鄭馨念 邵春美
(湖北理工學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,湖北黃石435003)
黃石以濃厚的礦冶文化而聞名,是華夏青銅文化的發(fā)祥地之一。礦業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅猛發(fā)展及礦冶文化的日漸興起,礦冶領(lǐng)域的國(guó)際性交流日漸增多,這也使得研究黃石地方文化的英譯具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。而目前,如何對(duì)外宣傳這些具有特色的地方文化還鮮有學(xué)者提及,各類(lèi)礦冶文化對(duì)外宣傳文本的翻譯上也仍存在許多問(wèn)題,如,拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤、語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、搭配錯(cuò)誤等導(dǎo)致的中式英語(yǔ)、文化信息丟失及語(yǔ)用失誤等。因而,研究相關(guān)翻譯策略用來(lái)有效地指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐是亟待解決的重要論題。本文以黃石礦冶文化為例,分析地方特色文化在翻譯時(shí)存在的問(wèn)題,提出解決問(wèn)題的思路,以期為宣傳和弘揚(yáng)礦冶文化以及地方特色文化的英譯工作起到拋磚引玉的作用。
語(yǔ)言交際總是以語(yǔ)篇的形式出現(xiàn),由于不同的交際需要,語(yǔ)篇便出現(xiàn)了許多變體,這種變體所形成的范疇,便被稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)域。韓禮德提出“語(yǔ)域由三個(gè)主要的變量來(lái)衡量,即語(yǔ)場(chǎng)、語(yǔ)旨和語(yǔ)式”[1]。人們根據(jù)交際目的、交際對(duì)象和交際方式的差異選擇使用的語(yǔ)言,這3 方面因素體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)域的3 項(xiàng)參數(shù)中,即語(yǔ)場(chǎng)、語(yǔ)旨和語(yǔ)式。語(yǔ)場(chǎng)是指語(yǔ)篇涉及的主要內(nèi)容;語(yǔ)旨是指語(yǔ)篇中所涉及到的參與者之間的關(guān)系和其交際意圖;語(yǔ)式是指語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)篇中的交際形式。3項(xiàng)參數(shù)中任何一項(xiàng)的改變都會(huì)引起交際意義的變化,從而引起語(yǔ)言的變異,產(chǎn)生不同類(lèi)型的語(yǔ)域。這就從客觀(guān)上要求人們?cè)谑褂谜Z(yǔ)言時(shí),不僅要注意它的準(zhǔn)確性,更要根據(jù)語(yǔ)域3 項(xiàng)參數(shù)的變化作出相應(yīng)變異。地方特色文化的對(duì)外翻譯就是一種與語(yǔ)域相關(guān)而產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)言變異。
每一領(lǐng)域的語(yǔ)言都有其各自的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則和語(yǔ)用規(guī)律,地方特色文化的對(duì)外翻譯也不例外。以語(yǔ)域理論指導(dǎo)翻譯過(guò)程,可以提高礦冶文化文本類(lèi)型的翻譯質(zhì)量。譯者在翻譯過(guò)程中可根據(jù)語(yǔ)域的變化、對(duì)所述主題和特色文化術(shù)語(yǔ)的掌握,對(duì)信息傳遞方式、修辭手法、語(yǔ)體的切換等進(jìn)行分析,從而更好地完成對(duì)地方特色文化文本的翻譯。
“語(yǔ)篇范圍,又稱(chēng)語(yǔ)場(chǎng),指語(yǔ)言發(fā)生的環(huán)境?!保?]語(yǔ)場(chǎng)對(duì)于譯者翻譯地方特色文化文本的啟示作用在于突出其文本的主題。
第一,礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯要突出主題特色。從對(duì)外宣傳角度看,外國(guó)讀者的文化差異、不同接受心理和特殊信息需求,決定了地方特色文化的翻譯不能對(duì)源語(yǔ)文字直譯,需要進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)節(jié)。礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯必須以突出主題信息或特色信息為原則,以便使讀者充分認(rèn)識(shí)到所讀內(nèi)容的主旨。如果譯文中失去了這種信息,就會(huì)造成語(yǔ)場(chǎng)錯(cuò)位,影響譯文功能的發(fā)揮。
例1 目前,公園內(nèi)有世界第一高陡邊坡,亞洲最大露天采坑,亞洲最大硬巖復(fù)墾基地等8個(gè)珍稀級(jí)礦業(yè)地質(zhì),礦業(yè)生產(chǎn)和礦業(yè)活動(dòng)遺跡、遺址均得到有效保護(hù)并持續(xù)利用。
譯文:At present,the park boasts of 8 precious remains for mining geologies,mining production and mining activities,including the highest steep slope across the whole globe,the largest open-pit mining as well as the largest reclaiming in hard rocks base in Asia,which all have received effective protection and sustainable utilization.
