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深夜小狗離奇事件

2014-12-20 01:56:12王偉濱
關(guān)鍵詞:罐子秩序小狗

∷王偉濱

這篇文章跟“小狗”并沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系,它其實(shí)是關(guān)于一些“特別的”人。根據(jù)American Psychiatric Association(美國(guó)精神病協(xié)會(huì))2013年最新修訂的Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition(DSM-5) (《心理障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》,原來(lái)被嚴(yán)格區(qū)分的Autism(自閉癥)、Asperger syndrome(阿斯伯格綜合癥)、pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise speci fied (PDD-NOS)(廣泛性發(fā)展障礙非特定型)、 childhood disintegrative disorder(兒童崩解癥)和Rett syndrome(雷特綜合癥),以后將一并歸入autism spectrum disorder(ASD)(自閉癥譜系障礙)類(lèi),診斷按嚴(yán)重程度(dimensions of severity)而定,而不再分類(lèi)(categorization)。ASD 患者往往有“social de ficits(社交困難) and communication dif ficulties, stereotyped(刻板的) or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive(認(rèn)知) delays”等典型癥狀。 重度患者常有 “signi ficant delay in language development”;而輕度患者,包括過(guò)去所謂的“high functioning autism”和Asperger syndrome,則無(wú)此問(wèn)題。

輕度Autism患者,因?yàn)樯缃环秶M窄、興趣愛(ài)好局限,往往反而能夠發(fā)展出某些方面超越常人的能力。正因如此,帶有autism特點(diǎn)的角色,不論是真實(shí)歷史上,還是虛構(gòu)世界里,一直令“普通人”著迷:Isaac Newton、 Albert Einstein、Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart、Emily Dickinson等等鼎鼎大名的人物,都被專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為可能是ASD患者;而文學(xué)作品里,Moby Dick(《白鯨》)中一心追殺大白鯨的Captain Ahab,Bartleby, the Scrivener(《書(shū)記員巴特勒比》)中總是說(shuō) “I would prefer not to”的小職員Bartleby,甚至Sherlock Holmes,都頗有autism特色。有autism專(zhuān)家談?wù)搕he autistic Holmes時(shí),提到“his oddness, his peculiar fixations(專(zhuān)注)— his little monograph(專(zhuān)論) on the ashes of 140 different varieties of pipe, cigar and cigarette tobacco (The Boscombe Valley Mystery[《博斯科姆比溪谷集》],The Sign of Four[《四個(gè)簽名》]andA Study in Scarlet《血字的研究》]. ... his clear powers of observation and deduction, unclouded by the emotions of everyday people, and the extreme unconventionality that often allows him to solve a case that police, with their more conventional minds, are unable to solve”。 而B(niǎo)BC神劇Sherlock中,有關(guān)Sherlock可能的autism則表現(xiàn)得更為可愛(ài)了:Sherlock無(wú)法讀懂“emotions”(典型的autism癥狀),卻知道對(duì)手Irene Adler被“Sherlocked”,因?yàn)?,如他所說(shuō),“I took your pulse”(第2季第1集)。“Genius”與“idiot”之間的糾結(jié)聯(lián)系,“normal”與“special”之間的哲學(xué)辯證,“concentration”與“obsession”之間的微妙區(qū)別,都讓autism這個(gè)話(huà)題充滿(mǎn)魅力。

2003年,英國(guó)作家Mark Haddon出版了一本名為T(mén)he Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time的小書(shū),讓autism在文學(xué)之海中又掀起一個(gè)大浪。故事敘述者,十五歲的少年Christopher,并未提及自己患有什么病,只是說(shuō)自己在一個(gè)專(zhuān)為“children with special needs”開(kāi)設(shè)的學(xué)校上學(xué),不過(guò)他的思維和行動(dòng)方式則讓讀者明白地把他定位到high functioning autism患者一類(lèi)。這個(gè)除了自己的學(xué)校和家沒(méi)有單獨(dú)去過(guò)任何地方,除了父母和老師沒(méi)有和任何人有過(guò)交流的少年,為了調(diào)查鄰居小狗Wellington被殺事件,艱難地走出自己的世界,于是,不僅改變了自己,更改變了家人。此書(shū)一出,便得到普通讀者與致力于autism研究的專(zhuān)家的一致追捧,不僅各種文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)紛紛落下,從事于autism治療、救助事業(yè)的人們也把作者看作此領(lǐng)域權(quán)威,常常邀請(qǐng)他做有關(guān)演講;不過(guò),后者多少讓作者本人有些惶恐。在自己的blog中,Haddon聲稱(chēng),其實(shí)自己對(duì)autism并沒(méi)有特別研究,這小說(shuō)也并非刻意地要描寫(xiě)autism:“If anything it’s a novel about difference, about being an outsider, about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way. it’s as much a novel about us as it is about Christopher”。的確,這本書(shū),已經(jīng)超越了某一個(gè)人,或某一類(lèi)人的境遇,而是在講給我們聽(tīng),那個(gè)曾經(jīng)存在于我們心中的孩子的故事。

有論者說(shuō),這本書(shū)是“The Sound and the Fury(??思{,《憤怒與喧囂》)andThe Catcher in the Rye(塞林格,《麥田守望者》) and one of Oliver Sacks’ reallife stories”的組合。Oliver Sacks是美國(guó)權(quán)威神經(jīng)病學(xué)家(neurologist),且寫(xiě)有多部有關(guān)neurological patients經(jīng)歷的著作,其中尤以Awakenings一書(shū)最為著名。提及Sacks,自然是夸贊Christopher的故事的真實(shí)性。而The Sound and the Fury,則是美國(guó)作家William Faulkner的一部小說(shuō),小說(shuō)的第一部分是33歲的智障者Benjamin“Benjy” Compson敘述的時(shí)空錯(cuò)亂、言語(yǔ)不詳?shù)墓适?。然而,Christopher實(shí)則與Benjy處于兩個(gè)截然不同的世界:Benjy看到和想到的都是“chaos”(正符合書(shū)名的意義),而Christopher則堅(jiān)持“things in a nice order”,哪怕他的調(diào)查把他帶到“the real world”的“核心”——謊言,他還是要通過(guò)自己的“執(zhí)著”(perseverance)或“執(zhí)拗”(stubbornness)找到“真相”。Christopher就是這樣一個(gè)在無(wú)序的世界中堅(jiān)持秩序的另類(lèi)者,雖然他的“秩序”有時(shí)在別人看來(lái)“不可理喻”。

《麥田守望者》封面

而作為一個(gè)“outsider”,Christopher的身份,倒確與The Catcher in the Rye中的Holden頗為相似。Christopher拒絕與他人親密接觸,即使是父母給他的一個(gè)擁抱,也能夠讓他大吵大鬧;對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō),唯一的親密方式,便是伸出手掌,與人五指相觸。同樣,Holden也是一個(gè)無(wú)法與人(除了妹妹Phoebe)建立親密聯(lián)系的少年,他只想遠(yuǎn)離這個(gè)被phony(虛偽)people充斥的世界,就像他的創(chuàng)造者Salinger一樣,去過(guò)與世隔絕的生活。Holden或者還會(huì)讓讀者想到法國(guó)存在主義文學(xué)代表人物Albert Camus的以The Outsider(《局外人》)為名的小說(shuō),小說(shuō)敘述者M(jìn)eursault也是個(gè)在人群中與世隔絕的角色,這世界對(duì)他沒(méi)有什么意義,就連上帝也是冰冷的。可以說(shuō),Holden與Meursault都繼承了拜倫式的、超越大眾的心智與情感,有著“眾人皆醉我獨(dú)醒”的破壞力量。與他們相比,Christopher卻更像我們普通人曾經(jīng)的自己,那個(gè)曾經(jīng)相信“秩序”,而且在這世界上總是可以看到“秩序”的“孩子”。

對(duì)于Christopher來(lái)說(shuō),秩序其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單,是由一系列二元對(duì)立的模式(patterns)構(gòu)成的:比如,表情,對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō),只有笑臉和哭臉;顏色,“4 red cars in a row made it a good day; 4 yellow cars in a row made it a black day”... 他關(guān)注一切有模式的東西,所以,數(shù)學(xué)便自然地成為他最感興趣的東西——他可以整日地坐在那里計(jì)算2的乘方,他能說(shuō)出2到7057以?xún)?nèi)的所有素?cái)?shù)(Prime numbers)……因?yàn)檫@些東西都有秩序,都符合邏輯:“Prime numbers are what is left when you have taken all the patterns away. I think prime numbers are like life. They are very logical but you could never work out the rules, even if you spent all your time thinking about them”。

同樣,對(duì)于“世界”或“事件”的描述,在Christopher看來(lái),也只有兩種——“truth”和“l(fā)ie”。Christopher只會(huì)講實(shí)話(huà),因?yàn)榕c講實(shí)話(huà)相比,撒謊要更復(fù)雜,需要超乎他理解水平的、更高的心智:“I do not tell lies. Mother used to say that this was because I was a good person.But it is not because I am a good person. It is because I can’t tell lies.”的確,真相只是如實(shí)記錄,而謊言就要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造了?!癆 lie is when you say something happened which didn’t happen. But there is only ever one thing which happened at a particular time and a particular place. And there are an in finite number of things which didn’t happen at that time and that place. And if I think about something which didn’t happen I start thinking about all the other things which didn’t happen.”

