劉其雨,李 立,夏紅天,張文智,蔡守旺,劉志偉,冷建軍昆明市第一人民醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,云南昆明 65003;解放軍總醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,北京 00853
胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生的相關(guān)因素
劉其雨1,李 立1,夏紅天2,張文智2,蔡守旺2,劉志偉2,冷建軍2
1昆明市第一人民醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,云南昆明 650031;2解放軍總醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,北京 100853
目的探討胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后胰瘺的發(fā)生情況及相關(guān)因素分析。方法回顧性分析解放軍總醫(yī)院2013年1 - 12月完成的196例胰十二指腸切除術(shù)臨床資料,并對圍術(shù)期可能與胰瘺發(fā)生相關(guān)的因素進(jìn)行單因素分析和Logistic回歸多因素分析。結(jié)果196例胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后發(fā)生A級胰瘺62例(31.6%),B級胰瘺53例(27.0%),C級胰瘺11例(5.6%),總體胰瘺發(fā)生率高達(dá)64.3%,有臨床意義的胰瘺(即B、C級胰瘺)64例,占32.7%。經(jīng)單變量及多變量回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),胰管直徑≤3 mm是總體胰瘺發(fā)生的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素,胰管直徑≤3 mm和胰液內(nèi)引流是有臨床意義的胰瘺發(fā)生的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素。結(jié)論胰瘺仍然是胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后早期主要并發(fā)癥,胰管直徑≤3 mm是胰瘺發(fā)生的主要獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素,胰液引流至體外可以降低臨床胰瘺的發(fā)病率并減輕胰瘺的嚴(yán)重程度。
胰十二指腸切除術(shù);胰瘺;并發(fā)癥;胰管
胰十二指腸切除術(shù)是治療壺腹癌、胰頭癌、膽總管下段癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手術(shù)方案,但胰瘺仍然是其術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥之一,也是影響其近期預(yù)后的主要因素,發(fā)病率為12.1% ~ 44.7%[1-4]。本文通過回顧性分析解放軍總醫(yī)院2013年196例胰十二指腸切除術(shù)的相關(guān)臨床資料,進(jìn)一步論證胰瘺的發(fā)生情況,并對其相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行分析。
1 一般資料 2013年1 - 12月解放軍總醫(yī)院共完成196例胰十二指腸切除術(shù),其中男性122例,女性74例,男女比例為1.6∶1,年齡(57.0±11.5)歲。原發(fā)病主要包括Vater壺腹癌60例,膽管下段癌48例,胰頭癌35例,胰頭交界性腫瘤23例,十二指腸惡性腫瘤13例,慢性炎癥11例,鉤突部腫瘤6例。首發(fā)癥狀主要有黃疸、腹脹不適、腹痛、發(fā)熱、貧血。25例通過體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)病變。壺腹周圍癌主要以黃疸為主,胰頭交界性腫瘤及鉤突部腫瘤多無明顯臨床癥狀,而十二指腸癌多以貧血或消化道出血就診。本組病人主要合并高血壓(59例)及糖尿病(31例),二者均合并的19例。
2 手術(shù)方案 196例胰十二指腸切除術(shù)中的消化道重建順序均采用胰腸吻合、膽腸吻合、胃(或十二指腸)腸吻合,其中胰腸吻合、膽腸吻合均采用結(jié)腸后位,而胃(或十二指腸)腸吻合采用結(jié)腸前位。不同的是,導(dǎo)管對黏膜的胰腸吻合178例,套入式胰腸吻合18例;胰液外引流61例,胰液內(nèi)引流135例;保留幽門90例,不保留幽門106例;采用布朗吻合40例,未采用布朗吻合156例。
3 胰瘺判定 嚴(yán)格按照2005年國際胰瘺研究小組的胰瘺定義[5]。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,原文中明確指出胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后第3天或術(shù)后3 d后的任何一天的可計量容積的引流液淀粉酶超過正常血清淀粉酶上限3倍即為胰瘺,而非術(shù)后某固定的一天,亦未定義引流量超過50 ml/d,本組病人手術(shù)3 d后均被常規(guī)監(jiān)測引流液淀粉酶,直至出院。術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的感染征象包括發(fā)熱、白細(xì)胞增高、CRP升高等,排除其他原因感染的,但又未進(jìn)行侵入性干預(yù)治療的歸為B級,而采取侵入性治療手段的則歸為C級。其中B、C級胰瘺定義為臨床胰瘺(clinically relevant pancreatic fistula,CRPF)。
4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計軟件分析,數(shù)據(jù)采用±s表示,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。單變量分析根據(jù)情況采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和Fisher's精確概率檢驗(yàn)。將上述有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的變量再引入Logistic回歸模型進(jìn)行多因素分析,選入變量的檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為0.05。
1 胰瘺發(fā)生率及住院情況 196例胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后發(fā)生A級胰瘺62例(31.6%),B級胰瘺53例(27.0%),C級胰瘺11例(5.6%),總體胰瘺共發(fā)生率為64.3%,臨床胰瘺64例,占32.7%。死亡3例(1.5%),均為胰瘺后并發(fā)假性動脈瘤破裂出血引起的多臟器功能衰竭??傋≡簳r間為(29±12.1) d,術(shù)后住院時間為(19.7±11.2) d。
2 胰瘺的單因素及多因素分析 性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、合并高血壓、合并糖尿病、術(shù)前血CA19-9水平、黃疸、血清白蛋白、手術(shù)出血量、胰管直徑、是否保留幽門、胰液引流方式、胰腸吻合方式13個變量中僅有胰管直徑與胰瘺發(fā)生有關(guān),胰管直徑、胰液引流方式與臨床胰瘺發(fā)生有關(guān),而其他11個變量均與胰瘺(包括臨床胰瘺)發(fā)生無關(guān)(表1)。經(jīng)Logistic回歸進(jìn)行多變量分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),胰管直徑≤3 mm是胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后發(fā)生胰瘺的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素,胰管直徑≤3 mm和胰液內(nèi)引流是臨床胰瘺發(fā)生的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素,其中胰管直徑≤3 mm同時是胰瘺和臨床胰瘺的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素。見表2。
