孫婧陶+劉佳麗+張寶修+茹李波+李鐘淑+方南洙
摘要:研究了亞硒酸鈉對(duì)過氧化氫導(dǎo)致的延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞氧化損傷的保護(hù)作用。將延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞分為3組:正常組(對(duì)照組1)、過氧化氫損傷組(對(duì)照組2)、亞硒酸鈉保護(hù)組。MTT方法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力,Hoechst33342/PI 雙染、Giemsa染色法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡情況,DHE染色法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS含量。結(jié)果表明,與對(duì)照組2相比,濃度為0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL的亞硒酸鈉保護(hù)組的延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞活力上升,細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)目減少,活性氧含量減少。其中以0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉處理組效果最顯著。說明0.5 μg/mL的亞硒酸鈉可以減少過氧化氫所致的延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞的氧化損傷,提高細(xì)胞活力,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS含量。表明亞硒酸鈉對(duì)延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞過氧化氫所致氧化損傷具有保護(hù)作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:亞硒酸鈉;乳腺上皮細(xì)胞;氧化損傷;凋亡
中圖分類號(hào): S827.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A文章編號(hào):1002-1302(2014)02-0155-04
收稿日期:2013-07-23
基金項(xiàng)目:吉林省科技廳重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):20100228)。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:孫婧陶(1990—),女,河北承德人,碩士,主要從事動(dòng)物繁殖與生物技術(shù)研究。E-mail:sunjt1990@126.com。
通信作者:方南洙(1960—),男,朝鮮族,博士,教授,主要從事動(dòng)物繁殖與生物技術(shù)研究。E-mail:nzfang@ybu.edu.cn。有氧代謝會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),包括羥基自由基(·OH)、超氧化物陰離子( O-2· )、單線態(tài)氧(1O2)及過氧化氫(H2O2),這些物質(zhì)會(huì)在生物體內(nèi)不斷生成[1]。細(xì)胞自身的抗氧化功能會(huì)使細(xì)胞處于平衡狀態(tài),但是當(dāng)這種平衡一旦被打亂,細(xì)胞即處于氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下。氧化應(yīng)激存在時(shí),這種氧化損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些至關(guān)重要的生物分子(包括誘導(dǎo)氧化損傷的基因組)聚集,最終導(dǎo)致一些生物效應(yīng),比如信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的改變、與有絲分裂相關(guān)表達(dá)基因的改變、突變及細(xì)胞死亡[2-3]等。凋亡(細(xì)胞程序性死亡),是細(xì)胞參與的自我破壞的一種細(xì)胞死亡形式,該過程伴隨著細(xì)胞一系列典型的形態(tài)變化及生物化學(xué)變化[4],包括細(xì)胞縮小、染色質(zhì)固縮、DNA核小體間的裂解[5]。細(xì)胞凋亡與壞死盡管都能造成細(xì)胞死亡,但是二者是不同的。為了防止壞死,受到破壞細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜破裂,緊接著會(huì)向細(xì)胞內(nèi)基質(zhì)釋放酶,造成炎癥反應(yīng)。已經(jīng)有研究證明ROS和氧化損傷與細(xì)胞凋亡是有關(guān)聯(lián)的[6-8]。低劑量的H2O2通過產(chǎn)生羥基自由基(·OH)和改變氧化/抗氧化途徑來誘導(dǎo)凋亡[9]。
硒對(duì)于維持各種各樣生理活動(dòng)是必要的一種元素[10],同時(shí)硒是GSH-Px的成分,具有抗氧化的作用,它是生物體內(nèi)重要的活性氧自由基清除劑,以Sec(含硒半胱氨酸)的形式發(fā)揮作用,硒參與構(gòu)成了它的生物活性中心。GSH-Px用來調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)和細(xì)胞間過氧化氫濃度[11]。硒元素與維生素E一樣被認(rèn)為在清除自由基方面能夠發(fā)揮重要作用[12-13]。在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)中,硒元素以亞硒酸鈉的形式存在,通過減少自由基及抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化物來保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受氧化傷害[14-17]。Gopalakrishina 等研究稱,向骨髓間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)基中添加硒元素,可以很好地使細(xì)胞抗氧化功能恢復(fù)從而降低對(duì)細(xì)胞的傷害[18]。因此,向培養(yǎng)基中添加亞硒酸鈉可以對(duì)受到氧化損傷的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行保護(hù)。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
主要試劑:胎牛血清(fetaL bovine serum,F(xiàn)BS)購(gòu)自GIBCO;姬姆薩(Giemsa)染液購(gòu)自貝索生物科技有限公司;其他藥品,均購(gòu)自SIGMA公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞(DGMECs)的培養(yǎng)乳腺上皮細(xì)胞用含10% FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),同時(shí)加入100 mg/mL青霉素、100 mg/mL鏈霉素、5 μg/mL胰島素。培養(yǎng)條件為38 ℃、5% CO2、飽和濕度。乳腺上皮細(xì)胞傳代采用胰蛋白酶消化法,細(xì)胞達(dá)到80%融合狀態(tài)時(shí),用溫水浴后的PBS洗滌2次,加入0.15 %Trypsin-0.02 %EDTA,置于培養(yǎng)箱中,消化4~5 min,在倒置顯微鏡下觀察消化情況,待細(xì)胞收縮變圓時(shí),用含有10% FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液終止消化,吹打使細(xì)胞脫離瓶壁形成單細(xì)胞懸液,離心,接種(圖1)。
