徐建祥 李娟娟 郭桂喜 李慧 張磊 姜國輝 董硯虎
[摘要]目的 探討住院T2DM患者不同血糖監(jiān)測頻次對住院天數(shù)、醫(yī)療花費及血糖控制情況方面的影響。 方法 隨機(jī)選取在我院住院治療的T2DM患者1000例,根據(jù)住院期間血糖監(jiān)測頻數(shù),分為5點血糖監(jiān)測組和7點血糖監(jiān)測組。所有患者在空腹血糖≤7.0mmol/L,餐后血糖<10.0mmol/L,血糖平穩(wěn)2d后出院。比較兩組患者住院天數(shù)、醫(yī)療花費及血糖控制情況方面的不同。 結(jié)果 7點血糖監(jiān)測組患者較5點血糖監(jiān)測組住院天數(shù)明顯縮短、總住院費用、藥品費用、治療費用明顯降低(P<0.05),但兩組患者檢查化驗費用及日治療費用差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在血糖控制方面,7點血糖監(jiān)測組較5點血糖監(jiān)測組可以更有效地控制血糖平穩(wěn)達(dá)標(biāo),減少血糖波動。 結(jié)論 住院T2DM患者每日7點血糖監(jiān)測明顯縮短住院天數(shù)、降低住院花費,有效控制血糖,減少血糖波動。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 2型糖尿??;血糖監(jiān)測;醫(yī)療花費
[中圖分類號] R587.1???[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A???[文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)08-23-03
Investigation of the different frequency of blood glucose monitoring for medical cost and glycemic control in hospitalized patients with T2DM
XU?Jianxiang1??LI?Juanjuan1??GUO?Guixi1??LI?Hui1??ZHANG?Lei2??JIANG?Guohui2DONG?Yanhu2
1.Clinical Medicine of Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261042, China; 2.Qingdao Endocrinology Diabetes Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of frequency of blood glucose monitoring on the number of days of hospitalization, medical costs and glycemic control in hospitalized patients with T2DM. Methods 1000 patients with T2DM patients were randomly selected in our hospital, according to the number of daily monitoring of blood glucose during hospitalization, blood glucose monitoring group divided 5 and 7 point blood glucose monitoring group. Two groups patients received lifestyle intervention guidance and regular hypoglycemic therapy, all patients in the FPG≤7.0mmol/L, PPG<10.0mmol/L, patients discharged from hospital after blood glucose stable two days. Comparison of two groups of patients hospital stay, health care costs and glycemic control in different situations. Results 7 point glucose monitoring group was significantly shorter hospital stay and total hospital costs, drug costs, treatment costs, day hospitalization cost was significantly lower (P<0.05), but two groups of patients laboratory examination fee and the cost of treatment days was no significant difference P>0.05). In glycemic control, 7 point glucose monitoring groups can more effectively control blood sugar steady and compliance, reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia. Conclusion Daily 7 point glucose monitoring in hospitalized patients with T2DM can significantly shorten the length of hospital stay, reduce hospital spending, effectively control blood sugar and reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia.
