葉麗娜
摘要:高考英語作文分值所占比重大,滿分二十五分,難度也較大,并且由于平時(shí)學(xué)生練的較少,訓(xùn)練的質(zhì)量不高,所以往往錯(cuò)誤百出,如語法錯(cuò)誤較多,審題不準(zhǔn),字體不夠工整,排版不夠規(guī)范,立意不新,有的同學(xué)甚至不知道分段,因此從一篇英語作文就可以看出學(xué)生英語水平的高低。在本文中,筆者將對在英語寫作中一些典型的病句實(shí)例逐一加以剖析,希望學(xué)生們能夠有所收獲。
關(guān)鍵詞:高考英語;考場作文;典型實(shí)例
中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2014)02-0077
一、不一致(Disagreements)
所謂不一致不僅指主謂不一致,它還包括了數(shù)的不一致、時(shí)態(tài)的不一致及代詞的不一致等。
例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
(人一旦有了錢,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
剖析:one是單數(shù)第三人稱,因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has;同理,want應(yīng)改為wants。本句是典型的主謂不一致。
改為:Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二、修飾語錯(cuò)位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英語與漢語不同,同一個(gè)修飾語置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能引起變化。對于這一點(diǎn)中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視,因而造成了不必要的誤解。
例如:I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:better位置不當(dāng),應(yīng)置于句末。
三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口語中,交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是書面語就不同了,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達(dá)不清,這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后,筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)發(fā)生。
例如:There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .
剖析:本句后半部分“for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子,僅為一些不連貫的詞語,不能獨(dú)立成句。
改為:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四、懸垂修飾語(Dangling Modifiers)
所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。
例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died.
這句中“at the age of ten”只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí),但沒有說明“誰”十歲時(shí)。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語改明確一點(diǎn),全句就不那么費(fèi)解了。
改為:When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例如:To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析:句中不定式短語“to do well in college”的邏輯主語不清楚。
改為:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五、詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當(dāng)動詞用;形容詞當(dāng)副詞用;名詞當(dāng)動詞用等.
例如:None can negative the importance of money.
剖析:negative 系形容詞,誤作動詞。
改為:None can deny the importance of money.
六、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好,因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩#?/p>
讀完上面這一句話,讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚,誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例如:And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析:句中人稱代詞we和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。
改為:We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七、不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?請看下面的例句。
例如:There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思:“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。
改為:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八、措詞毛?。═roubles in Diction)
Diction是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語的問題,囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫,教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限,影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲,斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲,拿來就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。
例如:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)
剖析:顯然,考生把obstacles“障礙”,“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。
改為:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九、累贅(Redundancy)
言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個(gè)多余的詞;寫段落沒有一個(gè)無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組;能用詞組的不用從句或句子。
例如:In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句,我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
例如:For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
剖析:整個(gè)句子可以大大簡化。
改為:Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十、不連貫(Incoherence)
不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對后語,或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。
例如:The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 與逗號后的it 不連貫。It與things在數(shù)方面不一致。
改為:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一、綜合性語言錯(cuò)誤(Comprehensive Misusage)
所謂“綜合性語言錯(cuò)誤”,是指除了上述十種錯(cuò)誤以外,還有諸如時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,大小寫等方面的錯(cuò)誤。
例如:Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live
英語作文提高、改進(jìn)非一日所能成功,只有不斷地練習(xí)、不斷地從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)才能在高考中立于不敗之地。在此,筆者希望學(xué)生們能夠成功。
(作者單位:河南省正陽一高 463600)