李健+李瑩瑩+王秋圓
收稿日期:2014-04-12
作者簡介:李健,博士,教授,博導(dǎo),主要研究方向?yàn)檠h(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)與區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
通訊作者:李瑩瑩,碩士生,主要研究方向?yàn)檠h(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)與區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
基金項(xiàng)目:教育部人文社科規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目“大型工業(yè)城市低碳發(fā)展的途徑、模式與對策研究”(編號:11YJA630046);天津市教委重大項(xiàng)目“天津建設(shè)生態(tài)宜居城市的策略與評價(jià)體系構(gòu)建研究”(編號:2011ZD031);天津市高等學(xué)校創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃資助(編號:TD12-513)。
摘要隨著區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的日益深入與機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量的快速增長,機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣污染已成為影響城市群空氣質(zhì)量的重要威脅。由于大氣流動(dòng)性等原因,大氣污染治理的范圍亟需從單一城市層面擴(kuò)展到區(qū)域?qū)用?,因此,研究區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放總量的排放特征,并據(jù)此提出區(qū)域減排的對策措施變得尤為重要和緊迫。京津冀協(xié)同發(fā)展已上升為重大國家戰(zhàn)略,因此,本文以京津冀地區(qū)為例,分析2007-2011年的機(jī)動(dòng)車常規(guī)污染物(CO,NOx,HC,PM)區(qū)域總量的排放特征,并從區(qū)域內(nèi)部的污染物分擔(dān)率角度,分析不同省市的污染物貢獻(xiàn)程度。然后以2012年的區(qū)域排放總量為基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)地區(qū)間的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和空氣質(zhì)量差異運(yùn)用改進(jìn)的等比例分配方法分配污染物區(qū)域總量減排指標(biāo),結(jié)果表明:京津冀四種污染物總量除個(gè)別年份波動(dòng)外均呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,而從區(qū)域內(nèi)部分擔(dān)率上看,河北省對污染物排放貢獻(xiàn)率呈上升趨勢,北京和天津均呈現(xiàn)遞減趨勢。在2012年的基礎(chǔ)上降低10%的目標(biāo)下,計(jì)算得各地區(qū)削減率分別為:CO(北京12.4%,天津10.0%,河北77.7%),NOx(北京33.1%,天津11.1%,河北55.8%),HC(北京9.0%,天津5.2%,河北85.8%),PM(北京24.0%,天津13.2%,河北62.8%)。因此,建議將京津冀機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量減排的重點(diǎn)放在河北省,加快在河北省內(nèi)實(shí)行更高的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并加大對新能源汽車的投入,以降低區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放總量。
關(guān)鍵詞機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物;排放清單;區(qū)域分擔(dān)率;總量分配;京津冀
中圖分類號X321文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)08-0141-08doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.08.018
自2013年1月以來,我國多地出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的霧霾天氣,在京津冀、長三角、珠三角地區(qū)出現(xiàn)的頻次和程度最為嚴(yán)重。由于區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的加深和大氣流動(dòng)性等特點(diǎn),大氣環(huán)境的治理迫切需要擴(kuò)展到區(qū)域?qū)用娑皇菃渭兊木窒拊趯蝹€(gè)城市空氣污染的治理上。因此,對區(qū)域大氣污染物進(jìn)行總量控制并建立權(quán)責(zé)分明、系統(tǒng)的區(qū)域大氣環(huán)境治理協(xié)作機(jī)制變得十分緊迫,而作為嚴(yán)重空氣污染主要原因的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放則應(yīng)該作為區(qū)域大氣污染物總量控制的首要目標(biāo)。
近年來,眾多學(xué)者對我國機(jī)動(dòng)車大氣污染物排放進(jìn)行了較多的研究,側(cè)重的角度也不盡相同,大致可以概括為兩種:第一種,是以一個(gè)或多個(gè)城市為研究區(qū)域,評價(jià)研究區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放現(xiàn)狀。例如,Huo等[1]研究了2007年中國22個(gè)不同大小和不同發(fā)展階段城市的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放特征。姚志良等[2] 選擇中國12個(gè)典型城市建立1990-2009年機(jī)動(dòng)車排放清單,分析各城市機(jī)動(dòng)車排放歷史演變趨勢。郎建壘等[3]建立了2008年京津冀地區(qū)的四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放清單,并從不同污染物,不同車型和不同排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的角度分析了污染物的排放特征。車文蔚等[4] 建立了2006年珠江三角洲地區(qū)機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放清單,并分析了三種污染物排放特征。