[Key words] Type 2 diabetes; Blood glucose monitoring; Medical costs
糖尿病的治療是以糖尿病教育、運動治療、飲食控制、藥物治療及血糖監(jiān)測為主的綜合管理,其中血糖監(jiān)測是糖尿病綜合治療的基石[1]。血糖監(jiān)測可以提示患者血糖控制情況,是調(diào)整治療方案的重要依據(jù)[2-3]。本研究主要探討住院T2DM患者血糖監(jiān)測頻次對住院天數(shù)、醫(yī)療花費及血糖控制情況方面的影響。
1?資料與方法
1.1?一般資料
從我院2006~2013年期間住院的T2DM患者中隨機(jī)選取1000例患者,男490例,女510例,年齡(61.6±10.5)年,病程(6.7±4.3)年。入選者符合1999年WHO糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1型糖尿病、糖尿病等急性并發(fā)癥、合并嚴(yán)重血管及神經(jīng)病變者等。根據(jù)血糖監(jiān)測的頻次,分為5點血糖監(jiān)測組500例(男240例,女260例)及7點血糖監(jiān)測組500例(男250例,女250例)。5點及7點血糖監(jiān)測組空腹血糖(FPG)分別為(8.26±2.62)mmol/L、(8.35±3.16)mmol/L,餐后2h血糖(PPG)分別為(13.84±5.25)mmol/L、(13.45±4.72)mmol/L,糖化血清蛋白(GSP)分別為(312.95±56.95)μmol/L、(325.82±62.75)μmol/L。兩組一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2?方法
5點血糖監(jiān)測組每日監(jiān)測空腹、三餐后2h及睡前血糖。7點血糖監(jiān)測組每日監(jiān)測三餐前、三餐后2h及睡前血糖。兩組均接受生活方式干預(yù)及降糖藥物治療。依照《中國2型糖尿病防治指南(2010年版)》[4]標(biāo)準(zhǔn),空腹血糖≤7.0mmol/L,餐后2h血糖<10.0mmol/L,血糖平穩(wěn)2d后出院。
endprint
1.3?統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析采用SPSS18.0軟件,計量資料采用t檢驗,顯著性水準(zhǔn)α設(shè)置為0.05。
2?結(jié)果
2.1?兩組患者住院天數(shù)、醫(yī)療花費比較
7點血糖監(jiān)測組較5點血糖監(jiān)測組住院天數(shù)明顯縮短、總住院費、藥品費、治療費明顯降低(P<0.05),但兩組檢查化驗費及日均治療費差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1??兩組患者住院天數(shù)及住院費用比較()
項目 5點血糖監(jiān)測組 7點血糖監(jiān)測組 t P
住院天數(shù)(d) 17±5 14±6 5.66 0.00
總住院費(元) 12540±3450 11560±2657 7.25 0.00
藥品費(元) 5159±1552 4875±1796 3.00 0.03
治療費(元) 2296±986 1875±758 7.35 0.00
檢查化驗費(元) 2501±675 2435±705 1.52 0.13
日均治療費(元) 138±89 131±59 1.81 0.07
2.2?兩組患者血糖控制情況比較
兩組患者出院時血糖控制指標(biāo)較入院時明顯降低,與入院時比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3?兩組患者出院時血糖控制情況比較
出院時7點血糖監(jiān)測組患者FPG、PPG及
GSP均較5點血糖監(jiān)測組降低,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表2??兩組患者血糖指標(biāo)比較()
組別 FPG(mmol/L) PPG(mmol/L) GSP(μmol/L)
7點血糖監(jiān)測組
入院時 8.35±3.16 13.45±4.72 325.82±62.75
出院時 6.50±0.42 8.70±1.24 275.14±58.26
t 14.30 15.80 15.84
P 0.00 0.00 0.00
5點血糖監(jiān)測組
入院時 8.26±2.65 13.84±5.25 312.95±56.95
出院時 6.60±0.37 9.00±0.98 282.64±39.06
t 13.16 18.87 10.10
P 0.00 0.00 0.00
注:糖化血清蛋白(GSP)正常參考值為122~236μmol/L
表3??兩組患者出院時血糖控制比較()
觀察指標(biāo) 5點血糖監(jiān)測組 7點血糖監(jiān)測組 t P
FPG(mmol/L) 6.70±0.27 6.50±0.42 6.56 0.00
PPG(mmol/L) 9.00±0.98 8.70±1.24 5.30 0.00
GSP(μmol/L) 282.64±39.06 275.14±58.26 2.91 0.04
