雷又鳴,朱高紅,袁放,劉曦嬌,宋彬,任炳秀
(1.昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 干療外科,云南 昆明 650032;2.昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 核醫(yī)學(xué)科,云南 昆明 650032;3.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院 放射科,四川 成都 610041)
Tc-DOTA-hTERT ASON甲狀腺未分化癌小鼠模型SPECT顯像分析
雷又鳴1,朱高紅2,袁放3,劉曦嬌3,宋彬3,任炳秀2
(1.昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 干療外科,云南 昆明 650032;2.昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院 核醫(yī)學(xué)科,云南 昆明 650032;3.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院 放射科,四川 成都 610041)
目的探索以核醫(yī)學(xué)方法對(duì)甲狀腺未分化癌(anaplastic thyroid carcinoma,ATC)細(xì)胞的端粒酶活性進(jìn)行體內(nèi)顯像的可行性。方法采用甲狀腺未分化癌細(xì)胞(ARO)建立荷瘤裸鼠模型,以 1,4,7,10-四氮雜環(huán)十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸(1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N?-tetraacetic acid,DOTA)作為雙功能螯合劑對(duì)人端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶反義寡核苷酸(human telomerase reverse transcriptase antisense oligonucleotide,hTERT ASON)進(jìn)行99mTc間接標(biāo)記,制備DOTA-hTERT ASON,并對(duì)腫瘤模型進(jìn)行單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像(single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)顯像。結(jié)果99mTc-DOTA-hTERT ASON對(duì)ARO移植瘤具有良好的靶向性,最佳顯像時(shí)間為注射后2~8 h。結(jié)論99mTc-DOTA-hTERT ASON可對(duì)活體內(nèi)ATC細(xì)胞的端粒酶進(jìn)行檢測(cè),在A(yíng)TC的診斷及治療方面具有潛在的價(jià)值。
99mTc;甲狀腺未分化癌;端粒酶;反義顯像
端粒是位于染色體末端的DNA重復(fù)序列,其可解決染色體末端的復(fù)制問(wèn)題。隨著細(xì)胞的分裂,端粒會(huì)越來(lái)越短,當(dāng)端??s短到危機(jī)期(M2期)時(shí)最終導(dǎo)致基因排列紊亂而致使端粒酶的激活或產(chǎn)生其它腫瘤發(fā)生所必需的突變使細(xì)胞永生化,從而導(dǎo)致癌變[7-10]。端粒酶包含有2個(gè)最重要的亞單位——端粒酶RNA元件(TRC:含有合成端粒重復(fù)序列的模板)和端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT),端粒酶全酶通過(guò)TRC與端粒的重復(fù)序列相連接;研究表明,TERT的表達(dá)與端粒酶的活性密切相關(guān),因此探測(cè)TERTmRNA的表達(dá)被認(rèn)為是診斷腫瘤更為可靠的標(biāo)志[11-12]。本研究利用99mTc標(biāo)記的hTERT ASON對(duì)ATC的端粒酶活性進(jìn)行活體內(nèi)顯像,以期為hTERT ASON介導(dǎo)的核素內(nèi)照射治療提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 全鏈硫代修飾的hTERT ASON(序列為:5’-TAGAGACGTGGCTCTTGA-3’)購(gòu) 自 中 國(guó) 金 斯 瑞 公 司,99mTcO4-淋洗液購(gòu)自北京原子高科股份有限公司,N-羥丁基硫代琥珀酰亞胺(N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide Sodium,S-NHS)、1,4,7,10-四 氮 雜 環(huán) 十 二 烷-1,4,7,10-四 乙 酸 (1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N?-tetraacetic acid,DOTA)均購(gòu)自日本TCI公司,1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳化二亞胺鹽酸鹽[1-(3-Dimethylaminoptoply)-3-ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride,EDC]購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma Aldrich公司,甲狀腺未分化癌ARO細(xì)胞、人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞均購(gòu)自四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和再生醫(yī)學(xué)中心,SPF級(jí) BALB/c裸鼠(4~6周齡,18~20 g,雌性)購(gòu)自四川大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心(動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào)11)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 DOTA-hTERT ASON的制備:將4.0mg DOTA、2 mg EDC、2 mg S-NHS溶于 200μL pH 5.5 PBS中,室溫下振蕩30min,生成中間體 DOTA-NHS酯[13],再以 DOTA∶ASON分子比226∶1,逐滴加入1.6 mL pH 8.5 PBS(含22.6 nmol ASON)中,室溫下振蕩反應(yīng)4 h,將反應(yīng)液移入透析管(分子截留量:3.5 kd)中,以pH 7.0 PBS透析9 h,每3 h換液1次,分裝純化后的DOTA-hTERT ASON,-20℃冰箱保存。