1.2.2H2O2誘導(dǎo)氧化損傷模型的建立參照先前研究[19],選取可以導(dǎo)致40%~50%細(xì)胞凋亡的100 μmol/L的H2O2作用4 h建立氧化損傷模型。
1.2.3亞硒酸鈉(Sodium seLenite,SS)的配制用超純水將亞硒酸鈉溶解,配置成1 mg/mL的亞硒酸鈉儲(chǔ)存液,分裝,-20 ℃ 保存。用無FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液稀釋成各所需濃度,亞硒酸鈉的工作濃度為0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL,即用即配。
1.2.4試驗(yàn)分組待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至60%~70%融合狀態(tài)時(shí),分為以下5個(gè)試驗(yàn)組:(1)對(duì)照組1:換為無FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)28 h;(2)對(duì)照組2:先用無FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)24 h,再換為含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng) 4 h;(3)亞硒酸鈉處理組:用含不同濃度(0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL)亞硒酸鈉DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)24 h,再用含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)4 h。
1.2.5細(xì)胞活力檢測(cè)將細(xì)胞密度調(diào)整為1×107個(gè)/L接種于96孔板,培養(yǎng)24 h后吸棄原培養(yǎng)液,加入含不同濃度(0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL)的SS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液,處理細(xì)胞24 h,吸棄原培養(yǎng)基,PBS洗滌。除對(duì)照組1外,其余各組均加入100 μmol/L的H2O2培養(yǎng)液,刺激細(xì)胞4 h,然后每孔加入20 μL 四甲基偶氮唑鹽(MTT,5 mg/mL),置于培養(yǎng)箱中孵育4 h,小心吸取上清液,每孔加入DMSO 150 μL,振蕩器上振蕩10 min,使紫色結(jié)晶甲瓚充分溶解,于490 nm處用酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定吸光度值(D)。各濃度組細(xì)胞存活率=各濃度組D490 nm值/不添加亞硒酸鈉組D490 nm×100%。endprint
1.2.6Hoechst33342/PI雙染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡采用 Hoechst33342/PI 雙染色檢測(cè)DGMECs細(xì)胞凋亡。6孔培養(yǎng)板內(nèi),每孔接種1×107個(gè)細(xì)胞,用“1.2.4”試驗(yàn)分組方法對(duì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)后,棄去上清,小心用磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffer solution,PBS)洗滌1次,每孔加入10 μg/mL的 Hoechst33342 染液1 mL,置于培養(yǎng)箱中37 ℃避光反應(yīng) 20 min,棄上清,PBS洗滌3次,每孔再加入20 μg/mL的PI染液 1 mL,37 ℃避光反應(yīng)15 min,PBS洗滌3次。染色完成后,置于熒光顯微鏡下,在波長(zhǎng)為365 nm的紫外燈下觀察細(xì)胞凋亡情況。
1.2.7Giemsa染色蓋玻片經(jīng)泡酸、高壓滅菌后,在超凈臺(tái)內(nèi)自然晾干,小心放入6孔板內(nèi),制作細(xì)胞爬片。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的DGMECs,離心,將細(xì)胞密度調(diào)整為2×105個(gè)/mL,用含10%FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液重懸細(xì)胞,取100~200 μL細(xì)胞懸液接種于蓋玻片上,隔夜,向6孔板內(nèi)加入足量的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,培養(yǎng)24 h。對(duì)照組1:換為無FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)28 h;對(duì)照組2:先用無FBS的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)24 h,再換為含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)4 h;亞硒酸鈉處理組:用濃度為0.5 μg/mL的亞硒酸鈉DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)24 h,再用含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)4 h。結(jié)束培養(yǎng)后,用PBS洗滌3次,1.5%甲醛室溫下固定20 min,吸棄固定液,PBS洗滌3次,加入冰甲醛,室溫下透化20 min。小心取出蓋玻片,先用瑞氏-姬姆薩A液染色3~5 min,再將瑞氏-姬姆薩B液滴加于A液上面(滴加之量為A液的 2~3倍),以嘴或洗耳球吹出微風(fēng)使液面產(chǎn)生漣漪狀,使兩液充分混合,染色15~20 min,以流水將染色液沖洗干凈。置于顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)變化。
1.2.8活性氧(ROS)的測(cè)定DGMECs接種于6孔培養(yǎng)板(1×107個(gè)/孔),待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至60%~80%融合狀態(tài)時(shí),用“124”試驗(yàn)分組方法對(duì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)后,棄去上清,小心用PBS洗滌1次,加入20 μmol/L的DHE(Dihydroethidium) 1 mL,37 ℃ 孵育30 min,PBS洗滌細(xì)胞5次,以充分洗去未進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的DHE。直接用熒光顯微鏡觀察紅色熒光強(qiáng)度。