王孝文等[5]研究建立了基于GIS系統(tǒng)的2010年杭州市四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物高時(shí)空分辨率排放清單,并分析了不同車型不同污染物的分擔(dān)率。Wang等[6]利用自上而下的方法研究了北京市2005年三種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放情況。Zheng等[7]分析了珠江三角洲包括機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放在內(nèi)的三種污染源的五種污染物的排放強(qiáng)度,并建立3 km網(wǎng)格分析其空間分布特征。第二種,是評價(jià)某個(gè)地區(qū)已采取的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物控制措施及其實(shí)施效果。Zhang等[8]對廣州2005-2009年的機(jī)動(dòng)車排放建立排放清單,并對該時(shí)期廣州市政府所才采取的排放控制措施進(jìn)行評價(jià)。吉木色等[9]運(yùn)用情景預(yù)測方法評估了在不同情景下2011-2020年北京市各種控制措施對四種污染物的削減效果。Zhang等[10]建立了三種能源情景并預(yù)測了我國2030年四種典型機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放量。Wu等[11]將北京市采取的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物減排措施歸結(jié)為七大類并分析了措施的實(shí)施效果。上述研究更多著重于單個(gè)城市機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放特征及其控制和減排措施,即使有涉及區(qū)域研究的,也大多是側(cè)重區(qū)域內(nèi)城市的污染物排放特征,而關(guān)于區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放總量控制的研究卻鮮有涉及。本研究以京津冀區(qū)域?yàn)槔?,分析了區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量的排放特征,并對區(qū)域內(nèi)污染物總量減排責(zé)任進(jìn)行了分配,探索通過建立多年的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放清單,分析區(qū)域內(nèi)部排放分擔(dān)率。并根據(jù)區(qū)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和空氣質(zhì)量三種因素修正分擔(dān)率結(jié)果,確定分配結(jié)果并提出了相應(yīng)對策措施,為區(qū)域聯(lián)合防治大氣污染提供決策依據(jù)。
1機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放清單
1.1排放量估算方法
機(jī)動(dòng)車排放污染物CO,NOx,HC,PM排放總量的估算依據(jù)公式(1):
EQm,n,k=∑i∑j(Pm,i,j,k×VKTm,i,k×EFi,j,n)×10-6(1)
式中:m表示區(qū)域(本研究區(qū)域?yàn)楸本?、天津、河北? n表示污染物種類(CO、NOx、HC、PM);i表示機(jī)動(dòng)車類型(重型客車、輕型客車、重型貨車、輕型貨車、摩托車); j表示機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物國家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(國0、國1、國2、國3、國4);k表示年份(本研究年份為2007-2011年);EQm,n,k表示第m區(qū)域n類污染物在k年的排放量,t/a;Pm,i,j,k為m區(qū)域內(nèi)i種車型在j種排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下k年的保有量,輛;VKTm,i,k為m區(qū)域i種車型k年的年平均行駛里程,km/a;EFi,j,n為i種車型在j種排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下n類污染物的排放因子,g/(km·輛)。
1.2機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量
本研究按照統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒劃分的車輛類型將機(jī)動(dòng)車分為重型客車、輕型客車、重型貨車、輕型貨車和摩托車。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒[12-15]及相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[16]提供的數(shù)據(jù)得到北京、天津、河北三個(gè)地區(qū)的每種車型在2007-2011年每年的保有量。為了根據(jù)COPERT模型估算排放清單,需要將以上保有量數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成不同車型在不同排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的保有量,因此,本研究根據(jù)京津冀新車注冊量、車輛存活率以及實(shí)施不同排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)間來計(jì)算不同車型在不同排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的保有量。
綜合運(yùn)用Lang等[16]對不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保有量的計(jì)算和Zachariadis等[17]對車輛存活率的研究,計(jì)算不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同車型保有量的計(jì)算公式:
Pm,i,j,k=∑kNm,i,j,k·ry-k(x)j≠G0
Pm,i,y-∑G4G1∑kNm,i,j,k·ry-k(x)j=G0(2)
