黃麗

一、考點(diǎn)歸納

語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。虛擬語氣表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。

1. if條件句中的虛擬語氣。

虛擬條件句從句和主句的動(dòng)詞形式（以do為例）列表如下：

注意：

（1）混合虛擬語氣①：即主、從句虛擬的不是同一時(shí)間，注意各自的時(shí)態(tài)。

（2）混合虛擬語氣②：即主句和從句中，一句與事實(shí)相反，用虛擬；另一句與事實(shí)一致，用實(shí)際時(shí)態(tài)。

（3）虛擬中的倒裝：如果if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含were，had， should等，可將其置于句首，省略if。

（4）含蓄虛擬：如without，but for，in the absence of （如果沒有）引出的短語代替if從句，或者or，otherwise代替if從句。

2. 其他句型中的虛擬語氣。

（1）句型It is important/necessary/natural/strange/surprising/...+ that...或It is a rule/a shame/a pity/an honor/no wonder /...+ that...

以上從句謂語動(dòng)詞常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以根據(jù)情況翻譯成“應(yīng)該”或“居然”。

（2）表示“建議/要求/勸告/命令”類詞，如advise/ demand/desire/insist/order/propose/recommend/request/require/suggest/urge等，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后的賓語從句中，或其名詞、形容詞、過去分詞等后的名詞性從句中，從句動(dòng)詞用（should+）動(dòng)詞原形。

注意：當(dāng)suggest意為“表明、暗示”，insist為“堅(jiān)持已發(fā)生或存在的事實(shí)”時(shí)，要用陳述語氣，即實(shí)際時(shí)態(tài)。

（3）as if/as though/would rather等后面的從句，從句時(shí)態(tài)往后退一步，即：表示現(xiàn)在/將來用were/did；表示過去用had done。

（4）wish/If only/What if從句中，對將來的虛擬用“could /would+動(dòng)詞原形”，對現(xiàn)在或過去的虛擬時(shí)態(tài)往后各退一步。

（5）句型It is（high）time（that）...定語從句中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)（be用were）或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should不可以省略，意思是“到了該做……的時(shí)間了（言外之意是還未做）”。

（6）“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”表責(zé)備或后悔的句型：

ought to/should have done 本應(yīng)該做（實(shí)際沒做）

could/might have done 本可以做（實(shí)際未做）

neednt have done 本沒必要做（實(shí)際做了）

二、解法指導(dǎo)

語法填空中考查虛擬語氣的常見形式：括號內(nèi)給出動(dòng)詞原形，該動(dòng)詞在主句或從句中充當(dāng)謂語，根據(jù)上述情況判斷需要使用虛擬語氣來確定其形式。

寫作中要求使用虛擬語氣的常見形式：“假如你是……”或“如果沒有……，……會(huì)怎樣？”

1. 讓學(xué)困生能輕松記住if條件句中的虛擬語氣。

筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，If虛擬條件句這個(gè)表格對于一部分學(xué)生來說總是很難記住。因此，推薦牢記下面常用句的方法，可簡化記憶，以不變應(yīng)萬變：

（1）對現(xiàn)在和對將來的虛擬都通用：If I were you，I would go there.

（2）對過去的虛擬：If I had done my homework at that time，I would have gone to the park.

（3）對將來的虛擬：If it rained/should rain/were to rain，we wouldnt go there.

實(shí)在不行，再簡化一點(diǎn)記憶，用介詞短語等表達(dá)。如：

Without air，we couldnt live.

Without your help，I couldnt have made such great progress.

2. 虛擬語氣的語用功能。

虛擬語氣含有豐富的語用功能。說話者一般都是借“虛擬情況”委婉表達(dá)一個(gè)言外之意，帶有某種感情色彩。例如：

（1）I didnt work hard，so I didnt pass the exam.

（2）If I had worked harder，I would have passed the exam.

上述兩個(gè)句子都表達(dá)同樣的事實(shí)：我沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)，所以考試沒有及格。但為什么第（2）句的表達(dá)要出彩很多呢？原因就在于句（1）只是反映一個(gè)事實(shí)，沒有附加其他意義；而句（2）使用了虛擬語氣，它帶有一種感情色彩：表達(dá)了作者的“懊惱、悔恨”之情。所以，虛擬語氣絕不是單純地表達(dá)一個(gè)相反的事實(shí)，而是通過相反的事實(shí)表達(dá)弦外之音、言外之意！

3. 在遇到“表達(dá)感激、追悔往昔、寄托愿望、提出倡議”等話題時(shí)主動(dòng)秀出虛擬語氣。

在寫作中即使沒有明確要求使用虛擬語氣，但是它的適時(shí)出現(xiàn)能夠讓我們的寫作大放光彩。比如2011年廣州一模讀寫任務(wù)要求寫一篇讀后感，說明 “誠信的重要性”，內(nèi)容包括：____

（1）你讀后的感受；（2）以你或他人的經(jīng)歷說明；（3）談?wù)勀銖闹形虺龅牡览怼?/p>

以上三個(gè)要點(diǎn)中若能恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂锰摂M語氣，可以分別傳達(dá)出：作者認(rèn)為誠信之于成功的重要；表達(dá)對擁有誠信的慶幸、感激之情；并且委婉地提出建議。endprint

（1）... Without this quality，like the student above，success could never be attained.

（2）... I am fully convinced that he would have been unlikely to become a great man but for his honesty.

（3）...It is high time that we became/should become aware of the importance of being honest.

三、 真題破解

[例1]（2012年廣東高考）He walked in as if he____ 17____

（buy）the school.

解析：在主格he后，buy顯然作謂語；根據(jù)語境，這個(gè)學(xué)生不可能已買下了這個(gè)學(xué)校，因此，用虛擬語氣，與過去事實(shí)相反，故填had bought。

[例2]（2009年廣東高考）讀寫任務(wù)要點(diǎn)（2）：假如你處在那些動(dòng)物的處境， 你會(huì)有什么反應(yīng)。（參考范文見第11期）

[例3]（2013年廣東高考）讀寫任務(wù)要點(diǎn)（2）：假如沒有清潔工，環(huán)境會(huì)變得如何？（參考范文見第11期）

四、即時(shí)練習(xí)

語篇填空 在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或用所給詞的正確形式填空。

（一）

We love our headteacher，who treats us as if we____1____（be）her children. Last weekend，she led us to the Fairy Lake Park. Before leaving，she required us that we____ 2____（mind）our behavior in public places，suggesting our____ 3____（take）our own rubbish after staying in one place. After getting there，everyones eyes were wild____4____excitement. After squeezing into the boats，some students____5____（spit）and even threw rubbish into the lake. They ate，talked and laughed loudly as if they____6____（be） the only people in the world. What a shame！ Such behavior left me deep in thought. If all visitors to the park____7____（act）as they did，the lake would____8____（pollute）severely and soon turned into a huge dustbin. You know，the dustmens jobs are very tiring. If we could put ourselves in their place，we____9____（know）what hardships they are enduring when cleaning those rubbish. Its time that we students____10____（enhance）the environmental awareness！

（二）

A terrible typhoon hit our city last month，____1____ （cause）4 deaths. Had it happened during the day time，there would____2____

（be）many more deaths. Unfortunately，my best friend Tony was badly hurt during this disaster since he____3____（drive）home at that time. Many friends went to see him the next day. I was ill that day，otherwise I would____4____（join）them. Later they called me because they had much difficulty____5____（find）his home. Before their going，I told Tonys address，but perhaps I should____ 6____

（write）it out for her. In the following week，we would have a football match against our neighbor city. We could____7____ （put）Tonys name on the list but for his recent injury. To our surprise，Tony came to cheer us in a wheelchair on the day of the match，but I would rather he____8____（stay）at home. We were inspired by his appearance. However，he couldnt stand at all the next day for his early rising. If only he____9____（lie）quietly as the doctor suggested，he would not suffer so much now. Thank God！He is better now. He said he couldnt____10____（go）through that bitter period without his mothers care and attention. How I wish Tony could recover and join us again！endprint

寫作運(yùn)用 在下列寫作中恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用虛擬語氣。

（一）以約70詞對用金錢鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行議論，內(nèi)容包括：（1）你對用金錢鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的看法；（2）你認(rèn)為怎樣才能更好地鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)。

（二）以約80詞對以下現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行議論：假如同學(xué)們都能通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在家學(xué)習(xí)而不用回學(xué)校，你對此有何看法？

參考答案與范文

語篇填空

（一）本文通過描述學(xué)生外出游玩時(shí)隨地亂扔垃圾的現(xiàn)象，作者對此的憤怒反應(yīng)及提出的建議。文中七處用到了虛擬語氣。

1. were 2.（should）mind 3. taking 4. with 5. spat____ 6. were 7. acted 8. be polluted 9. would know____ 10. should enhance/enhanced

（二）本文描述了“我”與好朋友Tony之間的感人友誼。文中八處用到了虛擬語氣。

1. causing 2. have been 3. was driving 4. have joined____ 5. finding____ 6. have written 7. have put 8. had stayed 9. had lain 10. have gone

寫作運(yùn)用

（一）It is strange that nowadays many parents should give their children money to encourage them to study hard.（驚訝）Of course，children are happy to receive money as a reward. In my opinion，it is necessary that parents should encourage children to study hard，but it is wrong to use money as a way.（建議）

So I suggest parents should guide their children to form a good habit of learning. Whats more，it is high time that parents encouraged their children with action.（進(jìn)一步倡議）

