∷林巍 文/譯
原 文
[1] 二十多年前,當我第一次來到西方國家時,有一件事顛覆了我的傳統(tǒng)概念,那就是不要怕借債。在中國傳統(tǒng)文化里,是“無債一身輕”,證明你可自食其力,不依靠別人;而在西方社會里,是“有債一身輕”,因為那樣證明你有信用,有人肯把錢借給你,同時也說明了你掙錢的能力。
[2] 就經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展規(guī)律而言,隨著財富的積累,資源的消耗,物價總是上漲的,貨幣總是要貶值的,因而“今天花明天的錢”、“拿別人的錢來賺錢”便總是上算的。所以,結(jié)論是一定要借錢。
[3] 然而,任何事情都有“限度”,超過了便會走向反面;同時,在長期的總體規(guī)律之中,又有著短期的階段性。
[4] 以美國人的生活為例,大部分都為債務人,或者說是靠債務來維持其很高的生活水準。在正常情況下,似乎一切都沒有問題。但是,一旦經(jīng)濟周期進入低谷,債務鏈條發(fā)生斷裂,便會引起一系列惡果,整個國家也會陷入經(jīng)濟危機。這便是2008年以來的現(xiàn)實。 同樣,正是由于歐洲政府的長期負債導致了當前的財政危機。
[5] 看來,量入為出是應永遠恪守的一個原則。畢竟,“無債”比“有債”可以過得更加輕松一些。
譯 文
[1] About twenty years ago, when I first came to a western country, I was shocked by one thing—debt. In traditional Chinese culture, there is a saying that “out of debt,out of pressure”; however, in the west, it is just opposite—when you are in debt, you are trustworthy and financially capable.
[2] It seems to be an economic law that paper currency will always be depreciated as wealth is accumulated,resources reduced and everything in flated. The golden rule therefore is always to purchase future goods using today’s money, or making money by borrowing from others.
[3] However, everything can go wrong if it goes over the limit during the upturns and downturns of long term economic cycles.
[4] Taking the United States as an example, most Americans are debtors, having high living standards through borrowing. Under usual circumstances, everything seems to be normal. However, with troughs in the economic cycle,the chain of the debts may be broken, causing serious consequences or even driving the country into crisis, which was the case in 2008. Likewise, the current financial crisis in Europe is obviously a casualty of the massive amount of debt accumulated by governments over the long term.
[5] So, living within your means still seems to be the golden rule. You can surely be more relaxed when you are out of debt than when you are in debt.
譯 注
在 [1]中,“顛覆了我的傳統(tǒng)概念”,這里的“顛覆”是頗具夸張的用法,難以用英文的overturn,subvert 等來對譯,如overturn 其意主要為to cause to turn over or capsize; upset (使翻轉(zhuǎn)過來;使……傾翻), 如 They have overturned a puppet regime (他們推翻了傀儡政權(quán));The boat overturned (船翻了)等。相比之下,shock更為恰當,該詞主要含義為 to strike with surprise, disbelief,terror, or horror (受到驚訝、難以置信、驚嚇或恐怖的沖擊),如 I was shocked when I heard about your accident (當聽到你出事后我很震驚)。
“無債一身輕”, 可有很多種譯法,如without debt one can have easy life / good life comes with the debtless 等, 這里不妨借鑒英文里類似的句式,如 out of of fice,out of responsibilities (不在其位,不謀其政),故此處不妨譯為 out of debt, out of pressure,多少有些“反譯”的意味;“而在西方社會里,是‘有債一身輕’,因為那樣證明你有信用,有人肯把錢借給你,同時也說明了你掙錢的能力”,是一種對比的敘述,為顯出其對比特點。
在 [2] 中,“就經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展規(guī)律而言,隨著財富的積累,資源的消耗,物價總是上漲的,貨幣總是要貶值的”,似可采用這樣的句式 From the point of view of economic development, …… 但其實可更為直截了當,用 it is the economic law...,同時為強調(diào)“貨幣總是要貶值的”,可將其譯文提前,而這里的“貨幣”不是一般所指,而需與其對應的實物財富對比,故為 paper currency。 類似的,如:A more sophisticated system involves paper currency that can be converted to preset,fixed quantities of gold (較復雜的金本位制包括可兌換成預先設(shè)定的、固定數(shù)量黃金的紙幣);This year in Zimbabwe the paper currency notes has fallen to 2 percent of their face value (今年津巴布韋的紙幣已跌到了其面值的2%)等,都是相對貨幣與實物或?qū)嶋H價值的關(guān)系而言的,故都用了 paper currency, 在翻譯中對此需有所辨析。
“‘今天花明天的錢’、‘拿別人的錢來賺錢’便總是上算的”,為達到強調(diào)性的效果,不妨加上 the golden rule is ... 同時也轉(zhuǎn)述出了“上算”之意 (而未用it is always worthwhile to ... )。類似的,如:As a tourist, the golden rule in a foreign country is to watch the other people carefully and do as they do (作為游客,在國外的秘訣是,慎言謹行、入鄉(xiāng)隨俗);The golden rule of translation is to be faithful, fluent and elegant (翻譯的要義在信、達、雅) 等,在不同的語境中,golden rule 可有不同的譯名,但都有“規(guī)律”之意。
在 [3] 中,“任何事情都有‘限度’,超過了便會走向反面”, 這里的“限度”,主要意為 limit, limitation, “達到限度”是reach the limitation, “規(guī)定…… 限度”,為 set a limit to, 而“超過限度”可為go beyond the limit; exceed the limit,overstep the limit 等,這里用的則是over the limit, 語氣似更重一些,故可為everything can go wrong if it goes over the limit;“在長期的總體規(guī)律之中,又有著短期的階段性”,這里的“規(guī)律”主要指的是經(jīng)濟規(guī)律和經(jīng)濟周期,故不妨譯為 long term economic cycles,而“短期的階段性”, 不宜譯成 short-term law, 這里處理成 during the upturns and downturns of long term。
在[4]中,“靠債務來維持其很高的生活水準”,似可譯成 their high living standards depend on debt, 但可更具體些:having high living standards through borrowing;“在正常情況下,似乎一切都沒有問題”,其中的“沒有問題”,若譯成 no problem, problemless, 似顯直白,故這里譯為 under usual circumstances, everything seems to be normal.
“一旦經(jīng)濟周期進入低谷,債務鏈條發(fā)生斷裂,便會引起一系列惡果,整個國家也會陷入經(jīng)濟危機。這便是2008年以來的現(xiàn)實”。對此,涉及到經(jīng)濟學中的一個術(shù)語trough,其基本含義為a low point in a business cycle or on a statistical graph (商業(yè)循環(huán)的低潮或數(shù)據(jù)圖表上的低點) 。
在[5]中,對于“永遠恪守的一個原則”,未譯成 a principle that should always be kept,而是回應前面的 golden rule, 反其道而用之?!啊疅o債’比‘有債’可以過得更加輕松一些”, 要充分展示英文的特點,即重點在先,鋪墊在后。