——摘自黃石國(guó)家礦山公園簡(jiǎn)介
源文的主題在譯文中沒(méi)有得到有效彰顯,其本意是想表達(dá)公園具有“世界第一高陡邊坡,亞洲最大露天采坑,亞洲最大硬巖復(fù)墾基地”的獨(dú)特性,但該譯文的處理明顯偏離了信息焦點(diǎn),因此,應(yīng)打破源文的句子排列,進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)重組,使得重點(diǎn)信息突出,吸引讀者。建議改譯為:
At present,the park has the highest steep slope across the whole globe,the largest open-pit mining as well as the largest reclaiming in hard rocks base in Asia.All these 8 precious remains for mining geologies,mining production and mining activities have received effective protection and sustainable utilization.
第二,礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯要注意相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)的譯名。地方特色文化術(shù)語(yǔ)有很強(qiáng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)性,甚至很冷僻,不是身處其地的譯者容易忽略或產(chǎn)生理解錯(cuò)誤。黃石礦冶文化中涉及的大量事實(shí)性、描述性的礦冶文本需要譯者在翻譯該類(lèi)文本時(shí)對(duì)源文語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確把握,使譯文中專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的使用符合本語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)場(chǎng)。
例2 該遺址于1979—1980年由中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院考古研究所發(fā)掘。發(fā)掘面積400 平方米,共清理出60 余個(gè)豎井、盲井,20 余條平巷和斜巷,以及一條排水巷道,隨同出土的還有大量用于礦山生產(chǎn)的工具。
譯文:The site was excavated by the Archaeological Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 1979 to 1980 with an area of 400 square meters,in which more than 60 vertical shafts,blind wells,and more than 20 Lane and Drift,as well as a drainage tunnel were unearthed along with a large number of instruments used in the mines production.
——摘自黃石市博物館中關(guān)于“銅綠山春秋時(shí)期采礦遺址局部復(fù)原”的說(shuō)明
譯文存在的問(wèn)題是專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯翻譯不夠精確,如,“豎井”、“盲井”分別譯為“vertical shafts”、“blind wells”,而“shaft”一詞本身就表示豎井,且“well”多指打水的井或油井;“20余條平巷和斜巷”譯為“20 Lane and Drift”也屬對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)掌握不清,且不論語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤及大小寫(xiě)不明的情況。建議改譯為:
The site was excavated by the Archaeological Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences from 1979 to 1980 with an area of 400 square meters.And over 60 shafts and blind shafts,more than 20 galleries and inclined drifts,and a drainage lane were available after cleaning.A large number of tools used for mine production were unearthed as well.