3?討論
血糖監(jiān)測是了解糖尿病患者病情的重要途徑,能使患者及時了解病情及血糖波動情況,從而控制血糖達(dá)標(biāo)。血糖控制在正?;蚪咏5乃?,可顯著減少糖尿病并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生或發(fā)展[5-7]。
本研究顯示,7點血糖監(jiān)測組患者住院時間明顯縮短,總住院費用、藥品費用、治療費用均較5點血糖監(jiān)測組明顯減少??赡芤驗?點血糖監(jiān)測比較全面反映患者全天血糖波動情況,縮短血糖調(diào)整周期,進(jìn)而縮短住院天數(shù),減少住院總花費。兩組日治療費用比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,說明每日血糖監(jiān)測費用占每日住院費用的比例較小,對于患者總住院費用的影響是比較小的。
糖化血清蛋白(GSP)是葡萄糖通過非酶促糖基化反應(yīng)與血清蛋白(主要是白蛋白)形成的產(chǎn)物[8]。由于白蛋白的半衰期約為19d左右,故它可以反映DM患者2~3周的平均血糖水平,可用于評價DM患者短期血糖控制情況[9-11]。出院時,7點血糖監(jiān)測組空腹、餐后血糖及糖化血清蛋白均較5點血糖監(jiān)測組顯著降低,即7點血糖監(jiān)測可以有效控制血糖達(dá)標(biāo)??赡芤驗槊咳?點血糖監(jiān)測覆蓋了患者全天活動內(nèi)容,讓患者感受到飲食、運動、藥物等因素對血糖的影響,有利于患者血糖平穩(wěn)達(dá)標(biāo)。7點血糖監(jiān)測增加了午晚餐前血糖的監(jiān)測,可以指導(dǎo)患者調(diào)整午餐及晚餐進(jìn)食量,指導(dǎo)患者適當(dāng)調(diào)整餐前胰島素注射量或者口服降糖藥物的劑量。血糖監(jiān)測作為評估患者血糖控制情況貫穿2型糖尿病治療的始終。對于2型糖尿病患者尤其是正處于藥物調(diào)整階段的患者,血糖監(jiān)測甚至顯得比藥物本身更加重要,多項研究[12-14]均已證明適當(dāng)增加血糖監(jiān)測次數(shù)對于2型糖尿病患者血糖控制有益的。研究顯示,合理的血糖監(jiān)測對糖尿病患者的住院轉(zhuǎn)歸等臨床結(jié)局均有益處,直接影響患者的病情控制與慢性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[15]。
T2DM患者住院期間每日7點血糖監(jiān)測不僅使患者了解自身血糖波動情況,了解飲食、運動等因素對血糖的影響,而且還可以減少住院天數(shù),降低醫(yī)療費用。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會糖尿病學(xué)分會.中國血糖監(jiān)測臨床應(yīng)用指南(2011年版)[J].中華糖尿病雜志, 2011,3(1):13-21.
[2] Susan L,Norris.Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2001,24(3):561-587.
[3] 李紅云.“三化一體”健康教育模式對糖尿病患者自覺健康行為自我效能的影響[J].中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2012,19(3):140-141.
[4] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會糖尿病學(xué)分會.中國2型糖尿病防治指南(2010年版) [J].中國糖尿病雜志, 2011, 91(10): 656-664.
[5] The diabetes control and complications trial research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus[J]. N Engl J Med,1993,329:977-986.
[6] UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)[J]. Lancet,1998,352:837-853.
[7] Coutinho M,Gerstein HC,Wang Y,et al.The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 year[J].Diabetes Care,1999,22:233-240.
[8] 易向民,李慶豐,郭惠瓊.糖化血紅蛋白及糖化血清蛋白在妊娠糖尿病篩選診斷中的價值評估[J].國際檢驗醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2010(7):670-672.
endprint
[9] David E Goldstein,Randie R Little,Rodney A Lorenz,et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27(7):1761-1773.