其中,ry-k(x)=exp-x+bTb為存活率函數(shù)[17],y為本研究的研究年限(y=2007,2008…2011);k為新車注冊年份(k=1999,2000…2011);ry-k(x)表示車齡為y-k年的機(jī)動(dòng)車存活率(本研究假設(shè)機(jī)動(dòng)車在注冊之后的5年內(nèi)存活率為1,即y-k≥6);T,b為存活率函數(shù)的參數(shù),根據(jù)Huo等[18]的研究T=26,b=11,通過計(jì)算得出機(jī)動(dòng)車存活率見表1。公式(2)中,Nm,i,j,k為m區(qū)域i種車型在j種排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下k年的新車注冊量(G0-G4分別表示國0-國4標(biāo)準(zhǔn));Pm,i,y表示從統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒及相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中獲取的y年m區(qū)域i種車型實(shí)際的機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量。
表1機(jī)動(dòng)車存活率ry-k(x)
Tab.1Vehicle survival rates ry-k(x)
r6(x)r7(x)r8(x)r9(x)r10(x)r11(x)r12(x)r13(x)0.9910.9830.9690.9460.9090.8530.7710.661注:ry-k(x)表示在y年車齡為y-k年的機(jī)動(dòng)車存活率,例如,當(dāng)y=2007時(shí),r6(x)表示2007年車齡為6年的機(jī)動(dòng)車存活率。
不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分車型的保有量計(jì)算涉及到不同階段國家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的起始實(shí)施時(shí)間,表2列出了京津冀三個(gè)地區(qū)實(shí)施污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)各階段的時(shí)間,其中北京實(shí)施各階段排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)間相比國家污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)施時(shí)間均有提前,天津、河北的污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則按照國家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)各階段規(guī)定的實(shí)施時(shí)間進(jìn)行。
表2機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同階段實(shí)施時(shí)間
Tab.2Vehicular emission standards
implementation timetable
區(qū)域
Area車型
Vehicle type國1
EuroⅠ國2
EuroⅡ國3
EuroⅢ國4
EuroⅣ北京輕型客車、輕型貨車1999200320062008重型客車、重型貨車2000200320062008摩托車200220042008天津、
河北輕型客車、輕型貨車2000200420072012重型客車、重型貨車2000200320072012摩托車200220042008
由于同一種車型可能存在不同燃油類型,本研究根據(jù)柴油和汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的全國年產(chǎn)量近似估算出2007-2011年各年的汽油車和柴油車比例[19-20],2007年汽油車占73.8%,柴油車占26.2%;2008年汽油車占72.72%,柴油車占27.28%;2009年汽油車占75.83%,柴油車占24.17%;2010年汽油車占72.79%,柴油車占27.21%;2011年汽油車占76.53%,柴油車占23.47%。
1.3機(jī)動(dòng)車年平均行駛里程
行駛里程常被用來表征機(jī)動(dòng)車行駛里程活動(dòng)水平。由于中國沒有官方公布的機(jī)動(dòng)車年均行駛里程的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),本研究采相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究結(jié)果確定出重型客車、輕型客車、重型貨車、輕型貨車及摩托車2007-2011年各年年均行駛里程(VKTm,i,k)結(jié)果[21],見表3。
表3機(jī)動(dòng)車年均行駛里程
Tab.3Vehicle kilometers travelled103km
項(xiàng)目Items20072008200920102011重型客車105.5106.3106.5105.9106.2輕型客車20.720.319.419.319重型貨車6060606060輕型貨車3030303030摩托車5.65.65.65.65.6
1.4機(jī)動(dòng)車排放因子
本研究采用國內(nèi)外最新的排放因子研究結(jié)果[3,22-26]確定不同車型在不同排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的排放因子(EFi,j,n),包括重型客車、輕型客車(汽油)、輕型客車(柴油)、重型貨車、輕型貨車(汽油)、輕型貨車(柴油)以及摩托車的CO、NOx、HC、PM四種污染物的排放因子,見表4。
2區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量分配
從區(qū)域角度考慮機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量控制,在有利于區(qū)域空氣質(zhì)量改善的同時(shí),也促進(jìn)形成區(qū)域合作、責(zé)任共擔(dān)的大氣污染聯(lián)防機(jī)制。根據(jù)區(qū)域差異盡可能公平地、有的放矢地進(jìn)行污染物總削減量分配,對未來幾年政府開展減排工作、制定減排措施具有現(xiàn)實(shí)且重要的意義。
本研究通過對機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物(CO,NOx,HC,PM)多年排放清單的測算,分析區(qū)域內(nèi)機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的區(qū)域分擔(dān)率,然后綜合考慮污染物排放強(qiáng)度(即CO排放強(qiáng)度=CO排放量/GDP,NOx排放強(qiáng)度=NOx排放量/GDP,HC排放強(qiáng)度= HC排放量/GDP,PM排放強(qiáng)度= PM排放量/GDP)、人均GDP、空氣質(zhì)量好于二級以上天數(shù)三個(gè)指標(biāo)作為分配機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的指標(biāo)體系,即從區(qū)域內(nèi)部產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和空氣質(zhì)量三個(gè)方面的差異公平分配污染物總量。
綜上,以2012年為基期,通過2007-2011年的四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放清單對2012年的污染物排放清單進(jìn)行GM(1,1)灰色預(yù)測,然后利用改進(jìn)的等比例分配方法[27]對2012年京津冀四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量進(jìn)行分配。在指標(biāo)體系權(quán)重的確定上運(yùn)用較為客觀的賦權(quán)法——熵值法,首先對指標(biāo)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理(京津冀地區(qū)GDP、人均GDP以及空氣質(zhì)量好于二級以上天數(shù)[12],其中污染物排放強(qiáng)度和人均GDP相對于污染物排放減排屬于正向指標(biāo),空氣質(zhì)量好于二級以上天數(shù)屬于負(fù)向指標(biāo)),然后計(jì)算出信息效用值從而最終確定指標(biāo)權(quán)重。
基于改進(jìn)的等比例分配方法,各地區(qū)最終分配的污染
表4機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放因子
Tab.4Vehicular emission factorsg/km
車型
Vehicle type燃油類型
Fuel type執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
StandardCONOxHCPM重型
客車輕型
客車重型
貨車輕型
貨車摩托車柴油汽油柴油柴油汽油柴油汽油國06.918.91.820.87國13.1713.211.360.56國25.5411.31.530.73國33.1512.50.20.22國40.311.80.0350.1國033.41.93.60.02國111.310.70.02國24.10.470.310.02國32.20.230.090.02國40.40.050.020.02國01.41.10.40.5國10.910.10.1國20.810.10.1國30.210.050.08國40.30.80.040.08國018.614.81.90.91國15.59.91.40.26國26.310.210.23國31.68.10.30.09國41.25.3-0.02國070.82.430.04國126.30.81.50.04國217.90.41.30.04國315.40.21.20.03國45.80.11.20.03國064.32.10.35國13.351.40.23國22.95.31.217國31.13.20.60.01國021.10.0413.30.2國14.90.025.40.1國23.40.11.60.05國30.80.20.80.02注:重型客車排放因子參考文獻(xiàn)[23,26],輕型客車排放因子參考文獻(xiàn)[3,22,24],重型貨車及輕型貨車(柴油)排放因子參考文獻(xiàn)[25],輕型貨車(汽油)參考文獻(xiàn)[22],摩托車排放因子參考文獻(xiàn)[22]。
物削減量公式[27]如公式(3)、(4)所示:
xi=x×αi(3)
△Qi=C∑ni=1Qi∑ni=1αi×Qi(αi×Qi)=C∑ni=1Qi∑ni=1∑mj=1 fij×ωj1n∑ni=1∑mj=1 fij×ωj×Qi
×∑mj=1 fij×ωj1n∑ni=1∑mj=1 fij×ωj×Qi(4)
其中,xi為i地區(qū)的目標(biāo)削減率;x為n個(gè)參與分配地區(qū)的平均削減率,且x=C∑ni=1Qi∑ni=1(αi×Qi);αi為i地區(qū)相對削減因子,且αi=∑mj=1 fij×ωj1n∑ni=1∑mj=1 fij×ωj;Qi表示i地區(qū)基期污染物排放量;C為區(qū)域總的目標(biāo)削減率;j表示第j個(gè)指標(biāo)(共有m個(gè)指標(biāo));fij表示i地區(qū)第j個(gè)指標(biāo)歸一化數(shù)值;ωj為第j個(gè)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重。
3結(jié)果分析
3.1區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放清單
根據(jù)計(jì)算得到2007-2011年京津冀機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放量,四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的區(qū)域排放總量趨勢見圖1。由圖1可知,在2007-2011五年內(nèi),京津冀地區(qū)的CO和
NOx的排放總量呈現(xiàn)比較明顯的上升趨勢,在2011年的排放量分別為253.98萬t和102.45萬t,而HC的排放量在2007-2008年劇烈上升之后一直保持在一個(gè)相對平穩(wěn)的水平,2011年的排放總量達(dá)到52.87萬t,而PM的排放量在2009年出現(xiàn)一個(gè)高點(diǎn)達(dá)到9.93萬t,這主要是由于2009年河北省國2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輕型貨車數(shù)量較大導(dǎo)致,2010與2011年回落到6.24萬t和5.87萬t的水平,較2007和2008年有小幅上升。由此可見,區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放總量雖然在個(gè)別年份略有波動(dòng),但整體上仍呈現(xiàn)逐年遞增的趨勢,區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的減排形勢仍然十分嚴(yán)峻。
圖2表示四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放總量的區(qū)域分擔(dān)率,即北京、天津和河北分別對京津冀地區(qū)污染物的排放貢獻(xiàn)率,由圖可知,①對京津冀區(qū)域CO總排放量的貢獻(xiàn)率最大的是河北省,并呈逐年遞增的趨勢,2011年占區(qū)域CO排放總量的75.6%,北京和天津都呈現(xiàn)逐年遞減的趨勢,分別占區(qū)域排放總量的12.5%和11.9%。②對于京津冀地區(qū)NOx排放量,2007年北京與河北對總排放量的貢獻(xiàn)超過了80%,之后北京的排放量逐年遞減,河北省的排放量呈逐年遞增的趨勢,河北省2011年的排放量占總體排放量的59.3%。③京津冀HC排放總量的貢獻(xiàn)率呈現(xiàn)“一邊倒”的趨勢,河北省HC排放量逐年遞增,且在2011年達(dá)到84.6%,而北京和天津的排放量依然呈現(xiàn)遞減趨勢。④京津冀地區(qū)的PM排放量波動(dòng)較大,與圖1的總體趨勢相同,在2009年出現(xiàn)了較大幅度的拐