“語(yǔ)旨,是指參與者之間的關(guān)系,包括參與者的社會(huì)地位以及他們之間的角色關(guān)系?!保?]地方特色文化的源語(yǔ)發(fā)出者為當(dāng)?shù)卣畽C(jī)構(gòu),譯入語(yǔ)接受者為來(lái)中國(guó)參觀(guān)的外國(guó)游客,二者文化背景差異較大,為達(dá)到對(duì)外宣傳這一目的,譯者必須在翻譯文本中補(bǔ)充必要的語(yǔ)境信息,使譯文更加清晰明了,有利于譯入語(yǔ)讀者對(duì)關(guān)鍵信息的理解。
第一,礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯要結(jié)合信息內(nèi)容進(jìn)行適當(dāng)增補(bǔ),以表達(dá)出其中蘊(yùn)含的特有文化信息。
例3 據(jù)史料記載和考古發(fā)現(xiàn),公元226年(三國(guó),吳,黃武五年)這里就有了開(kāi)采活動(dòng),迄今已有1780年的歷史。中國(guó)古代冶金工業(yè)文明在此薪火相傳,如銅草花一樣盛開(kāi)。
譯文:According to historical records and archaeology findings,in 226A.D,(Three Kingdoms.Wu,Huangwu fifth year)there were mining activities with a history of 1780 years.The culture of Chinese ancient metallurgy industry was passed on from generation to generation, and blooms like the copper primrose。
——摘自黃石國(guó)家礦山公園簡(jiǎn)介
“銅草花”在源文中不僅僅是字面上的理解,它更是黃石大冶所獨(dú)有的一種能夠比較準(zhǔn)確地顯示銅礦藏地的特色植物,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)突顯出這種特有的文化信息,使譯入語(yǔ)讀者易于理解,建議改譯為:
According to historical records and archaeology findings,in 226A.D,(Three Kingdoms.Wu,Huangwu fifth year)there were mining activities with a history of 1780 years.Here,the culture of Chinese ancient metallurgy industry was passed on from generation to generation,and blooms like the copper primrose,which is a kind of unique flora growing in Daye to indicate the underground copper deposits.
例4 “日鐵”為了在大冶鐵礦掠奪更多的鐵礦石運(yùn)回日本,煉成鋼鐵,制成武器,屠殺中國(guó)人民及亞洲各國(guó)人民,在礦山采取劫奪式開(kāi)采方式進(jìn)行開(kāi)采。
譯文:In order to rob more iron ores at Daye Iron Ore and to send them back to Japan for making steel,manufacturing weapons,which would be used to slaughter Chinese people as well people all over Asia,“Ri Tie ”employed plundering manner in extracting iron ores.
——摘自黃石國(guó)家礦山公園關(guān)于“‘日鐵’開(kāi)鑿的豎井”的說(shuō)明
“日鐵”這個(gè)詞為“日本日鐵礦業(yè)公司”的縮寫(xiě),外國(guó)游客并不知道其意義和隱含的歷史文化信息,翻譯時(shí)若補(bǔ)充“the Nittetsu Mining Co.Ltd founded by the Japanese”,外國(guó)游客便可知道這是一家由日本人創(chuàng)辦的礦業(yè)公司。建議改譯為:
In order to rob more iron ores at Daye Iron Ore and to send them back to Japan for making steel,manufacturing weapons,which would be used to slaughter Chinese people as well as people all over Asia," Ri Tie",the Nittetsu Mining Co.,Ltd founded by the Japanese,employed plundering manner in extracting iron ores.
第二,礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯要注意信息內(nèi)容的類(lèi)比。為使譯入語(yǔ)的讀者能更好地理解源語(yǔ),譯者可以把源語(yǔ)資料里的有關(guān)內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為譯入語(yǔ)讀者熟悉的內(nèi)容。這種類(lèi)比的方法,常??梢允雇鈬?guó)讀者結(jié)合本國(guó)的歷史文化理解他國(guó)文化。
例5 黃石歷史悠久的礦冶文化,萌芽于史前時(shí)期,鼎盛于商周至秦漢,延續(xù)至明清,“孫權(quán)筑爐煉兵器,岳飛鍛鐵鑄刀劍”,其規(guī)模之大、持續(xù)生產(chǎn)時(shí)間之長(zhǎng)、采冶技術(shù)之先進(jìn),在國(guó)內(nèi)外都十分罕見(jiàn)。
譯文:The profound history of mining and metallurgy culture in Huangshi began in prehistoric times developed to prosperity from Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasty till the Ming and Qing dynasties.“Sun Quan built the furnace to make weapons,Yue Fei forged iron to make swords”,it was very rare at home and abroad for its scale and long history of production as well as the adoption of the advanced technology.