1.2.2 DOTA-hTERT ASON的99mTc標(biāo)記:1mL生理鹽水溶解MDP氯化亞錫,取10μL加入33μg DOTA-ASON,充分混勻,最后加入新鮮99mTc O4-淋洗液370MBq(10mCi)60℃振蕩反應(yīng)45min,采用紙層析法及G25葡聚糖凝膠色譜柱分別測(cè)定99mTc-DOTA-ASON的放化純度(radiochemical purity,RCP)及標(biāo)記率。
1.2.3 體外實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)99mTc標(biāo)記的DOTA-hTERTASON的穩(wěn)定性:室溫下在99mTc標(biāo)記的DOTA-hTERT ASON中加入新鮮人血清,在37℃,5%CO2孵箱中,分別于0.5、1、2、4、8、12 h檢測(cè)探針的RCP。
1.2.4 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及細(xì)胞學(xué)攝取實(shí)驗(yàn):甲狀腺未分化癌ARO細(xì)胞、人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10%小牛血清高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,37℃,5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以1×106/孔種植于24孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,培養(yǎng)24 h后,棄培養(yǎng)基,每孔加入20μL 99mTc-DOTA-ASON(37MBq/mL)和200μL培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。分別于0.5、1、2、4、6 h終止培養(yǎng),測(cè)定細(xì)胞攝取率[細(xì)胞攝取率(%)=Cuptake/(Crest+Cuptake)×100%]。方法如下:將含有分子探針的培養(yǎng)基收集于一支試管中,標(biāo)記為剩余管,然后以PBS液洗滌3次,并將洗滌液移入剩余管中,在γ放射免疫計(jì)數(shù)儀上測(cè)定計(jì)數(shù)(Crest);用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化貼壁細(xì)胞,將細(xì)胞移入另一試管中,標(biāo)記為攝取管,用PBS洗滌3次,將洗滌液收集于攝取管中,測(cè)定計(jì)數(shù)(Cuptake)。同時(shí)臺(tái)盼藍(lán)染色,在倒置顯微鏡下觀(guān)察細(xì)胞的增殖狀況。
1.2.5 腫瘤模型的建立:取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期肺腺癌ARO細(xì)胞,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,離心洗滌2次,用無(wú)血清DMEM培養(yǎng)液制成細(xì)胞懸液,于雌性裸鼠右側(cè)腋下注射0.2mL(約含5×106個(gè)瘤細(xì)胞)。待腫瘤直徑達(dá)8~10mm時(shí)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.6 SPECT顯像:10只荷瘤小鼠隨機(jī)分成實(shí)驗(yàn)組和封閉對(duì)照組,各5只。實(shí)驗(yàn)組:通過(guò)尾靜脈分別注射0.2 mL 99mTc-DOTA-ASON 7.4 MBq;封閉對(duì)照組:同時(shí)注射5倍未標(biāo)記的DOTA-ASON及同等活度的99mTc-DOTA-ASON。分別于注射后0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12 h行 SPECT靜態(tài)顯像,使用錐孔準(zhǔn)直器,矩陣128×128,Zoom 1.33,每幀采集5min。
1.2.7 病理組織學(xué)檢測(cè):所有顯像完成后48 h,將動(dòng)物處死,取腫瘤及鄰近組織用福爾馬林固定48 h后用石蠟包埋,制成5μm厚的切片,進(jìn)行端粒酶免疫組織化學(xué)染色,檢測(cè)端粒酶活性。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有計(jì)量資料均經(jīng)SPSS13.0處理,正態(tài)計(jì)量資料用“±s”表示,等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn),組間比較用單因素方差分析,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 99mTc-DOTA-ASON的標(biāo)記及體外穩(wěn)定性 99mTc-DOTA-ASON的RCP可達(dá)90%以上,標(biāo)記率可達(dá)85%。在室溫下、生理鹽水中、37℃新鮮人血清中12h內(nèi)99mTc-DOTA-ASON的RCP可保持在90%以上(見(jiàn)圖1)。
圖1 99mTc-DOTA-ASON在不同溫度及介質(zhì)中的時(shí)間—放射化學(xué)純度(RCP)曲線(xiàn)Fig.1 The time-radiochemical purity(RCP)curve of 99mTc-DOTA-ASON at different temperatures and mediums
2.2 細(xì)胞攝取實(shí)驗(yàn) ARO及HUVEC對(duì)反義探針的攝取高峰時(shí)間均為2~4 h(見(jiàn)圖2),但ARO對(duì)探針的最高攝取率為(8.8±0.3)%,明顯高于HUVC細(xì)胞的(5.9±0.4)%(P<0.001)。
