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基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶及其抑制劑在風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣狹窄合并心房纖顫中的作用

2014-04-15 06:27:44隋璽仲高長(zhǎng)青
關(guān)鍵詞:纖顫風(fēng)濕性胞外基質(zhì)

隋璽仲,高長(zhǎng)青

解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院/解放軍總醫(yī)院 心血管外科,北京 100853

基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶及其抑制劑在風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣狹窄合并心房纖顫中的作用

隋璽仲,高長(zhǎng)青

解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院/解放軍總醫(yī)院 心血管外科,北京 100853

心房纖顫是臨床上較為普遍的一種心律失常,心房纖顫時(shí)可加重風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣瓣膜狹窄的程度。房顫對(duì)心臟瓣膜的破壞主要表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)正常結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞,膠原沉積增多,各型膠原比例失調(diào)和排列紊亂。影響細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)代謝的最主要的酶類是基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)和金屬蛋白酶內(nèi)源性組織抑制劑(tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases,TIMPs)。心房纖顫時(shí)MMPs、TIMPs平衡失調(diào)使心臟瓣膜破壞,Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型膠原沉積增多,排列紊亂。MMP 9和TIMP 2是心房纖顫發(fā)生后MMPs和TIMPs中表達(dá)最具有意義的指標(biāo)。本文通過(guò)對(duì)心房纖顫后心臟瓣膜組織中MMP 9和TIMP 2異常表達(dá)的研究進(jìn)行綜述,以了解心房纖顫對(duì)風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣瓣膜影響的程度。

風(fēng)濕性心臟瓣膜??;心房纖顫;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶;金屬蛋白酶內(nèi)源性組織抑制劑

心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)是一種臨床上最為常見(jiàn)的心律失常,中國(guó)房顫流行病學(xué)調(diào)查的結(jié)果顯示我國(guó)房顫患病率為0.77%,其發(fā)病率隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)而明顯上升。35歲以上房顫的患病率男性為0.74%,女性為0.72%; 60歲以上男女患病率分別增長(zhǎng)至1.83%和1.92%,且上升趨勢(shì)明顯[1]。風(fēng)濕性心臟瓣膜病,尤其是二尖瓣狹窄的患者,常常表現(xiàn)為充血性心衰以及左心房擴(kuò)大,這些均是引起房顫的極高危因素。心房纖顫可加重二尖瓣瓣膜的病變,破壞細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),使膠原沉積增多,膠原比例失調(diào)和排列紊亂[2]?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)和金屬蛋白酶內(nèi)源性組織抑制劑(tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases,TIMPs)是反映心房纖顫對(duì)二尖瓣瓣膜破壞程度的最重要酶類,其中MMP 9和TIMP 2是這些酶中表達(dá)最具有意義的指標(biāo),本文對(duì)其機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述[3]。

1 心房纖顫對(duì)心臟瓣膜的影響

心房?jī)?nèi)正常血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的表現(xiàn)為血流對(duì)二尖瓣瓣膜僅存在垂直方向的血流壓力,在左心室舒張時(shí),二尖瓣開(kāi)放,血流在二尖瓣表面產(chǎn)生垂直向下的壓力;在左心室收縮時(shí),二尖瓣關(guān)閉,血液流動(dòng)方向發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn),血流在二尖瓣表面產(chǎn)生垂直向上的剪切力[4]。風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣狹窄發(fā)生心房纖顫后,左心房?jī)?nèi)血液發(fā)生湍流,而湍流性血流對(duì)二尖瓣產(chǎn)生雜亂性剪切力,雜亂無(wú)序的合力直接造成瓣膜組織的損傷;此外湍流性血流導(dǎo)致血液黏性增大,在凝血因子、凝血酶原及纖維蛋白原等作用下,極易形成血栓。當(dāng)血栓附著于二尖瓣瓣膜時(shí),纖溶系統(tǒng)被激活,在分解瓣膜表面血栓的同時(shí),破壞了瓣膜表面的黏膜,刺激瓣膜發(fā)生充血、水腫等炎性改變,炎性滲出物、纖維蛋白沉積、纖維素樣壞死導(dǎo)致二尖瓣瓣膜的僵硬、攣縮、鈣化,進(jìn)一步加重風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣瓣膜的病變[5]。

