劉 媛 張 飛 牛瑞芳
·國家基金研究進(jìn)展綜述·
Ebp1在腫瘤增殖和侵襲中的研究進(jìn)展*
劉 媛 張 飛 牛瑞芳
腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性增殖和浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移是影響腫瘤發(fā)展和治療效果的重要因素,了解調(diào)控增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移的影響因子及其分子機(jī)制對腫瘤早期的診斷和臨床治療意義重大。本文系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了增殖相關(guān)蛋白PA2G4(proliferation associated 2G4)家族成員Ebp1在多種腫瘤中的表達(dá)情況及其對細(xì)胞周期、細(xì)胞凋亡和分化、細(xì)胞遷移等方面的影響,并歸納了Ebp1影響腫瘤增殖和遷移的分子機(jī)制。Ebp在多種腫瘤中表達(dá)降低且與腫瘤的增殖和遷移呈負(fù)相關(guān),并主要通過抑制周期相關(guān)蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄、調(diào)控影響腫瘤發(fā)展的信號通路。
Ebp1 腫瘤進(jìn)展 增殖 細(xì)胞周期 侵襲
近些年來腫瘤的發(fā)病率和死亡率日益增加,成為人類健康的最大威脅之一[1],而轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生則是影響腫瘤預(yù)后的重要因素。Ebp1是在研究ErbB3信號通路過程中,通過酵母雙雜交技術(shù)分離得到的ErbB3的結(jié)合蛋白[2],后證實(shí)該蛋白由人PA2G4基因編碼,與鼠細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控蛋白p38-2G4同源[3]。Ebp1不但在人類正常細(xì)胞如造血細(xì)胞中存在,而且在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中異常表達(dá),如前列腺癌[4]、膀胱癌[5]、乳腺癌[6]等,且與腫瘤的病理分級、臨床分期和預(yù)后關(guān)系密切。研究證實(shí)Ebp1通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長、分化和凋亡來影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移[7]。
Ebp1由394個(gè)氨基酸組成,分子量約為43kD,其中C端包含5個(gè)酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ的磷酸化位點(diǎn)和6個(gè)蛋白激酶C的磷酸化位點(diǎn),同時(shí)也是與其他分子發(fā)生相互作用區(qū)域,其中Ebp1第360位絲氨酸的磷酸化是調(diào)節(jié)其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)定位的決定因素。Ebp1的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)為四棱體P41212或P43212結(jié)構(gòu)[8],餅狀折疊,結(jié)構(gòu)與酶相同但無活性,此外,Ebp1結(jié)構(gòu)上有RNA的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),受C端絲氨酸360位磷酸化的調(diào)節(jié)[9]。
Ebp1的編碼基因PA2G4與鼠細(xì)胞周期蛋白的編碼基因p38-2G4同源,因此,Ebp1可以調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡。Horvath等[10]2006年證實(shí)了改變stEbp1(馬鈴薯中提取的人類Ebp1的同源體)蛋白表達(dá)量可以影響植物的生長,在發(fā)育早期stEbp1可以縮短細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)間從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖;而在分裂后期則可以引起細(xì)胞膨脹。在人類前列腺癌[4]、口腔癌[11]、肝癌[12]等細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)Ebp1將會抑制細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移。隨著研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ebp1的兩種亞型對腫瘤存在相反的作用。2007年Liu等[13]首次報(bào)道Ebp1包括兩種亞型p48和p42,二者在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的定位有所差異,而且對細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)作用也不同。p48定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核,其過表達(dá)能夠抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,并促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖;而p42主要定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì),能夠促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分化,其過表達(dá)則會抑制細(xì)胞增殖,目前的研究認(rèn)為Ebp1在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的生物學(xué)作用主要依賴p42的作用。
2.1 Ebp1在腫瘤中的表達(dá)
Ebp1作為抑癌因子在多種腫瘤中異常表達(dá),且與正常組織相比表達(dá)水平均有明顯的降低。研究證實(shí)在賁門癌[14]、前列腺癌[15]、乳腺癌[16]、人唾液腺樣囊性癌[17-18]、膀胱癌[5]和肝癌[12]中,Ebp1的mRNA水平和蛋白表達(dá)水平較正常組織均降低,而且Ebp1表達(dá)水平與腫瘤的病理分級及臨床分期呈正相關(guān)。此外,在轉(zhuǎn)移性腺樣囊性癌組織中,Ebp1的表達(dá)較正常組織有明顯的降低,提示Ebp1的表達(dá)與腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移正相關(guān)[17]。隨著研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ebp1不同亞型在腫瘤中的表達(dá)有所差異。Kim等[19]證實(shí)了膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中p48亞型特異性高表達(dá),導(dǎo)致預(yù)后較差。
2.2 Ebp1對腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的影響
研究表明Ebp1的生物學(xué)功能與腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖密切相關(guān),過表達(dá)Ebp1將會導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖能力明顯降低,相反地,特異性干擾Ebp1的表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長,這在多種腫瘤中已經(jīng)得到證實(shí),如He等[5]證實(shí)了高表達(dá)Ebp1將導(dǎo)致G0/G1期阻滯,從而抑制了膀胱癌細(xì)胞的增殖。Zhang等[15]在前列腺癌細(xì)胞LNCaP中過表達(dá)Ebp1,抑制了ErbB3配體heregulin(HRG)導(dǎo)致的AKT磷酸化,進(jìn)而抑制了細(xì)胞的增殖;相反,特異性干擾Ebp1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)了HRG誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞增殖。同樣的,在ErbB2/3陽性的乳腺癌細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)Ebp1,抑制了HRG誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞增殖[20]。Mei等[11]也在口腔癌中證實(shí)了Ebp1抑制腫瘤增殖,研究表明在口腔癌細(xì)胞高密度培養(yǎng)條件下,Ebp1發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)位,促進(jìn)平足蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。此外,Ebp1不同亞型對腫瘤增殖的影響有所不同,p42調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期抑制細(xì)胞增殖,而p48則調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生存促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖[19,21]。
2.3 Ebp1對腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的影響
近些年的研究表明,Ebp1不但影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,而且調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲,這為解決腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的難題開辟了新的思路。Sun等[17]比較了唾液腺樣囊性癌原發(fā)病灶組織和轉(zhuǎn)移病灶包括淋巴、肺和神經(jīng)組織中Ebp1含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶組織中Ebp1的表達(dá)量低于原發(fā)病灶,進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)Ebp1調(diào)控細(xì)胞動力和侵襲因子如MMP9、E-Cadherin和ICAM-1的表達(dá)。Ebp1還可以影響前列腺癌的遷移和侵襲能力,Zhang等[22]證實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌細(xì)胞中Ebp1表達(dá)降低導(dǎo)致前梯度蛋白2(anterior gradient protein2,AGR2)轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制作用減弱,促進(jìn)腫瘤的遷移和侵襲。Ebp1對腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的抑制作用也在肝癌[12]、非小細(xì)胞肺癌[11]、腦腫瘤[19]中得到證實(shí)。
2.4 Ebp1對腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和分化的影響
腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡和分化對腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展意義重大,研究證實(shí)Ebp1在調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡和分化方面有一定作用。Ebp1被蛋白激酶C(Protein kinase C,PKC)磷酸化后發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)位,抑制凋亡DNA的修復(fù),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存和分化[23]。當(dāng)降表達(dá)Ebp1或抑制其磷酸化位點(diǎn)后,凋亡DNA發(fā)生修復(fù)和分化,細(xì)胞生存能力增強(qiáng)[24]。進(jìn)一步研究表明不同亞型Ebp1在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡和分化過程中作用截然相反,在前列腺癌細(xì)胞PC12中p48抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,而p42抑制細(xì)胞分化。Okada等[21]也證實(shí)了p42與p48分別調(diào)節(jié)前列腺癌細(xì)胞的生存和增殖。
2.5 Ebp1調(diào)控腫瘤增殖和侵襲的分子機(jī)制
2.5.1 與抑癌基因Rb、Sin3A(Paired amphipathic helix protein)、HDAC2(組織蛋白去乙?;?)形成轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制復(fù)合體 HRG處理腫瘤細(xì)胞后,Ebp1與ErbB3分離發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)位,與Rb蛋白[25]、Sin3A[26]和HDAC2[27]形成轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制復(fù)合體,從而抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F1和周期相關(guān)蛋白CyclinD1、CyclinE啟動子的轉(zhuǎn)錄,誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞分化。進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)Ebp1通過C端72個(gè)氨基酸與Rb、HADC2結(jié)合,且在MCF-7細(xì)胞中通過Rb與E2F1間接結(jié)合,Sin3A通過C端HDAC2結(jié)合域與Ebp1結(jié)合,形成轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制復(fù)合體,參與轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控,從而對腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖發(fā)揮作用[28]。
2.5.2 與B23結(jié)合抑制凋亡 B23蛋白是公認(rèn)的腫瘤標(biāo)志物和癌基因,表達(dá)增加可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和生存。Okada等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)Ebp1-p42亞型特異性與B23相互作用,在EGF刺激下發(fā)生Ser360磷酸化與B23結(jié)合,而p48與B23持續(xù)性結(jié)合且不依賴與B23類泛素化。但是,B23未類泛素化的突變體在無EGF刺激下也可促進(jìn)p42的核轉(zhuǎn)位并發(fā)生相互作用。沉默Ebp1或B23的表達(dá),將會抑制核糖體的生物合成和細(xì)胞增殖[21]。
2.5.3 Ebp1-Foxa-AGR2信號通路調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移能力 發(fā)育性基因前梯度蛋白2(anterior gradient protein 2,AGR2)失調(diào)與前列腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移性表型有關(guān),AGR2高表達(dá)可提高非轉(zhuǎn)移性的前列腺癌LNCaP細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力;而降低轉(zhuǎn)移性的衍生物中AGR2表達(dá)可抑制其侵襲。有研究顯示,Ebpl可以抑制AGR2轉(zhuǎn)錄,降低LNCaP的轉(zhuǎn)移能力;而降表達(dá)Ebpl后,F(xiàn)oxal和Foxa2激活A(yù)GR2啟動子,AGR2表達(dá)增加,腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng)。在前列腺癌和原位癌中,Ebpl和AGR2表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。這個(gè)研究揭示了Ebpl-Foxa-AGR2信號通路與轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌間存在的功能性聯(lián)系[22]。
2.5.4 與絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶Akt結(jié)合 核內(nèi)Akt在細(xì)胞生存和凋亡中起重要作用,PKC激活Ebp1發(fā)生磷酸化并入核與Akt結(jié)合。Ebp1是凋亡蛋白酶的作用基質(zhì),當(dāng)從第一個(gè)ATG翻譯的p42抑制了凋亡的發(fā)生,而從第二個(gè)ATG翻譯的p48則被降解,PKC的磷酸化抑制了腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[29]。HRG誘導(dǎo)的Akt激活在Ebpl穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染產(chǎn)物中下調(diào),但是轉(zhuǎn)染激活的Akt后能夠恢復(fù)細(xì)胞對Heregulin的反應(yīng)性生長[30]。
2.5.5 調(diào)節(jié)podoplanin蛋白表達(dá) podoplanin蛋白在多種腫瘤中廣泛表達(dá),可以促進(jìn)OSCC的腫瘤發(fā)展,惡性腫瘤中,Ebp1的低表達(dá)促進(jìn)podoplanin的表達(dá)。在大多數(shù)OSCC腫瘤細(xì)胞系低密度培養(yǎng)時(shí)podoplanin蛋白表達(dá)量極低,但是當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞密度高時(shí)podoplanin蛋白表達(dá)量和mRNA量均升高。上調(diào)Ebp1表達(dá)量,Ebp1入核與podoplanin蛋白啟動子結(jié)合促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯。相反,下調(diào)Ebp1后podoplanin蛋白水平降低,同時(shí)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖侵襲能力降低[18]。臨床81例病例分析表明Ebp1與OSCC惡性程度相關(guān)[11]。
2.5.6 調(diào)節(jié)HDM2-P53 Ebp1的兩個(gè)亞型P42和p48在腫瘤進(jìn)展中有著相反的生物學(xué)作用,Kim等[19]證實(shí)在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中P48可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的增殖和侵襲能力,p48通過與周期相關(guān)蛋白p53的E3連接酶HDM2結(jié)合促進(jìn)p53的類泛素化降解,從而降低p53的表達(dá),抑制損傷DNA修復(fù),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移。
Ebp1、ErbB3結(jié)合蛋白,廣泛表達(dá)于植物、真核生物及人類正常和腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi),參與調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯等過程,影響細(xì)胞增殖和分化,尤其對于探索腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展意義重大。研究證實(shí)降表達(dá)Ebp1后,腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖能力和遷移侵襲能力增強(qiáng),提示Ebp1可能是一種抑癌因子。隨著研究的深入,Ebp1不同亞型在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中相反的生物學(xué)作用為Ebp1在腫瘤中的角色進(jìn)行了重新定位。p42抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展而p48促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,其中的分子機(jī)制雖得到一定的解析,但尚不明確。p42和p48不同的生物學(xué)作用可能是其參與的分子通路不同所致,也可能是與不同的調(diào)控因子發(fā)生相互作用有關(guān),尚需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。因此,探討和分析Ebp1不同亞型調(diào)控腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制是未來Ebp1研究的熱點(diǎn),也有望為腫瘤基因治療開拓新的道路。
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(2014-08-19收稿)
(2014-10-26修回)
(本文編輯:鄭莉)
Development of Ebp1 in tumor proliferation and invasion
Yuan LIU,Fei ZHANG,Ruifang NIU
Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China
Ruifang NIU;E-mail:niuruifang@tjmuch.com
This work summarizes the research development and molecular mechanism of Ebp1,a member of the proliferation-associated 2G4 family,in tumor proliferation and invasion.This research serves as a basis and support for further research on the mechanism of tumor proliferation and invasion.The low expression of Ebp1 in various cancers promotes tumor proliferation and invasion.Ebp1 inhibits E2F1,cyclin D1,and cyclin E transcription by interacting with Rb,human histone deacetylase 2,and the transcriptional repressor Sin3A.This inhibition triggers cell cycle arrest and suppresses cell proliferation.Ebp1 also influences cancer invasion and migration.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unknown and require further exploration.
Ebp1,tumor progression,proliferation,cell cycle,invasion
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20141418
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(天津市300060)
*本文課題受國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號:81071731,81372844)資助
牛瑞芳 niuruifang@tjmuch.com
This work was supported by the Natural Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81071731 and 81372844)
劉媛 專業(yè)方向?yàn)樯锘瘜W(xué)與分子生物學(xué)。
E-mail:Liuyuan306@126.com