1.2.9數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,方差分析多重比較檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)差異性,顯著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為P<0.05。試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以“x±s”表示。
2結(jié)果
2.1亞硒酸鈉對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激模型下DGMECs活力的影響
如圖2所示,DGMECs由H2O2處理后(對(duì)照組2),細(xì)胞活力為49.35%,加入各濃度亞硒酸鈉后,細(xì)胞活力有所上升,0.5 μg/mL處理組(76.28%)、1.0 μg/mL處理組(6595%),與對(duì)照組2(49.35%)相比,差異顯著(P<005),025 μg/mL處理組(54.45%)與對(duì)照組2(49.35%)無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。
2.2亞硒酸鈉對(duì)DGMECs氧化損傷凋亡的影響
由圖3可知,對(duì)照組2處理的細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞不僅出現(xiàn)了大面積固縮現(xiàn)象,且已經(jīng)有少量的細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了壞死現(xiàn)象。亞硒酸鈉保護(hù)組,細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)凋亡及壞死的比例相對(duì)于對(duì)照組2有所下降,但是0.25 μg/mL保護(hù)組,仍然有部分壞死細(xì)胞,說明該濃度對(duì)DGMECs的保護(hù)作用不明顯。1.0 μg/mL 保護(hù)組,經(jīng)觀察,無壞死細(xì)胞出現(xiàn),但是具有凋亡現(xiàn)象的細(xì)胞仍然大量存在。0.5 μg/mL保護(hù)組,細(xì)胞凋亡比例明顯減少,正常形態(tài)細(xì)胞多于除對(duì)照組1外的各組。故選擇0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉進(jìn)行后續(xù)試驗(yàn)。
2.3Giemsa染色法觀察亞硒酸鈉對(duì)DGMECs的保護(hù)作用
由圖4可知,對(duì)照組2與對(duì)照組1相比,細(xì)胞核出現(xiàn)大面積固縮現(xiàn)象,發(fā)生凋亡的細(xì)胞及凋亡小體被染成深紫色;而 0.5 μg/mL 濃度的亞硒酸鈉保護(hù)組,細(xì)胞核固縮的比例下降,凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少。
2.4亞硒酸鈉對(duì)氧化損傷DGMECs的 ROS水平影響
DHE熒光染色結(jié)果顯示(圖5),對(duì)照組1僅見微弱的紅色熒光,而對(duì)照組2紅色熒光強(qiáng)度明顯加強(qiáng),0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉保護(hù)組紅色熒光強(qiáng)度較對(duì)照組2明顯下降。故DGMECs在0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉的保護(hù)作用下,可以有效減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS含量。
3討論
在過去的十多年中,家畜普遍硒元素缺乏[20],后來人們開始在飼料中添加充足的硒元素[21],因?yàn)樗梢燥@著提高家畜的繁殖性能[22-26],但是,硒元素可以防止家畜繁殖障礙的生物化學(xué)機(jī)理到現(xiàn)在為止還不是很清楚。
硒作為一種微量元素,小劑量存在時(shí),其對(duì)生物體是有益的,但是使用劑量過高,會(huì)有很強(qiáng)的毒性作用,甚至有致癌的可能性。硒元素臨界的作用劑量目前還沒有定論[27-29]。本試驗(yàn)中,向培養(yǎng)液中添加了0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉,有效地保護(hù)了DGMECs所受到的氧化應(yīng)激,但是隨著濃度的增加,1.0 μg/mL 亞硒酸鈉開始表現(xiàn)出了對(duì)細(xì)胞的毒性作用,說明 0.5 μg/mL 亞硒酸鈉能夠提高DGMECs抵制氧化應(yīng)激的能力,從而減少細(xì)胞的氧化損傷程度,提高其細(xì)胞活力。通過Hoechst/PI及Giemsa染色結(jié)果可知,亞硒酸鈉的加入,降低了細(xì)胞的凋亡率,推斷亞硒酸鈉對(duì)DGMECs發(fā)揮了相應(yīng)的保護(hù)機(jī)制。
體外培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中的氧濃度要比體內(nèi)環(huán)境中高一些,并且細(xì)胞在進(jìn)行有氧代謝的過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生自由基。硒許多的生物作用都?xì)w因于其強(qiáng)大的抗氧化功能,包括直接消除ROS,消除金屬離子間的螯合作用,以及重組成Se-GPx抗氧化物。亞硒酸鈉通過降低活性氧以及抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化來防止細(xì)胞受到傷害[30]。Yeo等在體外培養(yǎng)腦源性神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞(NPCs)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)硒可以防止細(xì)胞死亡,并且亞硒酸鈉可以抑制NPCs的H2O2誘導(dǎo)凋亡[31]。本研究中,采用DHE染色法檢測(cè)DGMECs內(nèi)ROS含量,結(jié)果顯示0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉可以有效地降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧含量,以減少ROS對(duì)細(xì)胞帶來的損傷。所以,亞硒酸鈉作為抗氧化劑來發(fā)揮其抗氧化作用,能夠有效地抑制細(xì)胞在體外培養(yǎng)過程中的氧化應(yīng)激環(huán)境,從而減少DGMECs所受到的氧化損傷。endprint
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[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint
[14]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[15]Saito Y,Yoshida Y,Akazawa T,et al. Cell death caused by selenium deficiency and protective effect of antioxidants[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(41):39428-39434.