心房纖顫可促進(jìn)二尖瓣瓣膜組織間質(zhì)的膠原代謝增強(qiáng),膠原沉積增多,各型膠原比例失調(diào)和排列紊亂[6]。心房纖顫導(dǎo)致心臟容量負(fù)荷或機(jī)械負(fù)荷增大,Ⅰ/Ⅲ型膠原比例失調(diào),瓣膜膠原網(wǎng)架改建,瓣膜組織間質(zhì)纖維化,加重了瓣膜組織的硬化與畸形程度[7]。Patel等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心房纖顫發(fā)生后,心臟瓣膜組織中Ⅰ型膠原可增加15% ~40%,Ⅲ型膠原可增加10% ~ 35%,Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型膠原同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為Ⅳ型膠原,Ⅳ型膠原的表達(dá)數(shù)量可較正常瓣膜組織中增加50% ~ 80%。

2 心房纖顫對(duì)心臟瓣膜分子結(jié)構(gòu)的改變

心房纖顫對(duì)心臟瓣膜分子結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,主要表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)正常結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞、膠原沉積增多、各型膠原比例失調(diào)和排列紊亂[9]。

2.1 細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM) 細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)是細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞之間的物質(zhì),是由大分子構(gòu)成的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò),與組織結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性相關(guān)[10]。影響ECM代謝最主要的酶類是基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶和金屬蛋白酶內(nèi)源性組織抑制劑11]。MMPs是一種Zn2+依賴性的中性蛋白酶結(jié)構(gòu),又稱為“鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)”,其主要功能是與ECM的各種蛋白成分結(jié)合,降解和重構(gòu)ECM,維持ECM的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡[12]。TIMPs是MMPs的內(nèi)源性特異性抑制劑,主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地抑制MMPs的Zn2+活性位點(diǎn)與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合,抑制催化反應(yīng)和啟動(dòng)子的激活,形成較穩(wěn)定的硫化螯合物,從而抑制MMPs活性和其蛋白水解活性[13-14]。

MMP 9是MMPs家族中的對(duì)心房纖顫反應(yīng)較為敏感的指標(biāo),而TIMP 2是MMP 9的特異性抑制因子[15]。MMP 9的活性受到TIMP 2的嚴(yán)格調(diào)控,TIMP 2對(duì)MMP 9起特異性抑制作用,保持MMP 9/TIMP 2的穩(wěn)態(tài)是保證心臟瓣膜內(nèi)部分子結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的關(guān)鍵[16]。在正常生理?xiàng)l件下,由于明膠和彈性蛋白的作用,機(jī)體二尖瓣瓣膜組織也可產(chǎn)生一定的纖維化和鈣化[17]。此時(shí)機(jī)體自身調(diào)節(jié)反應(yīng)激活,MMP 9表達(dá)升高,以酶原形式分泌到細(xì)胞外,通過(guò)纖維蛋白溶酶與二尖瓣瓣膜組織中的明膠和彈性蛋白相結(jié)合,水解彈性蛋白和明膠,改善心臟瓣膜纖維化和鈣化[18]。MMP 9增高到一定程度后,TIMP 2被激活,TIMP 2水平升高,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地與Zn2+結(jié)合,使MMP 9的蛋白結(jié)合位點(diǎn)被占據(jù),抑制MMP 9的過(guò)度表達(dá),使得MMP 9/TIMP 2保持穩(wěn)態(tài),心臟瓣膜內(nèi)部分子結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定,保持心臟瓣膜的彈性與功能[19]。