（二）If we students had a chance to study at home through the Internet，we would surely study more freely than at school. However， I dont totally agree with it. In my opinion， its disadvantages outweigh its advantages.（亮明觀點(diǎn)）For one thing，studying at home would make us lack the determination and passion for study. Thats mainly because schools are the places where we can compete with our classmates， which motivates us to study.（后果一）For another， sitting in front of the computer，we could hardly resist playing computer games，making it difficult for us to focus on the study as well as doing harm to our eyesight. How dreadful it would be?。ê蠊___

（作者單位：開平市開僑中學(xué)）

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青 陳春陽endprint

寫作運(yùn)用 在下列寫作中恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用虛擬語氣。

（一）以約70詞對用金錢鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行議論，內(nèi)容包括：（1）你對用金錢鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的看法；（2）你認(rèn)為怎樣才能更好地鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)。

（二）以約80詞對以下現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行議論：假如同學(xué)們都能通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在家學(xué)習(xí)而不用回學(xué)校，你對此有何看法？

參考答案與范文

語篇填空

（一）本文通過描述學(xué)生外出游玩時(shí)隨地亂扔垃圾的現(xiàn)象，作者對此的憤怒反應(yīng)及提出的建議。文中七處用到了虛擬語氣。

1. were 2.（should）mind 3. taking 4. with 5. spat____ 6. were 7. acted 8. be polluted 9. would know____ 10. should enhance/enhanced

（二）本文描述了“我”與好朋友Tony之間的感人友誼。文中八處用到了虛擬語氣。

1. causing 2. have been 3. was driving 4. have joined____ 5. finding____ 6. have written 7. have put 8. had stayed 9. had lain 10. have gone

寫作運(yùn)用

（一）It is strange that nowadays many parents should give their children money to encourage them to study hard.（驚訝）Of course，children are happy to receive money as a reward. In my opinion，it is necessary that parents should encourage children to study hard，but it is wrong to use money as a way.（建議）

So I suggest parents should guide their children to form a good habit of learning. Whats more，it is high time that parents encouraged their children with action.（進(jìn)一步倡議）

（二）If we students had a chance to study at home through the Internet，we would surely study more freely than at school. However， I dont totally agree with it. In my opinion， its disadvantages outweigh its advantages.（亮明觀點(diǎn)）For one thing，studying at home would make us lack the determination and passion for study. Thats mainly because schools are the places where we can compete with our classmates， which motivates us to study.（后果一）For another， sitting in front of the computer，we could hardly resist playing computer games，making it difficult for us to focus on the study as well as doing harm to our eyesight. How dreadful it would be?。ê蠊___

（作者單位：開平市開僑中學(xué)）

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青 陳春陽endprint

寫作運(yùn)用 在下列寫作中恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用虛擬語氣。

（一）以約70詞對用金錢鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行議論，內(nèi)容包括：（1）你對用金錢鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的看法；（2）你認(rèn)為怎樣才能更好地鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)。

（二）以約80詞對以下現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行議論：假如同學(xué)們都能通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在家學(xué)習(xí)而不用回學(xué)校，你對此有何看法？

參考答案與范文

語篇填空

（一）本文通過描述學(xué)生外出游玩時(shí)隨地亂扔垃圾的現(xiàn)象，作者對此的憤怒反應(yīng)及提出的建議。文中七處用到了虛擬語氣。

1. were 2.（should）mind 3. taking 4. with 5. spat____ 6. were 7. acted 8. be polluted 9. would know____ 10. should enhance/enhanced

（二）本文描述了“我”與好朋友Tony之間的感人友誼。文中八處用到了虛擬語氣。

1. causing 2. have been 3. was driving 4. have joined____ 5. finding____ 6. have written 7. have put 8. had stayed 9. had lain 10. have gone

寫作運(yùn)用

（一）It is strange that nowadays many parents should give their children money to encourage them to study hard.（驚訝）Of course，children are happy to receive money as a reward. In my opinion，it is necessary that parents should encourage children to study hard，but it is wrong to use money as a way.（建議）

So I suggest parents should guide their children to form a good habit of learning. Whats more，it is high time that parents encouraged their children with action.（進(jìn)一步倡議）

（二）If we students had a chance to study at home through the Internet，we would surely study more freely than at school. However， I dont totally agree with it. In my opinion， its disadvantages outweigh its advantages.（亮明觀點(diǎn)）For one thing，studying at home would make us lack the determination and passion for study. Thats mainly because schools are the places where we can compete with our classmates， which motivates us to study.（后果一）For another， sitting in front of the computer，we could hardly resist playing computer games，making it difficult for us to focus on the study as well as doing harm to our eyesight. How dreadful it would be?。ê蠊___

（作者單位：開平市開僑中學(xué)）

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青 陳春陽endprint