——摘自黃石礦冶文化展簡(jiǎn)介
源文中的“孫權(quán)”和“岳飛”為中國(guó)古代兩大有名的軍事家,為了便于外國(guó)讀者理解,可將他們比作西方的“拿破侖”和“華盛頓”,目的在于讓西方人從自己文化的角度來(lái)認(rèn)知我國(guó)的文化,從而幫助他們了解我們的地方特色文化,建議改譯為:
The profound history of mining and metallurgy culture in Huangshi began in prehistoric times developed to prosperity from Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasty till the Ming and Qing dynasties.“Sun Quan built the furnace to make weapons,Yue Fei forged iron to make swords”,both of them are as prominent as Napoleon and Washington in the history.It was very rare at home and abroad for its scale and long history of production as well as the adoption of the advanced technology.
“語(yǔ)式是指語(yǔ)言交際形式,是一種帶有評(píng)注、說(shuō)教、描述等概念的渠道或媒介,分為書(shū)面語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)?!保?]在地方特色文化的對(duì)外翻譯上,要表現(xiàn)出語(yǔ)言在場(chǎng)景中所起的作用,就在于對(duì)其描述性的修辭以及文體上的不同選擇。
第一,礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯要注意描述性修辭的改譯。由于西方民族的審美習(xí)性與中國(guó)截然不同,“西方傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)分析型抽象性思維,在主觀(guān)與客觀(guān)物象關(guān)系上,更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)摹仿和再現(xiàn),這也使西方的語(yǔ)言客觀(guān)理性,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),而中國(guó)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言的言辭華美,虛實(shí)統(tǒng)一”[5]。
例6 黃石國(guó)家礦山公園位于湖北省黃石市鐵山區(qū),東臨長(zhǎng)江滾滾波濤,西依雉山蒙蒙煙雨。園區(qū)面積23 平方公里,園內(nèi)樹(shù)茂草豐,泉清石奇,鳥(niǎo)語(yǔ)花香,景色優(yōu)美宜人。
譯文:Huangshi National Mine Park situated in Tieshan District,Huangshi City,Hubei Province,neighbors the Yangtze River on the east in the east rolling waves,and borders on the Mountain Zhi on the west crept to the pheasant.The land area of the park is 23 square kilometers.The park has abundant trees and grasses,Shan Junshi qi ,the birds'twitter and fragrance of flowers characterizing a fine spring day and has beautiful and pleasant sceneries.
——摘自黃石國(guó)家礦山公園旅游宣傳冊(cè)
源文為黃石國(guó)家礦山公園旅游宣傳冊(cè)上的一段簡(jiǎn)介,其辭藻華美,虛實(shí)結(jié)合,極具詩(shī)情畫(huà)意,屬于漢語(yǔ)的行文用字習(xí)慣。而譯文既不符合譯入語(yǔ)讀者的審美習(xí)慣,又不利于地方特色文化的對(duì)外宣傳,建議改譯為:
Huangshi National Mine Park situated in Tieshan District, Huangshi City, Hubei Province,neighbors the Yangtze River on the east and borders Mountain Zhi on the west.It covers 23 square kilometers.The park has plenty trees and grasses,limpid spring and grotesque rockeries and also full of singing birds and sweet-scented flowers .It is really a charming place to visit.