2.2 膠原結(jié)構(gòu)的異常 心房纖顫發(fā)生后,心臟瓣膜損傷加重,MMP 9的表達(dá)異常升高,TIMP 2受到心房纖顫影響,其表達(dá)受到抑制,MMP 9/TIMP 2的穩(wěn)態(tài)破壞[20-21]。異常表達(dá)的MMP 9過(guò)度水解心臟瓣膜的彈性蛋白和明膠,導(dǎo)致心臟瓣膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,大量纖維素生成,纖維蛋白沉積,與Ca2+結(jié)合后,心臟瓣膜發(fā)生僵硬、攣縮、鈣化,心臟瓣膜狹窄程度加重[22]。Chiao等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),房顫發(fā)生后,MMP 9的表達(dá)增加,TIMP 2的表達(dá)下降,MMP 9的活性蛋白表達(dá)可增加4 ~ 5倍,而TIMP 2的表達(dá)下降到40%左右。通過(guò)測(cè)定MMP 9和TIMP 2的表達(dá)程度,可反映出二尖瓣瓣膜組織中膠原蛋白以及纖維鈣化的改變程度[24]。

MMP 9/TIMP 2的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)水平失衡引起Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型膠原轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的改變,導(dǎo)致瓣膜組織中的Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ膠原沉積增多,排列紊亂,是心房纖顫的風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣組織間質(zhì)纖維化的共同分子基礎(chǔ)[25]。心房纖顫的風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣瓣膜組織中MMP 9的mRNA表達(dá)水平與Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型膠原的表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān),TIMP 2的mRNA表達(dá)水平與Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型膠原的表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[26-27]。二尖瓣組織中MMP 9的表達(dá)上調(diào),TIMP 2的表達(dá)下降,導(dǎo)致膠原mRNA表達(dá)增加,膠原纖維增加,大量增多的膠原纖維填充水腫的心臟瓣膜,導(dǎo)致膠原排列紊亂,瓣膜彈性喪失,加重瓣膜的纖維化和鈣化。Anné等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在持續(xù)性心房纖顫影響下,二尖瓣瓣膜組織中的Ⅳ型膠原數(shù)量增多,mRNA表達(dá)增加,膠原蛋白表達(dá)較可增加5 ~ 6倍,活性蛋白亦可增加40%左右。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

心房纖顫可影響血流動(dòng)力學(xué),MMP 9和TIMP 2是反映心房纖顫致細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的特異性指標(biāo)[29],心房纖顫可刺激MMP 9和TIMP 2的異常表達(dá),MMP 9/TIMP 2表達(dá)水平失衡,破壞細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)正常結(jié)構(gòu),膠原沉積增多,各型膠原比例失調(diào)和排列紊亂,導(dǎo)致瓣葉交界處粘連,瓣膜前后葉增厚,腱索及乳頭肌粘連、融合、攣縮,瓣葉纖維鈣化等改變,加重風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣瓣膜狹窄的程度[29-30]。

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Effect of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases on rheumatic mitral valve stenosis with atrial fi brillation

SUI Xi-zhong, GAO Chang-qing
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: GAO Chang-qing. Email: gaochq301@yahoo.com

Atrial fibrillation is a common clinical arrhythmia, which could aggravate the rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. The pathomechanism for the mitral valve with atrial fi brillation includes the destruction of the structures of extracellular matrix and the deposition and disproportion of collagen. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)are the main enzymes that affect the extracellular matrix's metabolism. The disequilibrium between MMPs and TIMPs with atrial fibrillation make the extracellular matrix of atrial muscle degradation, typeⅠandⅢcollagen deposition and disarrangement.According to current findings, matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 are the most significant indicators in their terms. This study re fl ects that atrial fi brillation will aggravate the rheumatic mitral valve stenosis by analyzing the relationship between the abnormal expression of MMP 9 and TIMP 2.

rheumatic heart valve disease; atrial fi brillation; matrix metalloproteinases; tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases

R 345

A

2095-5227(2014)05-0500-03

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.05.028

時(shí)間:2014-04-01 17:48

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140401.1748.007.html

2013-12-16

國(guó)家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863)資助項(xiàng)目(2012AA021104)Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA021104)

隋璽仲,男,在讀博士。Email: sxztiantang@163.com

高長(zhǎng)青,主任醫(yī)師,教授。Email: gaochq301@yahoo.com

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