圖片陽(yáng)性表達(dá)區(qū)的平均光密度進(jìn)行分析,陽(yáng)性表達(dá)區(qū)的選取采用吸管法。
2.1 去卵巢OP大鼠模型復(fù)制成功 大鼠去卵巢14周,OVX組與Sham組的BMD比較情況見(jiàn)表1。
表1 大鼠去卵巢14 wBMD的比較(g/cm2)Tab.1 Comparison of BMD 14 weeks after ovariectomy(g/cm2)
去卵巢14 w,采用雙能X射線骨密度儀測(cè)定L5~L6、右股骨近端、右股骨遠(yuǎn)端、左股骨近端、左股骨遠(yuǎn)端、右肱骨近端、左肱骨近端等部位BMD,OVX組L5~L6腰椎、右股骨近端、右股骨遠(yuǎn)端、左股骨近端、左股骨遠(yuǎn)端、右肱骨近端 BMD均顯著低于Sham組(P<0.05),提示去卵巢OP大鼠模型復(fù)制成功。
2.2 TFRD對(duì)去卵巢OP大鼠左股骨Glu免疫標(biāo)記的影響Glu的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)可見(jiàn)于Sham、OVX及OVX+TFRD的骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞和緊貼骨髓腔的OB(見(jiàn)圖1)。其在各組陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的平均光密度值,3組之間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(見(jiàn)表2)。
圖1 大鼠股骨Glu的表達(dá)(×100)Fig.1 The expression of Glu in rat bone tissue(×100)
表2 大鼠骨組織Glu陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的平均光密度(AU/單位面積)Tab.2 The average optical density of Glu expression in bone tissue (AU/unit area)
2.3 TFRD對(duì)去卵巢OP大鼠左股骨mGluR5免疫標(biāo)記的影響 mGluR5的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)見(jiàn)于Sham、OVX及OVX+TFRD的骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞和緊貼骨髓腔壁的OB(見(jiàn)圖2),其在各組陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的平均光密度值見(jiàn)表3。統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示OVX+TFRD組mGluR5陽(yáng)性標(biāo)記的平均光密度顯著高于Sham組(P<0.05)。
圖2 大鼠股骨mGluR5的表達(dá)(×100)Fig.2 The expression of mGluR 5 in rat bone tissue(×100)
表3 大鼠骨組織mGluR5陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的平均光密度(AU/單位面積)Tab.3 The average optical density of mGluR5 expression in bone tissue (AU/unit area)
2.4 TFRD對(duì)去卵巢OP大鼠左股骨EAAT1免疫標(biāo)記的影響 EAAT1大量表達(dá)于Sham、OVX及OVX+TFRD組的骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞和緊貼骨髓腔的OB,少量表達(dá)于骨陷窩中的骨細(xì)胞(見(jiàn)圖3)。其在各組陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的平均光密度值見(jiàn)表4,3組之間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
圖3 大鼠股骨EAAT1的表達(dá)(×100)Fig.3 The expression of EAAT1 of rat bone tissue(×100)
表4 大鼠骨組織EAAT1陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的平均光密度(AU/單位面積)Tab.4 The average optical density of EAAT1expression in bone tissue (AU/unit area)
Glu信號(hào)控制OB的骨形成和調(diào)節(jié)成骨祖細(xì)胞的分化。激活的離子型受體促使成骨祖細(xì)胞增殖,并通過(guò)激活Cbfa-1刺激成骨祖細(xì)胞的分化,促進(jìn)骨形成。離子型受體的激活也刺激核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-kB(Nuclear Factor-kB,NF-kB)介導(dǎo)的破骨細(xì)胞(osteoclasts,OC)的分化和抑制成熟OC的凋亡,升高OC數(shù)量和骨吸收。然而骨量的最終變化則是由各信號(hào)通路作用于成骨細(xì)胞骨形成和破骨細(xì)胞骨吸收的凈效益決定。在Glu信號(hào)通路中,Glu離子型受體的激活主要與鈣信號(hào)(包括胞外鈣內(nèi)流以及胞內(nèi)鈣庫(kù)外流)有關(guān),并由此觸發(fā)各種鈣-依賴(lài)酶的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致各種細(xì)胞的生理變化[5-8]。而Glu代謝型受體的激活發(fā)揮第二信使作用,同時(shí)激活PKC信號(hào)通路,介導(dǎo)骨組織細(xì)胞的長(zhǎng)程增強(qiáng)反應(yīng)或者類(lèi)似中樞記憶信號(hào)反應(yīng)[9],調(diào)節(jié)骨組織細(xì)胞的生理活性和分化成熟等細(xì)胞進(jìn)程。本研究目的在于探究Glu信號(hào)受體的骨內(nèi)分布特征及TFRD對(duì)其干預(yù)的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)OP大鼠股骨內(nèi)Glu表達(dá)于骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞及OB,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[10],但TFRD對(duì)其表達(dá)沒(méi)有直接影響;Glu代謝型受體mGluR5在骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞與緊貼著骨髓腔壁的OB上均有表達(dá),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[11-12],并且TFRD干預(yù)12周可顯著提高去卵巢OP大鼠股骨mGluR5的表達(dá),可能是其通過(guò)參與骨內(nèi)谷氨酸信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)介導(dǎo)骨重建的可能機(jī)制之一。Glu轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體是起到滅活多余的Glu,以達(dá)到終止其信號(hào)的功能。Takarada等人證明OB表達(dá)有多種Glu轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(如EAAT1、EAAT2和EAAT3/EAAC1)并證明其具有吸收功能[1,13-14]。這些轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的存在可以保證骨組織細(xì)胞Glu濃度保持在一定水平,并可以防止Glu信號(hào)的持續(xù)刺激占據(jù)受體從而影響信號(hào)交流[15-16]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Glu轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子EAAT1表達(dá)于骨髓區(qū)細(xì)胞、OB及少量骨細(xì)胞,與Kalariti N等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)EAAT1與mGluR5表達(dá)于MG-63成骨細(xì)胞樣骨肉瘤細(xì)胞具有一定的相似性,但并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)TFRD的干預(yù)對(duì)其表達(dá)增高或降低有明顯作用。