[16]Zhang J,Robinson D,Salmon P. A novel function for selenium in biological system:selenite as a highly effective iron carrier for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody production[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(6):1188-1197.
[17]Tatemoto H,Muto N,Sunagawa I,et al. Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2004,71(4):1150-1157.
[18]Gopalakrishna R,Chen Z H,Gundimeda U. Selenocompounds induce a redox modulation of protein kinase C in the cell,compartmentally independent from cytosolic glutathione:its role in inhibition of tumor promotion[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1997,348(1):37-48.
[19]孫婧陶,李兆華,張寶修,等. 過氧化氫誘導(dǎo)延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞氧化損傷模型的建立[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2013,41(10):149-152.
[20]Smith K L,Hogan J S,Conrad H R. Selenium in dairy cattle:its role in disease resistance[J]. Veterinary Medicine,1988,83:72-78.
[21]Hansen JC,Deguchi Y. Selenium and fertility in animals and man—a review[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,1996,37(1):19-30.
[22]Harrison J H,Hancock D D,Conrad H R. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cow1,2[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1984,67(1):123-132.
[23]Barrington J W,Lindsay P,James D,et al. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage:a possible link?[J]. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1996,103(2):130-132.
[24]Euybov I Z,Shirinov N M,Rzaev R I. Effect of selenium on reproductive organs and fertility of animals[J]. Trud Azerbaizh Nauch Inst Vet,1983,28:103-105.
[25]Aitken RJ,Clarkson JS,Hargreave TB,et al. Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia[J]. Journal of Andrology,1989,10(3):214-220.
[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.
[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.
[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.
[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.
[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint
[14]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[15]Saito Y,Yoshida Y,Akazawa T,et al. Cell death caused by selenium deficiency and protective effect of antioxidants[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(41):39428-39434.
[16]Zhang J,Robinson D,Salmon P. A novel function for selenium in biological system:selenite as a highly effective iron carrier for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody production[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(6):1188-1197.
[17]Tatemoto H,Muto N,Sunagawa I,et al. Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2004,71(4):1150-1157.
[18]Gopalakrishna R,Chen Z H,Gundimeda U. Selenocompounds induce a redox modulation of protein kinase C in the cell,compartmentally independent from cytosolic glutathione:its role in inhibition of tumor promotion[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1997,348(1):37-48.
[19]孫婧陶,李兆華,張寶修,等. 過氧化氫誘導(dǎo)延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細(xì)胞氧化損傷模型的建立[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2013,41(10):149-152.
[20]Smith K L,Hogan J S,Conrad H R. Selenium in dairy cattle:its role in disease resistance[J]. Veterinary Medicine,1988,83:72-78.
[21]Hansen JC,Deguchi Y. Selenium and fertility in animals and man—a review[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,1996,37(1):19-30.
[22]Harrison J H,Hancock D D,Conrad H R. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cow1,2[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1984,67(1):123-132.
[23]Barrington J W,Lindsay P,James D,et al. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage:a possible link?[J]. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1996,103(2):130-132.
[24]Euybov I Z,Shirinov N M,Rzaev R I. Effect of selenium on reproductive organs and fertility of animals[J]. Trud Azerbaizh Nauch Inst Vet,1983,28:103-105.
[25]Aitken RJ,Clarkson JS,Hargreave TB,et al. Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia[J]. Journal of Andrology,1989,10(3):214-220.
[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.
[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.
[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.
[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.
[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint