陳俊男等
[摘要]目的:觀察新西蘭兔注射肉毒毒素后,局部肌肉及神經(jīng)組織超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化特點(diǎn),為把A 型肉毒毒素充分利用于臨床實(shí)踐提供重要的組織形態(tài)學(xué)依據(jù)及指導(dǎo)依據(jù)。方法:選雄性新西蘭白兔32只,隨機(jī)分為A組和B組,每組各16只。選擇耳前肌為注射部位,右側(cè)耳前肌注射0.05ml(2.5U)注射用 A 型肉毒毒素,其中A組注射新鮮配置好的A型肉毒毒素,B組注射配置后儲(chǔ)存2 周的A型肉毒毒素;左側(cè)耳前肌注射等量生理鹽水作為對(duì)照。A、B組各隨機(jī)分為2組,每組8只,分別于注射后第5天和第12周進(jìn)行其肌肉組織活檢,對(duì)照側(cè)同時(shí)間點(diǎn)取活檢。行肌肉、神經(jīng)組織電鏡觀察。結(jié)果:肌肉電鏡觀察結(jié)果:在注射后早期(第 5天),新鮮及儲(chǔ)存的A型肉毒毒素對(duì)肌肉的影響無(wú)顯著性差異;在注射后晚期(第12周),新鮮及儲(chǔ)存的A型肉毒毒素比較,兩者造成的肌肉萎縮程度無(wú)顯著性差異。神經(jīng)電鏡觀察結(jié)果:A型肉毒毒素注射后神經(jīng)改變與上述肌肉改變同。結(jié)論:通過(guò)電鏡觀察注射A型肉毒毒素后的局部肌肉、神經(jīng),可以理想地觀察單個(gè)目的肌肉及神經(jīng)的超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化特點(diǎn),并且發(fā)現(xiàn)儲(chǔ)存2周的A型肉毒毒素與新鮮的A型肉毒毒素比較,兩者效價(jià)基本相同,為A型肉毒毒素在臨床開展相關(guān)研究及應(yīng)用提供了新的思路。
[關(guān)鍵詞]A型肉毒毒素;超微結(jié)構(gòu);變性;電鏡
[中圖分類號(hào)]R62 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2014)17-1445-04
Changes of ultrastructure of muscle and nerve in New Zealand white rabbits after injected with botulinum toxin
CHEN Jun-nan1,LI Zhi-hua1,LV Xiao-jie1,HU Xiao-chun1,WANG Yi1,LV Chuan2,SONG Jian-xing2,TIAN Xiao-chen1
(1.Department of Plastic,General Hospital of Second Artillery of PLA,Beijing 100088,China;2.Department of Plastic Surgery,Changhai Hospital,The Second Military Medical University of PLA, Shanghai 200433,China)
Abstract: Objective To observe the ultrastructural changes of muscle and nerve of New Zealand White Rabbits after injected with botulinum toxin in order to provide scientific base of histomorphology for clinical use of botulinum toxin type A. Methods Totally 32 male New Zealand White rabbits were randomized divided into group A(16) and group B(16),and anterior auricular muscle was used for injections. Each right anterior auricular muscle received the injection of 2.5U BTXA, Group A received the injection of freshly reconstituted BTXA while group B received the injection of stored (for 2 weeks)BTXA, and left anterior auricular muscle of the same rabbit with the same amount of saline as controls.Group A(16) were randomized divided into two groups which included 8 rabbits each.Group B(16) were randomized divided into two groups which included 8 rabbits each.Muscles and motor nerves were harvested at 5 days (early period) and 12 weeks (late period) respectively after BTXA injection, and left anterior auricular muscle was separated for histological analysis.Alterations in muscle and nerve ultrastructure were evaluated with electron microscopy. Results Degeneration findings in muscle after botulinum toxin injection revealed no significant difference between freshly reconstituted and stored toxin in the early period(the fifth day).When stored (for 2 weeks) toxin was used, atrophic changes in the muscle were the same as the fresh toxin at 12 weeks.On nerve evaluation, the changes on nerve ultrastructure shows similar degeneration as the muscle. Conclusion Injecting Botulinum toxin type A into local muscle and evaluated with electron microscopy is a reasonable way to evaluate alterations in destination muscle and nerve ultrastructure.It seems that stored BTXA for 2 weeks and freshly reconstituted BTXA has the same initial potency,and it provides a new study and treatment for clinical research.
Key words:botulinum toxin A; ultrastructure; degeneration; electron microscopy
A型肉毒毒素(Botulinum Toxin A,BTXA)作為一種神經(jīng)毒素,可選擇性地作用于周圍運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)末梢,抑制乙酰膽堿的釋放、融合和??浚a(chǎn)生化學(xué)去神經(jīng)作用,導(dǎo)致肌肉松弛麻痹[1-2]。A 型肉毒毒素用于面部美容除皺始于20世紀(jì)90年代初。由于獨(dú)特的除皺功效,目前注射用A型肉毒毒素(BTXA) 在國(guó)內(nèi)已成為較為廣泛應(yīng)用的面部美容生物制品,應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛[3]。A 型肉毒毒素制造商建議:根據(jù)制品特性,應(yīng)將A 型肉毒毒素儲(chǔ)存于 -20℃~-5℃冰箱,生理鹽水配置后宜在4h內(nèi)使用,否則會(huì)影響其效價(jià)[4-7]。由于小劑量A 型肉毒毒素即可產(chǎn)生巨大效應(yīng),如此會(huì)有相當(dāng)一部分A 型肉毒毒素剩余,造成制劑的浪費(fèi),處理不當(dāng)更會(huì)污染環(huán)境。國(guó)外已有研究機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)新鮮和儲(chǔ)存A 型肉毒毒素效價(jià)進(jìn)行了對(duì)照研究,但針對(duì)肌注肉毒毒素神經(jīng)、肌肉組織超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化的研究鮮有報(bào)道。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)針對(duì)這方面在動(dòng)物身上進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),研究新鮮和儲(chǔ)存A 型肉毒毒素對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)和神經(jīng)支配肌肉的超微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,以期為今后臨床應(yīng)用提供可靠依據(jù)。
1 材料和方法
1.1材料:實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物:新西蘭白兔32只,普通型,健康,雄性,體重1.5~2kg,由上海第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供。實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑:A型肉毒毒素由蘭州生物制品研究所研制,商品名為“衡力”,凍干結(jié)晶肉毒毒素,規(guī)格為100U/瓶,該制劑臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,安全性及有效性較高[8];75%乙醇等化學(xué)試劑均購(gòu)自上海長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院。實(shí)驗(yàn)器材:LKB-Ⅱ超薄切片機(jī),瑞士制造;日立 H800 透射電子顯微鏡,日本制造。
1.2動(dòng)物模型制備和分組:新西蘭白兔32只,實(shí)驗(yàn)前兩周購(gòu)入,單籠喂養(yǎng),混合飲食,動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)于SPF級(jí)環(huán)境下進(jìn)食消毒顆粒飼料,飲消毒水,室溫(23±0)℃,濕度56%,12h/12h間隔照明,定期紫外線消毒與排風(fēng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中對(duì)動(dòng)物處置符合2006年科學(xué)技術(shù)部發(fā)布的關(guān)于善待實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的指導(dǎo)性意見[9]。平均體重為1.80kg。術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食。本實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物被隨機(jī)分成A組(16只)和B組(16只),各組動(dòng)物均取右耳注射A型肉毒毒素,左側(cè)耳前肌注射等量生理鹽水作為對(duì)照。每安瓿A型肉毒毒素含 100U,使用前用生理鹽水 2ml 稀釋配置成50U/ml。配好制劑即刻注射,剩余儲(chǔ)存于 4℃冷藏箱內(nèi),儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間為2周。選擇新西蘭白兔右耳耳前肌為注射部位,耳前肌的起始處附著于同側(cè)額骨,距離內(nèi)眥約 2cm,止于同側(cè)耳腹內(nèi)側(cè)肌緣(距耳基底3cm左右),其最小安全劑量為2.5U[10]。A組局部注射新鮮配置好的A型肉毒毒素0.05ml(2.5U), B組注射配置后儲(chǔ)存2周的A型肉毒毒素0.05ml(2.5U)。A、B組各隨機(jī)分為2組,每組8只,分別于注射后第5天和第12周進(jìn)行其肌肉組織活檢,對(duì)照側(cè)同時(shí)間點(diǎn)取活檢。行肌肉、神經(jīng)組織電鏡觀察。
1.3組織活檢:每組左側(cè)耳前肌作為自身對(duì)照組(G0),A組隨機(jī)分為2組,每組8只(設(shè)為G1、G2),分別于注射后第5天和第12周進(jìn)行其肌肉組織活檢,B組隨機(jī)分為2組,每組8只(設(shè)為G3 、G4),分別于注射后第5天和第12周進(jìn)行其肌肉組織活檢,對(duì)照組同時(shí)間點(diǎn)取活檢。耳前肌活檢采用縱行切口,鈍性分離,垂直切斷取出。取下的耳前肌及神經(jīng)均置于4%多聚甲醛固定4h以上;后將組織用磷酸緩沖液(PBS)0.1mol/L漂洗;鋨酸1%固定2h后用PBS漂洗;梯度(30%、50%、70%、90%及100%)丙酮脫水;用環(huán)氧樹脂包埋、聚合等;LKB-Ⅱ超薄切片機(jī)切片,最后行日立H800透射電子顯微鏡觀察。
1.4神經(jīng)、肌肉組織學(xué)觀察:分別觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組的神經(jīng)、肌肉標(biāo)本。主要觀察指標(biāo):肌肉萎縮指標(biāo)包括A-I帶溶解/消失、Z線溶解/消失、細(xì)胞核遷移、肌原纖維溶解和肌纖維變性等[13]。神經(jīng)的華勒(氏)變性指標(biāo)包括髓鞘松散/溶解、Schwann細(xì)胞漿變性、軸索松散/溶解、無(wú)髓神經(jīng)松散/溶解和基質(zhì)變性等。上述樣本采用半定量評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[11]評(píng)估變性的數(shù)量和程度。未觀察到任何變性計(jì)0分;觀察到明顯的變性計(jì)5分。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理:對(duì)電鏡觀察結(jié)果采用χ2檢驗(yàn)( Kruskal-Wallis Test)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,P<0.05為差異有顯著性意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1肌肉組織學(xué)觀察結(jié)果:①每組左側(cè)耳前肌作為自身對(duì)照,對(duì)照組(G0)耳前肌肌肉結(jié)構(gòu)正常,無(wú)變性表現(xiàn)(P>0.05);②A組新鮮的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G1)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的肌肉變性(P<0.001);③A組新鮮肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G2)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的肌肉變性(P<0.001);④B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G3)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的肌肉變性(P=0.001);⑤B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G4)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的肌肉變性(P=0.003);⑥A組新鮮的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G1)同B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G3)比較,二者肌肉變性程度無(wú)顯著差別(P=0.142);⑦A組新鮮肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G2)和B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G4)比較,電鏡觀察的超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化結(jié)果同上(P=0.621)。肌肉變性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分見表1。
2.2神經(jīng)組織學(xué)觀察結(jié)果:①每組左側(cè)耳前肌作為自身對(duì)照,對(duì)照側(cè)的耳前肌神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)正常,無(wú)變性表現(xiàn)(P>0.05);②A組新鮮的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G1)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的神經(jīng)變性(P<0.001);③A組新鮮肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G2)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的神經(jīng)變性(P=0.003)④B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G3)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的神經(jīng)變性(P=0.001);⑤B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G4)與對(duì)照組比較表現(xiàn)為明顯的神經(jīng)變性(P=0.003);⑥A組新鮮的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G1)同B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射早期組(G3)比較,二者神經(jīng)變性程度無(wú)顯著差別(P=0.070);⑦A組新鮮肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G2)和B組儲(chǔ)存2周的肉毒毒素注射晚期組(G4)比較,電鏡觀察的超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化結(jié)果同上(P=0.477)。神經(jīng)變性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分見表2。
3 討論
肉毒毒素制造商建議:配置后A型肉毒毒素(BTXA)使用時(shí)間宜控制在4h內(nèi),原因是神經(jīng)毒素的活性會(huì)隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而下降。這項(xiàng)用藥指南讓很多注射醫(yī)生面臨兩難抉擇:一方面由于小劑量的BTXA即可產(chǎn)生巨大效應(yīng),如此會(huì)有相當(dāng)一部分 BTXA 剩余,造成制劑的浪費(fèi),處理不當(dāng)更會(huì)污染環(huán)境;另一方面,因?yàn)?h內(nèi)使用這一狹窄的時(shí)間范圍,醫(yī)生需要花費(fèi)很多心思來(lái)安排足夠多的患者在這個(gè)時(shí)限內(nèi)完成注射,但往往事與愿違。所以國(guó)內(nèi)、外已有不少臨床醫(yī)生采取將未用完的A型肉毒毒素存儲(chǔ)起來(lái)以備后續(xù)使用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)儲(chǔ)存BTXA的相關(guān)效價(jià)展開對(duì)比研究,以期指導(dǎo)肉毒毒素在臨床上的應(yīng)用。
國(guó)外已有關(guān)于肉毒毒素臨床應(yīng)用觀察的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,證實(shí)了儲(chǔ)存一定時(shí)間的BTXA,其生物學(xué)活性未受明顯影響。Garcia 和 Fulton[12]研究將新鮮配好的 BTXA與儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間依次為 1、2和4周的BTXA 對(duì)比,通過(guò)物理檢查等方法主觀評(píng)價(jià)BTXA 治療的患者,得出了新鮮與儲(chǔ)存BTXA在效價(jià)上無(wú)明顯差別的結(jié)論。1997 年,Sloop等[13]也做過(guò)類似實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象為 8例患者的指 (趾) 短伸肌,行肌電圖描記結(jié)果,得出新鮮與儲(chǔ)存 2周的BTXA 的效價(jià)無(wú)顯著性差異的結(jié)論。Jabor等[14]用新西蘭白兔模型來(lái)比較新鮮和儲(chǔ)存BTXA的效價(jià)。此項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)將新鮮BTXA與分別儲(chǔ)存了 2、6、12 周的 BTXA 比較,采用電生理學(xué)等實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,得出新鮮和儲(chǔ)存的BTXA原始效價(jià)相同的結(jié)論。近年來(lái),Thomas and Siupsinskiene[15]進(jìn)行了肉毒毒素治療43例喉肌痙攣患者的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,他們得出結(jié)論:平均儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間約為2.4周的肉毒毒素,其效價(jià)同新鮮肉毒毒素相比無(wú)顯著性差異。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物被隨機(jī)分成A組(16只)和B組(16只),各組動(dòng)物均取右耳注射,左側(cè)耳前肌注射等量生理鹽水作為對(duì)照。并通過(guò)超微電鏡觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)得出:儲(chǔ)存2周的BTXA與新鮮BTXA比較,二者對(duì)神經(jīng)、肌肉變性的影響基本相同。
那么,配置好的A型肉毒毒素必須要在4h才時(shí)間窗口期內(nèi)使用嗎?本實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí):儲(chǔ)存的BTXA與新鮮的BTXA比較,二者均能導(dǎo)致肌肉、神經(jīng)變性,且變性情況無(wú)明顯差別。這一實(shí)驗(yàn)得出結(jié)論:儲(chǔ)存一定時(shí)間的A型肉毒毒素,其效價(jià)未受影響,且無(wú)副反應(yīng)發(fā)生。關(guān)于肉毒毒素的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)國(guó)外已有研究。國(guó)內(nèi)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)鮮有開展,且關(guān)于肉毒毒素儲(chǔ)存后藥品成分變化,應(yīng)進(jìn)行生化實(shí)驗(yàn)等進(jìn)一步研究。
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[收稿日期]2014-07-20 [修回日期]2014-08-20
編輯/何志斌