圖2 ARO及HUVC(control)在不同時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)99mTc-DOTA-ASON的攝取率*P<0.001,與正常對(duì)照組比較Fig.2 The uptake rate of99mTc-DOTA-ASON on ARO and HUVC(control)in different times*P<0.001,compared with control group
2.3 99mTc-DOTA-ASON在荷ARO腫瘤裸鼠體內(nèi)分布體內(nèi)分布結(jié)果顯示(見(jiàn)圖3):在注射后0.5 h腫瘤內(nèi)放射性計(jì)數(shù)較高,為(1.76±0.31)%ID/g,隨即有所下降并在 4h達(dá)到最高值(1.80±0.29)%ID/g,且在8 h內(nèi)保持在較高的水平,而骨骼、肌肉攝取較低,血液清除較快(圖3A),反義探針主要通過(guò)腎臟排泄,部分經(jīng)胃腸排泄(圖3B);此外胃腸本身對(duì)反義探針也有一定的攝?。▓D3A)。
圖3 99mTc-DOTA-ASON在荷ARO腫瘤裸鼠體內(nèi)分布Fig.3 The distribution of99mTc-DOTA-ASON in vivo of bearing-ARO-cancer hairlessmice
2.4 99mTc-DOTA-ASON荷瘤裸鼠γ顯像 經(jīng)尾靜脈注射后SPECT顯像結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖4,對(duì)照組腫瘤顯影明顯淺淡(左),T/NT值(1.2±0.2)明顯低于實(shí)驗(yàn)組(1.8±0.2,n=5,P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組腫瘤顯影較清晰(右),并持續(xù)至8 h,腫瘤(target,T)與周?chē)浗M織(nontarget,NT)本底放射性計(jì)數(shù)比可達(dá)2.0。以上結(jié)果進(jìn)一步表明,99mTc-DOTA-ASON可被ARO腫瘤細(xì)胞所攝取,且攝取能力可被DOTA-ASON所抑制。
2.5 病理學(xué)分析 標(biāo)本取于顯像后48 h,端粒酶免疫組化結(jié)果顯示:ARO細(xì)胞端粒酶活性呈陽(yáng)性(圖5),而實(shí)驗(yàn)組(左)的端粒酶陽(yáng)性強(qiáng)度明顯低于空白對(duì)照組(右),表明反義探針在活體內(nèi)可被腫瘤攝取,并能抑制端粒酶的活性。
放射性核素示蹤技術(shù)作為一種高靈敏的體內(nèi)外分析技術(shù),被廣泛用于分子影像學(xué)的研究,尤其在報(bào)告基因顯像方面具有獨(dú)到的優(yōu)勢(shì),Meng Liu等[14-15]利用 99mTc間接標(biāo)記 hTERT ASON對(duì)表達(dá)端?;钚缘哪[瘤模型成功顯像表明在活體內(nèi)對(duì)腫瘤的端粒酶進(jìn)行無(wú)創(chuàng)性的檢測(cè)是可行的,并為放射性核素標(biāo)記反義寡核苷酸靶向治療端粒陽(yáng)性腫瘤提供了基礎(chǔ)技術(shù),本研究所標(biāo)記的反義探針在標(biāo)記率、體外穩(wěn)定性、體內(nèi)分布及細(xì)胞攝取率方面與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致,但制備本探針?biāo)璺磻?yīng)條件相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單,且DOTA更適合于標(biāo)記順磁性材料釓(Gd3+)及正電子核素銅(64Cu)[16-17]。而進(jìn)行MRI及PET方面的研究,可使圖像具有更高的解剖及空間分辨率。在體內(nèi)分布結(jié)果中,胃、腸等有相對(duì)較高的放射性攝取,主要與胃腸上皮細(xì)胞具有自我更新能力有關(guān)[18],此結(jié)果提示在端粒酶反義顯像與治療時(shí)需要注意保護(hù)胃腸粘膜等具有自我更新能力的組織或器官。目前,反義探針的攝取機(jī)制仍不清楚,可能與細(xì)胞非特異攝取或通過(guò)特定的蛋白通道有關(guān)[19-20],因此如何提高腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)反義探針的攝取率尚需進(jìn)一步的研究。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明[21],在有質(zhì)粒介導(dǎo)的條件下可明顯提高反義探針的攝取,但在體內(nèi)是否如此,仍需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
端粒長(zhǎng)度的維持是所有惡性腫瘤的共同特征,研究表明約85~90%的惡性腫瘤通過(guò)激活端粒酶的方式來(lái)維持其端粒的穩(wěn)定性[22],因此端粒酶業(yè)已成為腫瘤治療的另一靶點(diǎn),并已取得了令人鼓舞的結(jié)果[23-24]。據(jù)報(bào)道[25-26],端粒酶在甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)中約87%高表達(dá),在濾泡狀癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,F(xiàn)TC)中為 100%,髓樣癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC)為100%,而 ATC未見(jiàn)報(bào)道,可能系與該病理類(lèi)型較少見(jiàn)及病理診斷較難有關(guān),本實(shí)驗(yàn)利用99mTc-DOTA-hTERT ASON對(duì)ARO動(dòng)物模型顯像的成功,為ATC的放射性核素治療提供了新的思路,同時(shí)也提示ATC也可能是端粒酶高表達(dá)的腫瘤,盡管目前尚無(wú)相關(guān)的報(bào)道。