[10] 繆東軍, 鄧麗萍, 黃曉青.糖化血紅蛋白和糖化血清蛋白對2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者血糖監(jiān)測的作用研究[J].中國醫(yī)藥指南-,2013(19):136-137.
[11] 劉寒森, 樊霞.糖化血紅蛋白和糖化血清蛋白對2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者血糖監(jiān)測的作用[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2012(18):3030-3032.
[12] Helgeson VS,Honcharuk E,Becker D,et al.A focus on blood glucose monitoring: relation to glycemic control and determinants of frequency[J].Pediatric Diabetes,2011,12:25-30.
[13] Polonsky WH,F(xiàn)isher L,Schikman CH,et al.Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces HbA1c levels in poorly con-trolled,noninsulin—treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(2):262-267.
[14] Nyomba BLG,Berard L,Murphy LJ.Facilitating access to glucometer reagents increases glucose self-monitoring frequency and improves glycemic control:a prospective study in insulin-treated diabetic patients[J].Diabet Med,2004,21:129-135.
[15] Poolsup N,Suksomboon N,Jiamsathit W.Systematic review of the benefits of self-monitoring of blood glucose 0n glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2008,10(1):51-66.
(收稿日期:2014-02-06)
endprint
[9] David E Goldstein,Randie R Little,Rodney A Lorenz,et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27(7):1761-1773.
[10] 繆東軍, 鄧麗萍, 黃曉青.糖化血紅蛋白和糖化血清蛋白對2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者血糖監(jiān)測的作用研究[J].中國醫(yī)藥指南-,2013(19):136-137.
[11] 劉寒森, 樊霞.糖化血紅蛋白和糖化血清蛋白對2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者血糖監(jiān)測的作用[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2012(18):3030-3032.
[12] Helgeson VS,Honcharuk E,Becker D,et al.A focus on blood glucose monitoring: relation to glycemic control and determinants of frequency[J].Pediatric Diabetes,2011,12:25-30.
[13] Polonsky WH,F(xiàn)isher L,Schikman CH,et al.Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces HbA1c levels in poorly con-trolled,noninsulin—treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(2):262-267.
[14] Nyomba BLG,Berard L,Murphy LJ.Facilitating access to glucometer reagents increases glucose self-monitoring frequency and improves glycemic control:a prospective study in insulin-treated diabetic patients[J].Diabet Med,2004,21:129-135.
[15] Poolsup N,Suksomboon N,Jiamsathit W.Systematic review of the benefits of self-monitoring of blood glucose 0n glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2008,10(1):51-66.
(收稿日期:2014-02-06)
endprint
[9] David E Goldstein,Randie R Little,Rodney A Lorenz,et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27(7):1761-1773.
[10] 繆東軍, 鄧麗萍, 黃曉青.糖化血紅蛋白和糖化血清蛋白對2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者血糖監(jiān)測的作用研究[J].中國醫(yī)藥指南-,2013(19):136-137.
[11] 劉寒森, 樊霞.糖化血紅蛋白和糖化血清蛋白對2型糖尿病合并高血壓患者血糖監(jiān)測的作用[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2012(18):3030-3032.
[12] Helgeson VS,Honcharuk E,Becker D,et al.A focus on blood glucose monitoring: relation to glycemic control and determinants of frequency[J].Pediatric Diabetes,2011,12:25-30.
[13] Polonsky WH,F(xiàn)isher L,Schikman CH,et al.Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces HbA1c levels in poorly con-trolled,noninsulin—treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(2):262-267.
[14] Nyomba BLG,Berard L,Murphy LJ.Facilitating access to glucometer reagents increases glucose self-monitoring frequency and improves glycemic control:a prospective study in insulin-treated diabetic patients[J].Diabet Med,2004,21:129-135.
[15] Poolsup N,Suksomboon N,Jiamsathit W.Systematic review of the benefits of self-monitoring of blood glucose 0n glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2008,10(1):51-66.
(收稿日期:2014-02-06)
endprint