第二,礦冶文化的對(duì)外翻譯要注意書(shū)面語(yǔ)與口語(yǔ)的選擇。要表現(xiàn)出語(yǔ)言在場(chǎng)景中所起的作用,譯者必須注意語(yǔ)體的選擇。
例7 斷層從頂部標(biāo)高+276 米延伸至坑底-168 米,垂直高度達(dá)444 米,沿邊坡長(zhǎng)達(dá)600 余米。斷面與邊坡呈30°角,光滑面清晰可見(jiàn),經(jīng)歷壓張扭和壓扭二期地質(zhì)活動(dòng);斷層上窄下寬,破碎帶沿邊坡寬5 ~30 米,常見(jiàn)壓碎巖,透鏡體,糜棱巖以及角礫巖。
譯文:The fault extends from the top elevation+ 276 meters to the-168 meters and the vertical level is 444 meters,the length of the slope is more than 600 meters long along the slope.Section and slope is 30 degree angle,the smooth surface is clearly visible and it has experienced twist and second phase pressure of geological activity;the fault has narrow top and wide bottom,and the width of the fracture zone along the slope is 5 ~30 meters,crush rocks,the lens body,mylonite and breccia can all be seen on the slope.
——摘自黃石國(guó)家礦山公園關(guān)于“天坑石瀑”的說(shuō)明
譯文生硬晦澀,沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出語(yǔ)言在場(chǎng)景中所起的作用。若譯入語(yǔ)讀者為相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)人士,那么譯者應(yīng)選擇理論性和專(zhuān)業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的書(shū)面語(yǔ)為文體形式,把握翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性和客觀(guān)性。建議改譯為:
The fault extends from + 276 meters above the sea level to the pit bottle-168 meters below the sea level,hence,the vertical height is 444 meters .The fault is 600-plus meter long along the side slope .The fault is at 30-degree angle to the side slope,with the smooth side completely visible.The fault undergoes the second-phase geologic activities of strain wrench and stress wrench.The fault is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom;the broken belt is 5 ~30meters wide along the side slope abundant with crushed rocks,lenticular ore body,sedimentary rock and breccia.
若譯入語(yǔ)讀者為一般外國(guó)游客,以書(shū)面語(yǔ)形式直譯會(huì)使譯入語(yǔ)讀者感到理解困難從而失去興趣,使語(yǔ)言發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)有的交際作用。建議改為更加口語(yǔ)化、通俗易懂的非正式文本:
The vertical height of the fault is over 400 meters,and after undergoing the geologic activities,the fault is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom and is at 30-degree angle to the side slope ,on which there are many crushed rocks can be seen .
在地方特色文化的對(duì)外翻譯中,對(duì)語(yǔ)域的分析是必要前提之一。語(yǔ)場(chǎng)的作用體現(xiàn)在突出主題特色、準(zhǔn)確把握地方特色文化術(shù)語(yǔ),“對(duì)術(shù)語(yǔ)的正確分析有助于人們更好地認(rèn)識(shí)與研究礦冶文化”[6];語(yǔ)旨的作用體現(xiàn)在參與者角色關(guān)系可通過(guò)對(duì)信息內(nèi)容的增補(bǔ)和類(lèi)比使譯文便于譯入語(yǔ)讀者理解接受;語(yǔ)式的作用表現(xiàn)在對(duì)語(yǔ)體的不同選擇上。語(yǔ)域的3 項(xiàng)參數(shù)并不是孤立的,它們相互聯(lián)系,共同構(gòu)成了語(yǔ)域的整體。地方特色文化的對(duì)外翻譯過(guò)程,就是在譯語(yǔ)中尋找盡可能起相似作用的語(yǔ)篇的過(guò)程,譯者必須將這3 項(xiàng)參數(shù)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析,評(píng)估源語(yǔ)與譯語(yǔ)的匹配程度,使譯文傳遞的信息為讀者所接受,最終促進(jìn)地方特色文化的對(duì)外宣傳,使悠久燦爛的地方文化順暢地走向世界。
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