綜上所述,在骨內(nèi)Glu信號(hào)通路中,本研究通過(guò)免疫組化法觀察到使用TFRD干預(yù)12周可顯著提高去卵巢OP大鼠股骨mGluR5的表達(dá),但尚不能認(rèn)為有增加或降低Glu和EAAT1表達(dá)的作用。
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Effect of total fl avonoids of rhizome drynariae on the expression of Glu,mGluR5 and EAAT1 in bone tissues of ovariectomized osteoporotic rats
FANG Ji1?, YANG Li2?, SHEN Jia-zhen1, LIANG Heng1, ZHANG Rong-hua2Δ
(1.School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; 2.Pharmacy college, Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632, China)
ObjectiveTo observe the expression of Glu、mGluR 5 and EAAT 1 in bone tissues of ovariectomized osteoporotic rats and the effects of Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) on it.Methods45 SPF 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were randomly divided into sham operation (Sham, n=15) group and ovariectomized (OVX, n=30) group. The osteoporotic(OP) model was established by bilateral ovariectomy, 14 weeks later, we measured bone mineral density(BMD) by dual-energy X-ray and determined that OP model was successfully replicated, OVX group rats were then divided into OVX group (n=15) and OVX+TFRD group (n=15). The OVX+TFRD group was given TFRD for 12 weeks. Glutamate (Glu), metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR 5), and Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter (GLAST/EAAT1)’s expression of femur was examined in order to clarify the characteristics of bone glutamate signaling pathway and the effects of TFRD on it.ResultsGlu and ionotropic receptors mGluR 5 mainly distributed in bone marrow cells and osteoblasts closed to the bone marrow cavity walls. There were no significant differences in Glu expression among Sham group, OVX group and OVX+TFRD group. The mGluR 5 expression of OVX+TFRD group was significantly higher than that of Sham group and OVX group(P=0.009), while no significant difference was found between the latter two groups.In addition to large distribution in bone marrow cells, small amount of transporter EAAT1was noted to express in bone cells of the bone lacunae.There were no significant differences in EAAT 1 expression among the three groups.ConclusionIn bone glutamate signaling pathway, this study demonstrated that TFRD could significantly improve the ionotropic receptor mGluR 5’s expression, but had no influence for Glu and EAAT1.
osteoporosis; ovariectomized rat; total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae; glutamate; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5
R 932
A
1005-1678(2014)02-0010-04
骨組織中谷氨酸(Glutamate,Glu)信號(hào)通路的組成與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)類(lèi)似[1],由Glu、相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)囊泡、相關(guān)受體、受體激活后鈣信號(hào)、環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophos Phate,cAMP)信號(hào)的級(jí)聯(lián)以及Glu代謝有關(guān)的酶如谷氨酰胺合成酶及Glu胺酶組成[2-4]。本研究通過(guò)免疫組化法觀察去卵巢骨質(zhì)疏松(osteoporosis,OP)大鼠骨組織Glu、代謝型Glu受體-5(metabotropic Glumatemate receptor 5,mGluR 5)及 L-谷氨酸/L-門(mén)冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(Glutamate/Aspartate transporter,GLAST/EAAT1)表達(dá)特點(diǎn),探討骨碎補(bǔ)總黃酮(total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae,TFRD)通過(guò)參與大鼠骨內(nèi)谷氨酸信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)骨重建可能的作用機(jī)制。
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81173619)
方霽,女,碩士,研究方向:中西醫(yī)結(jié)合防治常見(jiàn)老年病,E-mail:fangji_luxixi 910@126.com;楊麗,共同第一作者,女,博士,研究方向:臨床中藥學(xué),E-mail:doctormonkey@126.com;張榮華,通信作者,男,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:臨床中藥學(xué),E-mail:tzrh@jnu.edu.cn。