英國(guó)詩(shī)人William Blake有一部詩(shī)集叫作Songs of Innocence and of Experience(《天真與經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》),常有論者就何為“innocence”,何為“experience”爭(zhēng)執(zhí);也許,懂得lie,懂得有時(shí)(或大多數(shù)時(shí)候)要放棄truth,便是由“innocence”到“experience”的成功過(guò)渡吧。不懂得這一點(diǎn),學(xué)不會(huì)撒謊,便要成為永遠(yuǎn)長(zhǎng)不大的“老小孩”了,像Christopher那樣。

因?yàn)榭偸敲鞔_區(qū)分truth與lie,Christopher無(wú)法理解“正常人”,特別是成年人,因?yàn)樗麄兛偸鞘褂胢etaphors,而按照Christopher的理解,“a metaphor should be called a lie”,因?yàn)?,?dāng)你使用metaphor的時(shí)候,你是在“describe something by using a word for something that it isn’t”。Christopher不可能懂得metaphor,至多,他只會(huì)使用simile而已。比如, 他可以描寫(xiě)一個(gè)警察“鼻子里好像藏著兩只老鼠似的”,并且特別申明:“This is not a metaphor; it is a simile, which means that it really did look like there were two very small mice hiding in his nostrils, and if you make a picture in your head of a man with two very small mice hiding in his nostrils, you will know what the police inspector looked like. And a simile is not a lie, unless it is a bad simile”。

然而,正如William Blake說(shuō)的,“If the fool would persist in his folly he would become wise”。Christopher可能會(huì)被“正常人”譏笑為“He does not have all his marbles”(少根筋)。但是他查清了“深夜小狗神秘事件”的真相,他按時(shí)參加了A Level數(shù)學(xué)考試,拿了A;明年,他還要參加A Level further maths ,后年,他還要參加A Level physics,他還要拿A…… 。

在Christopher看來(lái),“order”與這世界上的其他東西一樣,也是兩重的:一方面“things in a nice order”是好的;另一方面,(成年人)對(duì)別人“發(fā)號(hào)施令”又是壞的。Christopher說(shuō),“I couldn’t take orders”:

“This is because I do not always do what I am told.

And this is because when people tell you what to do,it is usually confusing and does not make sense.

For example, people often say ‘Be quiet’, but they don’t tell you how long to be quiet for. Or you see a sign which says KEEP OFF THE GRASS, but it should say, KEEP OFF THE GRASS AROUND THIS SIGN, or, KEEP OFF THE GRASS IN THIS PARK, because there is lots of grass you are allowed to walk on.

Also people break rules all the time. ... In the Bible it says, Thou shalt not kill, but there were the Crusades(十字軍東征) and two world wars and the Gulf War(海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)), and there were Christians killing people in all of them.”

也許,“成熟”或“成年”意味著,你有一天明白,《圣經(jīng)》可以有其他解讀,規(guī)則可以打破,謎題不一定有正解,不一定代表高興……但是,Christopher不理睬這些,不相信這樣的“新規(guī)則”,因?yàn)樗朗裁词菍?duì),什么是錯(cuò)。一個(gè)“美麗心靈”能夠從無(wú)意義中創(chuàng)造意義,就像數(shù)學(xué)家可以在無(wú)限數(shù)字中找到素?cái)?shù),就像美國(guó)現(xiàn)代派詩(shī)人Wallace Stevens的The Anecdote of a Jar(《壇子軼事》)中的罐子可以給荒蕪帶來(lái)秩序:

I placed a jar in Tennessee,

And round it was, upon a hill.

It made the slovenly wilderness

Surround that hill.

The wilderness rose up to it,

And sprawled around, no longer wild.

The jar was round upon the ground

And tall and of a port in air.

It took dominion every where.

The jar was gray and bare.

It did not give of bird or bush,

Like nothing else in Tennessee.

我在田納西放了一個(gè)罐子

圓圓的,在小山上。

它讓那亂糟糟的荒野

將小山環(huán)繞

荒野朝它升起,

蜿蜒伸展,不再荒蕪。

那罐子在地上,圓圓的

高高的,在空中的港口。

它統(tǒng)治各方。

罐子是灰色的、光禿禿的

沒(méi)有鳥(niǎo)兒和雜草,

不像田納西的任何東西。

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