圖1機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物區(qū)域排放總量趨勢
Fig.1Trends of total amount of regional vehicular emissions
圖2機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物區(qū)域分擔(dān)率
Fig.2Internal area contribution rates of regional vehicular emissions
點(diǎn),北京排放量占總排放量的比重在2009年之后呈現(xiàn)小幅上升的趨勢,2011年,河北省的PM貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到了60.2%。由此可見,河北省對于區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車的污染物排放貢獻(xiàn)最大,四種污染物的區(qū)域分擔(dān)率均超過了50%,HC的排放上甚至達(dá)到了84.6%。因此,為了降低區(qū)域整體污染物排放強(qiáng)度,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)針對河北省采取相應(yīng)的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放控制措施。
3.2區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量分配
按照熵值法對指標(biāo)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理、計(jì)算信息效用值,然后得出各污染物的指標(biāo)權(quán)重,見表5。
由于目前尚沒有針對區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量的減排
表5總量分配指標(biāo)權(quán)重
Tab.5Index weights of pollutants reduction allocation
指標(biāo)權(quán)重
Index weight污染物
排放強(qiáng)度
Emission
intensity人均GDP
Per capita
GDP空氣質(zhì)量好于
二級以上天數(shù)
Days of air quality up
to GradeⅡ standardCO0.4740.2350.291NOx0.4130.2620.325HC0.5360.2070.267PM0.5180.2150.267目標(biāo)出臺(tái),本研究參考《京津冀及周邊地區(qū)落實(shí)大氣污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃實(shí)施細(xì)則》中提出的大氣污染物減排目標(biāo),并結(jié)合機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物占總體污染物的比例,假定京津冀區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物總量減排目標(biāo)為10%。按照公式(3)、(4)計(jì)算出京津冀四種污染物在2012年排放清單基礎(chǔ)上的削減率和削減量,最終分配結(jié)果見表6。
從分配結(jié)果來看,①根據(jù)2007-2011年污染物排放清單預(yù)測2012年京津冀地區(qū)由機(jī)動(dòng)車所產(chǎn)生的CO排放總量為2850106 t,在10%的排放目標(biāo)下,河北省的削減率為77.7%,即承擔(dān)區(qū)域77.7%的CO減排總量,與其2012年的區(qū)域分擔(dān)率79.9%相差不大,可以認(rèn)為在綜合考慮污染物排放強(qiáng)度、人均GDP和空氣質(zhì)量三種因素的情況下,河北省仍然是京津冀地區(qū)機(jī)動(dòng)車CO排放總量的最主要的貢獻(xiàn)者,而北京雖然分擔(dān)率為9.9%,但綜合三種因素后削減率達(dá)到12.4%。②根據(jù)預(yù)測,京津冀地區(qū)2012年的機(jī)動(dòng)車排放的NOx總量為1 151 499 t,河北省分擔(dān)率為64.0%,北京的分擔(dān)率為23.2%,綜合考慮三種因素后,河北省削減率為55.8%,北京為23.2%,天津?yàn)?1.1%,即河北省和天津市對于京津冀區(qū)域NOx排放總量的貢獻(xiàn)率一部分被經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和空氣環(huán)境因素轉(zhuǎn)化給北京市,但河北省仍然承擔(dān)最大的削減比例。③2012年京津冀機(jī)動(dòng)車HC排放總量為538 047 t,與CO和NOx的排放
表6區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放量預(yù)測值及
削減量的分配結(jié)果
Tab.6Predicted amount of regional vehicular emissions and
results of reduction allocation
污染物
Pollutant地區(qū)
Area2012排放量(t)
Total amount
of emissions
in 2012區(qū)域
分擔(dān)率%
Area
contribution
rate削減率%
Reduction
rate削減量(t)
Reduction
quantityCO京281 199.3 9.912.435 208.2 津292 523.1 10.310.028 433.5 冀2 276 383.8 79.977.7221 368.9 NOx京267 146.4 23.233.138 117.3 津146 868.4 12.811.112 798.9 冀737 484.1 64.055.864 233.7 HC京41 037.5 7.69.04 866.4 津32 704.7 6.15.22 771.0 冀464 305.0 86.385.846 167.4 PM京12 422.0 20.224.01 471.8 津9 367.5 15.213.2811.7 冀39 644.3 64.562.83 859.9
特征類似,河北省占據(jù)了區(qū)域最大的削減比例為85.8%。這主要是由于機(jī)動(dòng)車排放HC污染物主要來源是摩托車尾氣排放,河北省擁有龐大的摩托車保有量,導(dǎo)致其排放量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了北京和天津。④預(yù)測2012年京津冀機(jī)動(dòng)車PM的排放總量為61 434 t,其中河北省的分擔(dān)率為64.5%,從分擔(dān)率和削減率的對比來看,三種因素對PM削減量的影響較小,河北省和北京市承擔(dān)超過80%的削減量。
