張樹紅,陳華,王克強(qiáng),張永慧,劉子龍
(1.萊蕪市婦幼保健院藥劑科,山東萊蕪271199;2.萊蕪職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)系,山東萊蕪271199;3.華中科技大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué),湖北武漢430074)
枸杞多糖對(duì)大鼠海綿體神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷的修復(fù)作用
張樹紅1,陳華1,王克強(qiáng)1,張永慧2,劉子龍3
(1.萊蕪市婦幼保健院藥劑科,山東萊蕪271199;2.萊蕪職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)系,山東萊蕪271199;3.華中科技大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué),湖北武漢430074)
目的探討使用枸杞多糖(lyceum barbarum polysaccharides,LBP)修復(fù)鉗夾損傷的海綿體神經(jīng)(cavernous nerve,CN)恢復(fù)自主勃起功能的可能性。方法140只雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)均分成5組,即假手術(shù)組、損傷對(duì)照組及實(shí)驗(yàn)A、B、C組,實(shí)驗(yàn)A、B、C組分別于CN鉗夾損傷后1、7、14 d給予LBP灌胃2周,于術(shù)后1周、2周、4周、12周每組隨機(jī)取7只大鼠進(jìn)行血清丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GPX)活性測定,術(shù)后12周電刺激海綿體神經(jīng),測定海綿體內(nèi)壓(intracavernous pressure,ICP)及平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP),隨后取海綿體神經(jīng)干進(jìn)行甲苯胺藍(lán)染色記錄CN有髓軸突數(shù)目,再取陰莖組織進(jìn)行NADPH染色記錄陰莖背神經(jīng)NOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目。結(jié)果在第1周和第2周,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組SOD和GPX活性均顯著高于其它4組(P<0.05);在第2周和第4周,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組MDA含量明顯低于其它4組(P<0.05);在第12周,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組ICP值及ICP/MAP比值、海綿體神經(jīng)有髓鞘軸突數(shù)目及陰莖背神經(jīng)NADPH染色陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目均顯著高于損傷對(duì)照組及實(shí)驗(yàn)B組和實(shí)驗(yàn)C組(P<0.05),但均低于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論在CN鉗夾損傷后的前2周應(yīng)用LBP可促進(jìn)CN的再生和勃起功能的恢復(fù),其機(jī)制可能與LBP通過其抗氧化作用減輕氧化應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)元損傷有關(guān)。
勃起功能障礙;枸杞多糖;海綿體神經(jīng);氧化應(yīng)激
陰莖勃起功能障礙(erectile dysfunction,ED)是指陰莖持續(xù)不能達(dá)到或維持足夠的勃起以獲得滿足的性生活(性交)[1]。盡管ED不是一種危及生命的疾病,但與患者的身心健康密切相關(guān),對(duì)患者及家人的生活質(zhì)量及家庭的穩(wěn)定性均可產(chǎn)生重大影響[2]。前列腺癌根治術(shù)等盆腔手術(shù)術(shù)后常會(huì)并發(fā)ED,而通常認(rèn)為術(shù)中損傷支配陰莖勃起功能的海綿體神經(jīng)(cavernous nerves,CN)是并發(fā)ED的主要原因[3]。術(shù)中在分離直腸前壁與前列腺、離斷前列腺韌帶及膀胱側(cè)韌帶、游離前列腺尖部及橫斷尿道時(shí)容易損傷CN,從而導(dǎo)致ED的發(fā)生[4]。隨著前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)檢測應(yīng)用于前列腺癌的初期篩查后,越來越多的前列腺癌患者被發(fā)現(xiàn),尤其是年輕患者,希望術(shù)后保持陰莖正常勃起功能的患者也越來越多[5]。因此針對(duì)盆腔手術(shù)中保護(hù)陰莖勃起功能和術(shù)后恢復(fù)勃起功能的各種研究成為泌尿外科和男科學(xué)的研究熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)[6]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)將LBP用于雙側(cè)CN鉗夾損傷后的大鼠,通過進(jìn)行血清氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)檢測和與勃起功能相關(guān)的形態(tài)學(xué)和功能學(xué)指標(biāo)檢測,探討LBP能否通過其抗氧化機(jī)制促進(jìn)CN再生修復(fù)和勃起功能恢復(fù)。
1.1 主要材料及試劑 甲苯胺藍(lán)(上海試劑三廠);還原型β-煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸2′-磷酸(NADPH)、硝基四氮唑藍(lán)(NBT)、Triton X-100(美國Sigma公司);OCT包埋劑、EMbed 812包埋劑(北京中杉生物試劑公司);MDA試劑盒、SOD試劑盒、GPX試劑盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)。