ATC雖然占甲狀腺惡性腫瘤的比例較少,但其致死率卻超過(guò)所有甲狀腺惡性腫瘤的50%,因此,對(duì)ATC的早期診斷以及綜合治療是改善患者生存質(zhì)量、延長(zhǎng)患者生存時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵,目前對(duì)ATC治療的研究已取得了一定的成果[27-29],相信隨著研究的不斷深入,在A(yíng)TC治療方面會(huì)取得更多實(shí)質(zhì)性的突破。
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(編校:吳茜)
SPECT targeting imaging of anap lastic thyroid carcinoma bearing nudem ice using 99m Tc-DOTA-hTERT ASON
LEIYou-ming1,ZHU Gao-hong2,YUAN Fang3,LIU Xi-jiao3,SONG Bin3,REN Bin-xiu2
(1.Department of Surgery,F(xiàn)irst Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650032,China;2.Department of Nuclear Medicine,F(xiàn)irst Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650032,China;3.Department of Radiology,West China Hospital of Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,China)
ObjectiveTo develop a method of detecting the telomerase activity of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma(ATC)in vivo with nuclear medicine imaging.MethodsHuman telomerase reverse transcriptase antisense oligonucleotide(hTERT ASON)was labeled with technetium-99m(99mTc)though a bifunctional chelator1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N?-tetraacetic acid(DOTA);and then tumor bearing BALB/c nude mousemodels were established with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma ARO cell line;finally,the radiolabeled antisense probes were injected into model mouses through tail vein and planer scan was performed through single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)at different time point after injection,48 hrs after imaging all animals were sacrificed and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the activity of telomerase of ARO tumors.Results99mTc-DOTA-hTERT ASON can home to ARO tumors and the tumors can be clearly displayed at2-8h after injection and the highest tumor to nontarget ratio(T/NT)can reach 2.0;telomerase is highly expressed in ARO tumors and can be depressed by DOTA-hTERT ASON.Conclusion99mTc-DOTA-hTERT ASON can be used as a potential probe in detecting telomerase activity of ATC cells in vivo and diagnosing and treating patientswith ATC aswell.
Technetium-99m;anaplastic thyroid carcinoma;telomerase;antisense imaging
R-33;R653
A
1005-1678(2014)05-0167-04
甲狀腺未分化癌(anaplastic thyroid carcinoma,ATC)是一種預(yù)后極差的高度惡性腫瘤,約占甲狀腺惡性腫瘤的2%~5%,中位生存時(shí)間3~7個(gè)月,約有50%的患者在確診時(shí)已經(jīng)有遠(yuǎn)隔轉(zhuǎn)移[1-3],因此對(duì)ATC患者進(jìn)行積極治療是提高患者生活質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵,同時(shí)對(duì)延長(zhǎng)患者的生存期也有一定的作用[4-6]。然而,ATC對(duì)化療敏感性差而局部放療常需大劑量才能達(dá)到控制病灶發(fā)展的效果,放射性核素內(nèi)照射治療作為一種有效的輔助治療手段,具有靶向性好、安全性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但目前為止,仍無(wú)相關(guān)放射性核素治療ATC的報(bào)道,其主要原因是ATC對(duì)常規(guī)治療用放射性藥物均無(wú)特異性攝取,ATC核素治療已成為甲狀腺惡性腫瘤內(nèi)照射治療研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。
云南省聯(lián)合基金項(xiàng)目(2010CD149)
雷又鳴,男,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:腫瘤學(xué),E-mail:283073084@qq.com。