4不確定性分析
總體而言,本研究的不確定性主要來源于污染物排放清單估算的不確定性和清單預(yù)測的不確定性。
清單估算過程的不確定性主要來源于三個(gè)方面:一是機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量數(shù)據(jù)來源,機(jī)動(dòng)車的保有量數(shù)據(jù)來自于國家統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒、地方統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒和相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),面板數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)間局限性會(huì)造成清單估算的誤差。此外,本研究通過國家機(jī)動(dòng)車排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同階段的實(shí)施年限與機(jī)動(dòng)車存活率估算不同車型不同排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量,存活率函數(shù)只是按照以往數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行理論估算,與實(shí)際的機(jī)動(dòng)車存活水平會(huì)有一定偏差。二是活動(dòng)水平資料和排放因子來源,本研究使用的機(jī)動(dòng)車年均行駛里程數(shù)據(jù)和排放因子來源于國內(nèi)外最新的研究結(jié)果,清單估算過程中北京、天津和河北均使用同一套活動(dòng)水平和排放因子,缺乏本地化的資料。
此外,本研究利用估算出的2007-2011年的清單對2012年的清單進(jìn)行灰色GM(1,1)預(yù)測,盡管預(yù)測精度符合要求,但預(yù)測值與真實(shí)值之間的誤差也是不可避免的。
5結(jié)論與討論
從圖1區(qū)域污染物排放總量來看,京津冀地區(qū)四種污染物除個(gè)別年份的波動(dòng)外,均處于上升的趨勢,這說明雖然區(qū)域內(nèi)部的部分城市采取了較為嚴(yán)格的污染物治理措施,但區(qū)域污染物整體排放水平仍然不容樂觀,圖2的區(qū)域分擔(dān)率可以說明這一點(diǎn)。北京和天津采取的一系列減排措施如單雙號限行、提前實(shí)施更加嚴(yán)格的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、新能源汽車補(bǔ)貼等使得污染物減排取得了一定效果。而河北省四種機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物均呈現(xiàn)大幅度的上升趨勢,雖然在考慮了污染物排放強(qiáng)度、人均GDP和空氣質(zhì)量等因素之后承擔(dān)的減排責(zé)任有所下降,但仍占區(qū)域總排放量的較大比重,說明在刨除了部分經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和產(chǎn)業(yè)因素之后,河北省仍需要承擔(dān)較大比例的污染物削減量。因此,為了降低區(qū)域整體的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放總量,需要盡快采取相應(yīng)的防控措施減少河北省機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的排放量。
造成河北省機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放量大的主要原因有兩點(diǎn):一是國0排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的汽車及黃標(biāo)車保有量大,截止2012年底,河北省黃標(biāo)車數(shù)量達(dá)130.25萬輛,這是導(dǎo)致NOx排放量大的主要原因;二是河北省HC污染物排放量大主要是摩托車保有量大造成的,2010年摩托車數(shù)量為431萬輛,并且該數(shù)據(jù)仍呈現(xiàn)增長趨勢。
為了降低區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放總量,針對上述原因,提出以下幾點(diǎn)措施:
(1)加快淘汰河北省內(nèi)現(xiàn)存的高排放注冊黃標(biāo)車,根據(jù)大氣污染防治需要,按環(huán)保分類標(biāo)志,對機(jī)動(dòng)車采取相應(yīng)的限行區(qū)域、時(shí)段或車型的交通管制措施。
(2)嚴(yán)格控制新增的摩托車注冊量,加快實(shí)行第IV階段摩托車排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建立在用摩托車尾氣排放檢測及維修網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)管體系,對淘汰高排放摩托車給予政策補(bǔ)貼等。
(3)提高機(jī)動(dòng)車燃油標(biāo)準(zhǔn),河北省現(xiàn)階段汽油標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍處在第三階段,加快置換成污染物排放更低的第四階段標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燃油對污染物減排意義重大。
(4)將北京市較早實(shí)行的單雙號限行措施推廣到天津市和河北省各市,實(shí)行區(qū)域全面限行措施有利于區(qū)域機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物的總體減排。
(5)京津冀地區(qū)應(yīng)在整體上加大對新能源機(jī)動(dòng)車的投入和補(bǔ)貼力度,加快新能源公交車置換高排放公交車,減少公共交通的污染物排放強(qiáng)度。同時(shí)均衡各地區(qū)對新能源汽車政策性補(bǔ)貼力度,并加大投入完善新能源汽車的相關(guān)配套設(shè)施,保證更低排放的新能源汽車擁有一套完整的服務(wù)體系。
(編輯:劉照勝)