1.2 主要設(shè)備 SXP-1C型手術(shù)顯微鏡(上海醫(yī)用儀器廠);HC-X020顯微血管夾(寧波市成和顯微器械廠);BL420-F生理記錄儀(成都泰盟科技有限公司);超薄切片機(jī)(德國Leica公司);CM1900恒冷箱式冰凍切片機(jī)(瑞典LKB II公司);OLYMPUS-DP12顯微鏡(日本OLYMPUS公司);722型分光光度計(jì)(上海精密科學(xué)儀器有限公司);恒溫水浴箱(南京泰斯特試驗(yàn)設(shè)備有限公司);AG-204分析天平(瑞士Mettler-Toledo公司);BFX5-320型離心機(jī)(河北白洋離心機(jī)廠);真空冷凍干燥機(jī)(臺(tái)灣泛達(dá)儀控有限公司)。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組 140只SPF級(jí)雄性SD大鼠,3月齡,體質(zhì)量250~300 g,購于武漢大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,許可證號(hào):SCXK(鄂)2008-0004,均經(jīng)性交配實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)有正常性功能。將140只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為5組,假手術(shù)組28只,僅游離海綿體神經(jīng)3mm而避免損傷;損傷對(duì)照組28只,游離海綿體神經(jīng)約3mm后,用顯微血管夾鉗夾雙側(cè)CN各2min;實(shí)驗(yàn)A、B、C組各28只大鼠,經(jīng)過與損傷對(duì)照組相同的雙側(cè)CN鉗夾損傷處理后,分別于術(shù)后1、7、14 d起給予LBP灌胃2周。本實(shí)驗(yàn)遵循《實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物保護(hù)條例》。
1.4 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.4.1 鉗夾損傷模型的建立:在無菌狀態(tài)下,大鼠用1%的戊巴比妥按50mg/kg劑量經(jīng)腹腔注射麻醉后固定于鼠臺(tái)上,備皮、消毒后,取下腹部正中切口逐層打開至盆腔,延長切口至陰莖根部,用顯微血管夾鉗夾CN 2min后松開顯微血管夾。用同樣的方法找到對(duì)側(cè)的CN并用顯微血管夾鉗夾CN 2min,取出顯微血管夾后逐層關(guān)腹。假手術(shù)組僅于前列腺表面找到CN而不進(jìn)行鉗夾損傷。實(shí)驗(yàn)A、B、C組分別于術(shù)后1、7、14 d起每天按10mg/kg的劑量給予LBP灌胃,連續(xù)灌胃2周,假手術(shù)組及損傷對(duì)照組不灌胃。
1.4.2 氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)測定:分別于術(shù)后1、2、4、12周每組各隨機(jī)取7只大鼠,經(jīng)心臟采血提取血清,測定大鼠血清丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GPX)活性,評(píng)價(jià)氧化應(yīng)激水平。術(shù)后12周的大鼠先進(jìn)行勃起功能測定再行心臟采血。所有大鼠采血后均采用頸椎脫臼法處死。
1.4.3 陰莖勃起功能測定:術(shù)后12周各組7只大鼠均通過電刺激CN促使海綿體充血勃起,然后進(jìn)行陰莖海綿體內(nèi)壓(intracavernous pressure,ICP)及平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)測定。
1.4.4 海綿體神經(jīng)甲苯胺藍(lán)染色:取鉗夾處遠(yuǎn)端3mm的海綿體神經(jīng)甲苯胺藍(lán)染色,在顯微鏡下觀察CN整個(gè)橫切面軸突的數(shù)目。
1.4.5 陰莖組織NADPH黃遞酶染色:CN取出后,立即取陰莖中段組織進(jìn)行NADPH黃遞酶染色。將陰莖組織取出后用OCT包埋,用冰凍切片機(jī)行冰凍切片,切片8μm厚。將切片放置于空氣中干燥5 min后,用含有0.2%Triton X-100、1 g/Lβ-NADPH、0.8 g/L硝基四氮唑藍(lán)(NBT)的0.1mol/L(pH 8.0)PBS溶液,在37℃溫箱中孵育3~4 h。在顯微鏡觀察確認(rèn)染色成功后,用0.01mol/L(pH7.4)的PBS溶液終止反應(yīng),并用0.01mol/ L(pH7.4)的PBS漂洗數(shù)次,之后依次80%、90%、95%、100%濃度的酒精進(jìn)行梯度脫水,二甲苯透明,晾干后中性樹膠封片。將切片放在OLYMPUS-DPl2顯微鏡下放大400倍拍片,記錄雙側(cè)陰莖背神經(jīng)中NADPH-黃遞酶陽性神經(jīng)纖維的數(shù)目。
2.1 血清氧化應(yīng)激水平 5組大鼠均在術(shù)后第1周、2周、第4周和第12周測定血清MDA含量、SOD活性和GPX活性,評(píng)估氧化應(yīng)激水平。如表1中所示,術(shù)后第1周,5組大鼠血清MDA水平?jīng)]有顯著性差異,在第2周和第4周,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組MDA含量明顯低于其它4組(P<0.05),第2周實(shí)驗(yàn)B組的MDA含量低于實(shí)驗(yàn)C組(P<0.05),第4周實(shí)驗(yàn)B組和實(shí)驗(yàn)C組之間MDA水平?jīng)]有顯著性差異。
表1 各組大鼠在術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清MDA含量比較Tab.1 Comparison of serum MDA content at different time after operation in each group
如表2、表3所示,在第1周和第2周,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組SOD和GPX活性均顯著高于其它4組(P<0.05),在第2周,實(shí)驗(yàn)B組SOD和GPX活性均顯著高于實(shí)驗(yàn)C組、假手術(shù)組和損傷對(duì)照組(P<0.05),第4周,3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組的SOD和GPX活性均高于假手術(shù)組和損傷對(duì)照組(P<0.05),但3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在第12周,5組大鼠之間血清MDA含量、SOD和GPX活力差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表2 各組大鼠在術(shù)后不同時(shí)間血清SOD活性比較Tab.2 Comparison of serum SOD activity at different time after operation in each group
表3 各組大鼠在術(shù)后不同時(shí)間血清GPX活性比較Tab.3 Comparison of serum GPX activity at different time after operation in each group
2.2 ICP和ICP/MAP比值 在第12周測定陰莖充血勃起指標(biāo)ICP峰值,評(píng)估陰莖勃起功能。如圖1所示,損傷對(duì)照組與假手術(shù)組相比,ICP峰值及ICP/MAP比值均顯著降低(P<0.05),為陰莖勃起功能障礙狀態(tài)。實(shí)驗(yàn)A組ICP峰值和ICP/MAP比值均顯著高于損傷對(duì)照組和其它2個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組(P<0.05),但低于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05)。與實(shí)驗(yàn)C組比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)組B具有更高的ICP峰值和ICP/MAP比值(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)C組和損傷對(duì)照組之間ICP峰值和ICP/MAP比值沒有顯著差異。
圖1 術(shù)后第12周電刺激海綿體神經(jīng)評(píng)估勃起功能A:各組大鼠ICP和MAP值;B:各組大鼠ICP值;C:各組大鼠ICP/MAP比值*P<0.05,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,與損傷對(duì)照組比較;△P<0.05,與實(shí)驗(yàn)A組比較;▲P<0.05,與實(shí)驗(yàn)B組比較Fig.1 Erectile function was assessed at twelve weeks after electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerveA:ICP and MAP in rats of each group value;B:ICP rats in each group:group ICP/C value;C:the ratio of MAP rats *P<0.05,compared with sham operation group;#P<0.05,compared with injury control group;△P<0.05,compared with experimental group A;▲P<0.05,compared with experimental group B
2.3 CN甲苯胺藍(lán)染色 CN甲苯胺藍(lán)染色對(duì)有髓神經(jīng)軸突進(jìn)行評(píng)估。如圖2所示,假手術(shù)組有豐富的海綿體神經(jīng)髓鞘軸突,軸突排列整齊,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,外觀形態(tài)正常,而損傷對(duì)照組軸突排列紊亂,軸突粗細(xì)不一,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組與損傷對(duì)照組相比,軸突數(shù)目顯著再生,軸突排列、軸突大小均趨向于正常外觀。實(shí)驗(yàn)A組的CN軸突數(shù)目明顯高于損傷對(duì)照組和其它2個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組(P<0.05),但低于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)B組CN有髓神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目高于實(shí)驗(yàn)C組(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)C組和損傷對(duì)照組之間CN有髓神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目無顯著差異。
圖2 術(shù)后第12周各組大鼠CN甲苯胺藍(lán)染色圖片(×400)A:假手術(shù)組;B:對(duì)照組;C:實(shí)驗(yàn)A組;D:實(shí)驗(yàn)B組;E:實(shí)驗(yàn)C組;F:各組大鼠CN有髓神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目比較*P<0.05,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,與損傷對(duì)照組比較;△P<0.05,與實(shí)驗(yàn)A組比較;▲P<0.05,與實(shí)驗(yàn)B組比較Fig.2 Toluidine blue staining pictures of rats CN after 12 weeks(×400)A:sham operation group;B:control group;C:the experimental group A;D:the experimental group B;E:the experimental group C;F:the number ofmyelinated axons of rats CN in each group *P<0.05,compared with sham operation group;#P<0.05,compared with control group damage;△P<0.05,compared with experimental group A;▲P<0.05,compared with experimental group B
2.4 陰莖背神經(jīng)NADPH黃遞酶染色 陰莖背神經(jīng)NADPH染色通過NOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維的數(shù)目反映CN的傳導(dǎo)功能。如圖3所示,假手術(shù)組NADPH-黃遞酶陽性神經(jīng)纖維排列均勻,數(shù)目較多,而損傷對(duì)照組神經(jīng)纖維排列雜亂,分布不均,粗細(xì)不一。實(shí)驗(yàn)A組陰莖背神經(jīng)NADPH-黃遞酶陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目顯著高于損傷對(duì)照組和其它2個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)B組與實(shí)驗(yàn)C組相比,NADPH-黃遞酶陽性神經(jīng)纖維的數(shù)目顯著增加(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)C組和損傷對(duì)照組之間NADPH-黃遞酶陽性神經(jīng)纖維的數(shù)目差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
圖3 術(shù)后第12周各組大鼠陰莖組織NADPH染色圖片(×400)A:假手術(shù)組;B:對(duì)照組;C:實(shí)驗(yàn)A組;D:實(shí)驗(yàn)B組;E:實(shí)驗(yàn)C組;F:各組大鼠陰莖背神經(jīng)NOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目比較*P<0.05,與假手術(shù)組比較;#P<0.05,與損傷對(duì)照組比較;△P<0.05,與實(shí)驗(yàn)A組比較;▲P<0.05,與實(shí)驗(yàn)B組比較Fig.3 NADPH staining images of rats penile tissue in each group postoperative 12 weeks(×400)A:sham operation group;B:control group;C:experimental group A;D:the experimental group B;E:the experimental group C;F:the rats penile dorsal nerve the number of NOS positive nerve fibers *P<0.05,compared with sham operation group;#P<0.05,compared with the control group damage;△P<0.05,A are compared with the experimental group;▲P<0.05,and compared to the experimental group B
枸杞子是中醫(yī)臨床上常用的一種傳統(tǒng)中藥,具有滋補(bǔ)肝腎、益睛明目、潤肺、延緩衰老、壯陽等多種功效,在中醫(yī)男科上應(yīng)用較多[7-12]。枸杞多糖(LBP)是枸杞子提取液的主要成分,是一種水溶性多糖,由葡萄糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、鼠李糖、木糖共6種單糖組成,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)證明LBP具有保護(hù)心肌、保護(hù)生殖系統(tǒng)、改善生殖能力、調(diào)節(jié)血糖、調(diào)節(jié)血脂、延緩衰老、消除疲勞、抗腫瘤、提高免疫力等作用,且諸多功效與其抗氧化作用有關(guān)[13]。本研究通過建立CN雙側(cè)鉗夾損傷模型,在應(yīng)用LBP處理后進(jìn)行了血清MDA含量、SOD活性、GPX活性以及ICP、ICP/MAP、CN甲苯胺藍(lán)染色軸突數(shù)目及陰莖背神經(jīng)NOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目等指標(biāo)的測定,證實(shí)LBP作用一種抗膳食氧化劑,可以通過清除過多的氧自由基,增加抗氧化酶活性,降低CN損傷后的氧化應(yīng)激作用,促進(jìn)勃起功能恢復(fù)。
Hsieh等[9]報(bào)道用止血鉗鉗夾大鼠雙側(cè)CN 2min,大鼠盆腔神經(jīng)節(jié)和CN中NOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維及ICP值明顯降低。我們前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)也證實(shí)CN鉗夾,用顯微血管夾鉗夾大鼠雙側(cè)CN 2 min,大鼠ICP值、CN有髓神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目中陰莖背神經(jīng)NOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目明顯降低[14-15]。鉗夾損傷模型保持了CN鞘膜的完整性,為CN軸突再生提供了一個(gè)潛在的通道,這種模型類似于保留神經(jīng)的前列腺癌根治術(shù)(NSRP)所造成的神經(jīng)損傷,可用于NSRP后神經(jīng)損傷性ED的CN再生和改善勃起功能的研究。在本研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組在第1周和第2周SOD和GPX活性顯著高于其它4組,而實(shí)驗(yàn)A組的MDA含量在第2周和第4周均明顯低于在其它4組。這些結(jié)果表明,在前2周應(yīng)用LBP對(duì)CN損傷后引起的氧化應(yīng)激損傷起著重要的保護(hù)作用,而CN損傷4周后LBP的抗氧化功效并不明顯。結(jié)果顯示,在第4周3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組SOD和GPX活性沒有顯著差別;在第12周,5組大鼠之間MDA含量、SOD和GPX活性均沒有顯著的差異。同時(shí),在本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)A組陰莖背神經(jīng)NADPH-黃遞酶陽性神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目顯著高于損傷對(duì)照組和其它2個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組。這些結(jié)果與血清抗氧化水平的變化相一致。本研究為進(jìn)一步研究LBP促進(jìn)CN神經(jīng)再生提供了理論依據(jù)。
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(編校:吳茜)
Repairing effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharides on cavernous nerve of rat crush injury model
ZHANG Shu-hong1,CHEN Hua1,WANG Ke-qiang1,ZHANG Yong-hui2,LIU Zi-long3
(1.Department of Pharmacy,Laiwu Maternal and Child Health Hospital,Laiwu 271199,China;2.Department of Medicine,
Laiwu Vocational and Technical College,Laiwu 271199,China;3.Department of Based Medicine,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBP)on erectile function recovery in a ratmodel of CN crush injury.Methods140 male SD rats were random ly divided into 5 groups:sham operation group,injured control group,and three experimental groups(group A,B,C,were given LBP at1,7,and 14 days respectively for2 weeks after CN crush injury).Malondialdehyde(MDA),super oxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GPX)were evaluated at 1,2,4,12 weeks.Intracavernous pressure(ICP)and mean arterial pressure(MAP)were assessed at12 weeks.Myelinated axons of CN were evaluated by toluidine blue staining.Nitric Oxide Synthase(NOS)positive nerve fibreswere evaluated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-diaphorase staining.ResultsSOD and GPX activities in experimental group A were significantly higher than those in other four groups at1 and 2 week(P<0.05).MDA levels in experimental group A were significantly lower than those in other four groups at2 and 4 weeks(P<0.05).The ICP and ICP/MAP ratio in experimental group A were significantly higher than those in injured control group and other two experimental groups at12 weeks(P<0.05),but lower than sham operation group(P<0.05).ConclusionThe application of LBP in the first2 weeks after CN crush injury promotes nerve regeneration and erectile function recovery via an antioxidativemechanism about reduce the neuron damage induced by oxidative stress.
erectile dysfunction;lyceum barbarum polysaccharide;cavernous nerve;oxidative stress
R698.1
A
1005-1678(2014)07-0014-05
高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)科研基金(20090142120054)
張樹紅,女,學(xué)士,主管藥師,研究方向:藥學(xué),E-mail:zsh13305313973@163.com。