表1 影響胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生的單因素分析Tab. 1 Univariate analysis of predictors for pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy (n)
表2 影響胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后胰瘺發(fā)生的Logistic回歸分析Tab. 2 Logistic regression for predictors of pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy
胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后發(fā)生胰瘺一直是學(xué)者們的研究熱點(diǎn),胰瘺的定義亦有很多種類[6-8]。2005年國際胰瘺研究小組對胰瘺的定義已被越來越多的人認(rèn)可。但在實(shí)際中仍然有很多統(tǒng)計不能嚴(yán)格按照該標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這在某種程度上影響了不同中心研究結(jié)果的對比。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后胰瘺主要與胰管直徑有關(guān),直徑≤3 mm的胰管術(shù)后更易發(fā)生胰瘺,而與性別、年齡、BMI、合并高血壓、合并糖尿病、術(shù)前血CA19-9水平、黃疸、血清白蛋白、手術(shù)出血量、是否保留幽門、胰腸吻合方式等無關(guān)[9-11]。主要因?yàn)閿U(kuò)張的胰管多伴有胰腺纖維化,甚至胰腺萎縮,且擴(kuò)張的胰管更易吻合。此外,通過胰管支撐管將胰液引流至體外,減少胰液的滲漏量,進(jìn)一步減少胰液蛋白酶的激活,以此減輕胰瘺的嚴(yán)重程度,可明顯降低術(shù)后臨床胰瘺的發(fā)病率。本研究亦證實(shí)胰液內(nèi)引流是臨床胰瘺的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險因素。
胰腺殘端的吻合方式一直是爭論的焦點(diǎn),但目前越來越多的人采用胰管對空腸黏膜吻合,以保證黏膜對黏膜的生長。Binziad等[12]通過前瞻性研究將胰腸吻合術(shù)分為胰管對空腸黏膜吻合、套入式及胰胃吻合3組,發(fā)現(xiàn)胰管對空腸黏膜吻合更少引起胰瘺[12-13]。<3 mm的胰管進(jìn)行胰腸吻合,需要精湛的顯微外科技術(shù),建議使用6-0或7-0 PDS-Ⅱ縫線,動作輕柔,避免暴力牽拉。也有學(xué)者提出黏膜無縫線的胰空腸吻合方式[14-15]。
臨床胰瘺引起的假性動脈瘤破裂出血是胰十二指腸切除術(shù)后短期內(nèi)的主要死亡原因。本研究中3例死亡均是該原因。因此臨床胰瘺的早期診斷和及時干預(yù)顯得尤為重要,一旦懷疑胰瘺,首選腹部B超、CT進(jìn)一步明確,并可在其引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行腹腔穿刺引流,以免造成更嚴(yán)重的后果[16-19]。
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Prognostic factors for pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy
LIU Qi-yu1, LI Li1, XIA Hong-tian2, ZHANG Wen-zhi2, CAI Shou-wang2, LIU Zhi-wei2, LENG Jian-jun2
1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650031, Yunnan Province, China;2Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
XIA Hong-tian. Email: Xiahongtian115@sina.com
ObjectiveTo explore the morbidity and prognostic factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).MethodsClinical data about 196 consecutive patients who underwent PD in Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013 were recorded retrospectively. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to estimate relative risks.ResultsOf the 196 patients, POPF of grade A occurred in 62 patients (31.6%), grade B in 53 patients (27.0%), grade C in 11 cases (5.6%), with a total incidence of 64.3% (126/196) and the incidence of clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF) was 32.7% (64/196). Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis showed that pancreatic duct diameter and POPF rates were significantly correlated, pancreatic duct diameter≤3 mm was an independent risk factor for POPF. The CR-POPF rate was higher in patients without external pancreatic stent, furthermore, it was also an independent risk factor for CR-POPF.ConclusionPOPF contributes to early postoperative morbidity and pancreatic duct diameter≤3 mm is an independent risk factor of POPF. The external drainage of pancreatic secretion with an external stent across pancreaticojejunal anastomosis can significantly reduce the mortality of CR-POPF and alleviate the severity of POPF.
pancreaticoduodenectomy; pancreatic fistula; complication; pancreatic duct
R 735.9
A
2095-5227(2014)11-1109-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.11.008
時間:2014-07-16 11:02 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140716.1102.002.html
2014-05-26
劉其雨,男,博士,主治醫(yī)師。專業(yè)方向:肝膽外科基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。2013年7月- 2014年7月在解放軍總醫(yī)院肝膽外科進(jìn)修。Email: liuqiyu_12@hotmail.com
夏紅天,男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師。Email: Xiahongtian1 15@sina.com