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[27]劉巧玲,王奇.基于區(qū)域差異的污染物削減總量分配研究:以COD削減總量的省際分配為例[J].長江流域資源與環(huán)境,2012,(4):512-517.[Liu Qiaoling, Wang Qi. Pollutant Reduction Allocation Based on Regional Differences: COD Reduction Allocation between Provinces as a Case[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2012,(4):512-517.]
Total Amount Characteristics of Regional Vehicular Emissions
and Pollutant Reduction Allocation
LI Jian1,2LI Yingying1WANG Qiuyuan3
(1.Research Institute of Circular Economy, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China;
2.College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300372, China;
3.College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao Shandong 266580, China)
AbstractWith the regional economy integration and the rapid growth of vehicle population, vehicular emissions proved to be posing a primary threat to the atmospheric environment of urban agglomeration. In consideration of atmospheric flow, the air pollution control should be extended to regional level from one single city. Therefore, it is important and urgent to study the total amount characteristics of regional vehicular emissions and take further step to put forward policy suggestions. Synergetic development in BeijingTianjinHebei(BTH) has become the major nations strategy. Hence, taking BTH Region as a case study, this paper estimated regional total amount characteristics of four normal pollutants (CO, NOx, HC, PM)in BTH Region over the period 2007 to 2011,and analyzed the contribution of pollutants in each area in the view of internal pollutant contribution rate. Taking industrial structure, economic level and air quality into account, this study also applied improved proportional distribution method to allocate a given discharge volume based on the total amount of emissions in 2012, which derived from trends of the period studied(2007-2011). The results showed that the total amount of four pollutants in BTH region presented upward trends on the whole except few fluctuations. In terms of internal area contribution rate, however, the percentage of Hebei rose consecutively, while that of Beijing and Tianjin showed downward trends. In order to reduce the overall regional vehicular emissions by 10% on the basis of the total amount in 2012, the given discharge goal, Hebei estimated to reduce 77.7% of CO, 55.8% of NOx, 85.8% of HC and 62.8%, followed by Beijing (12.4% of CO, 33.1% of NOx, 9.0% of HC and 24.0% of PM) and Tianjin (10.0% of CO, 11.1% of NOx, 5.2% of HC and 13.2% of PM).As a result, it is proposed that Hebei should be given more attention in regional total vehicular pollutants reduction. Some measures such as investing alternative fuel vehicles as well as implementing more strict emission standards should be taken to reduce the total amount of regional vehicular emissions.
Key wordsarea contribution rates; BTH; multiyear inventories; pollutants reduction allocation; vehicular emissions
[27]劉巧玲,王奇.基于區(qū)域差異的污染物削減總量分配研究:以COD削減總量的省際分配為例[J].長江流域資源與環(huán)境,2012,(4):512-517.[Liu Qiaoling, Wang Qi. Pollutant Reduction Allocation Based on Regional Differences: COD Reduction Allocation between Provinces as a Case[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2012,(4):512-517.]
Total Amount Characteristics of Regional Vehicular Emissions
and Pollutant Reduction Allocation
LI Jian1,2LI Yingying1WANG Qiuyuan3
(1.Research Institute of Circular Economy, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China;
2.College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300372, China;
3.College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao Shandong 266580, China)
AbstractWith the regional economy integration and the rapid growth of vehicle population, vehicular emissions proved to be posing a primary threat to the atmospheric environment of urban agglomeration. In consideration of atmospheric flow, the air pollution control should be extended to regional level from one single city. Therefore, it is important and urgent to study the total amount characteristics of regional vehicular emissions and take further step to put forward policy suggestions. Synergetic development in BeijingTianjinHebei(BTH) has become the major nations strategy. Hence, taking BTH Region as a case study, this paper estimated regional total amount characteristics of four normal pollutants (CO, NOx, HC, PM)in BTH Region over the period 2007 to 2011,and analyzed the contribution of pollutants in each area in the view of internal pollutant contribution rate. Taking industrial structure, economic level and air quality into account, this study also applied improved proportional distribution method to allocate a given discharge volume based on the total amount of emissions in 2012, which derived from trends of the period studied(2007-2011). The results showed that the total amount of four pollutants in BTH region presented upward trends on the whole except few fluctuations. In terms of internal area contribution rate, however, the percentage of Hebei rose consecutively, while that of Beijing and Tianjin showed downward trends. In order to reduce the overall regional vehicular emissions by 10% on the basis of the total amount in 2012, the given discharge goal, Hebei estimated to reduce 77.7% of CO, 55.8% of NOx, 85.8% of HC and 62.8%, followed by Beijing (12.4% of CO, 33.1% of NOx, 9.0% of HC and 24.0% of PM) and Tianjin (10.0% of CO, 11.1% of NOx, 5.2% of HC and 13.2% of PM).As a result, it is proposed that Hebei should be given more attention in regional total vehicular pollutants reduction. Some measures such as investing alternative fuel vehicles as well as implementing more strict emission standards should be taken to reduce the total amount of regional vehicular emissions.
Key wordsarea contribution rates; BTH; multiyear inventories; pollutants reduction allocation; vehicular emissions
[27]劉巧玲,王奇.基于區(qū)域差異的污染物削減總量分配研究:以COD削減總量的省際分配為例[J].長江流域資源與環(huán)境,2012,(4):512-517.[Liu Qiaoling, Wang Qi. Pollutant Reduction Allocation Based on Regional Differences: COD Reduction Allocation between Provinces as a Case[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2012,(4):512-517.]
Total Amount Characteristics of Regional Vehicular Emissions
and Pollutant Reduction Allocation
LI Jian1,2LI Yingying1WANG Qiuyuan3
(1.Research Institute of Circular Economy, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China;
2.College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300372, China;
3.College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao Shandong 266580, China)
AbstractWith the regional economy integration and the rapid growth of vehicle population, vehicular emissions proved to be posing a primary threat to the atmospheric environment of urban agglomeration. In consideration of atmospheric flow, the air pollution control should be extended to regional level from one single city. Therefore, it is important and urgent to study the total amount characteristics of regional vehicular emissions and take further step to put forward policy suggestions. Synergetic development in BeijingTianjinHebei(BTH) has become the major nations strategy. Hence, taking BTH Region as a case study, this paper estimated regional total amount characteristics of four normal pollutants (CO, NOx, HC, PM)in BTH Region over the period 2007 to 2011,and analyzed the contribution of pollutants in each area in the view of internal pollutant contribution rate. Taking industrial structure, economic level and air quality into account, this study also applied improved proportional distribution method to allocate a given discharge volume based on the total amount of emissions in 2012, which derived from trends of the period studied(2007-2011). The results showed that the total amount of four pollutants in BTH region presented upward trends on the whole except few fluctuations. In terms of internal area contribution rate, however, the percentage of Hebei rose consecutively, while that of Beijing and Tianjin showed downward trends. In order to reduce the overall regional vehicular emissions by 10% on the basis of the total amount in 2012, the given discharge goal, Hebei estimated to reduce 77.7% of CO, 55.8% of NOx, 85.8% of HC and 62.8%, followed by Beijing (12.4% of CO, 33.1% of NOx, 9.0% of HC and 24.0% of PM) and Tianjin (10.0% of CO, 11.1% of NOx, 5.2% of HC and 13.2% of PM).As a result, it is proposed that Hebei should be given more attention in regional total vehicular pollutants reduction. Some measures such as investing alternative fuel vehicles as well as implementing more strict emission standards should be taken to reduce the total amount of regional vehicular emissions.
Key wordsarea contribution rates; BTH; multiyear inventories; pollutants reduction allocation; vehicular emissions