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miR-221/miR-222與腫瘤

2014-01-21 23:35廖立綜述奉水東審校
中國癌癥防治雜志 2014年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:癌基因膠質(zhì)瘤血漿

廖立 綜述 奉水東 審校

作者單位:421000 湖南衡陽 南華大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院

綜述

miR-221/miR-222與腫瘤

廖立 綜述 奉水東 審校

作者單位:421000 湖南衡陽 南華大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院

腫瘤的發(fā)生是一個(gè)多因素參與的階段性演進(jìn)過程,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-221/miR-222在多數(shù)腫瘤中的表達(dá)失調(diào),通過負(fù)調(diào)控抑癌基因或癌基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)或抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)就miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中的表達(dá)、作用及其臨床意義作一綜述,并探討miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤治療中的潛在價(jià)值。

腫瘤;miR-221/miR-222;生物標(biāo)志物

微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一類對(duì)基因具有調(diào)控功能的內(nèi)源性非編碼小分子RNA,通過與靶mRNA特異性結(jié)合,降解靶mRNA或抑制其翻譯從而負(fù)調(diào)控基因的表達(dá)。半數(shù)以上的miRNA基因定位于腫瘤相關(guān)區(qū)域或脆性位點(diǎn),與人類腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。miR-221和miR-222是兩個(gè)高度同源的miRNAs,具有完全相同的種子序列以及許多相同的特異性作用靶點(diǎn),位于染色體Xpll.3區(qū)帶,并且成簇分布。研究表明miR-221/miR-222在多數(shù)腫瘤中的表達(dá)失調(diào),通過負(fù)調(diào)控抑癌基因或癌基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)或抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,是潛在的腫瘤診斷標(biāo)志物與藥物治療靶點(diǎn)。本文對(duì)miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中的表達(dá)、作用及其臨床意義作一綜述,并探討miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤治療中的潛在價(jià)值,以期為腫瘤的診治提供新的思路。

1 miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中的表達(dá)

在多種腫瘤組織中,一些miRNAs的表達(dá)水平出現(xiàn)失調(diào)。與正常對(duì)照組織或癌旁良性組織相比,miR-221/ miR-222在部分腫瘤組織中異常表達(dá),其中在甲狀腺乳頭狀癌[1]、乳腺癌[2]、肝細(xì)胞癌[3]、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤[4]、胰腺癌[5]、胃癌[6]等腫瘤組織中過表達(dá),但在胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤[7]和前列腺癌[8]等腫瘤組織中低表達(dá)。此外,某些腫瘤患者血液循環(huán)中miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)失調(diào),在結(jié)腸直腸癌[9]、腎細(xì)胞癌[10]、胃癌[11]、肝癌[12]、乳頭狀甲狀腺癌[13]等腫瘤患者的血清或血漿中過表達(dá)。目前尚無文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道腫瘤患者血液循環(huán)中miR-221/miR-222存在低表達(dá)情況。

2 miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中的作用

2.1 促癌作用

近年來miRNAs在腫瘤細(xì)胞系中的作用得到廣泛研究,通過在相應(yīng)的腫瘤細(xì)胞系中過表達(dá)miRNAs或者抑制miRNAs的表達(dá)來研究miRNAs在腫瘤中的作用,是目前體外研究miRNAs功能常用的方法之一。miR-221/miR-222過表達(dá)可通過促進(jìn)增殖[14]、遷移[15]、侵襲[16]、表皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)[17]、細(xì)胞周期中G1/S期轉(zhuǎn)換[18]以及抑制凋亡[19]來誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性表型,通過轉(zhuǎn)染Anti-miR-221/miR-222抑制miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)可逆轉(zhuǎn)相應(yīng)的表型,提示miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中可能起促癌作用。Zhang等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中miR-221/miR-222過表達(dá)可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲,而抑制miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)可通過調(diào)節(jié)其靶點(diǎn)—組織金屬蛋白酶抑制因子-3(TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3,TIMP3)基因的表達(dá)水平降低細(xì)胞侵襲能力,提示抑制特定抑癌基因的表達(dá)可能是miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中發(fā)揮促癌作用的重要分子機(jī)制。

2.2 抑癌作用

雖然多數(shù)研究表明miR-221/miR-222可通過促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、侵襲和抑制凋亡等誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性表型,從而發(fā)揮促癌作用。但是,miR-221/miR-222在個(gè)別腫瘤中發(fā)揮抑癌作用。有報(bào)道在口腔舌鱗癌細(xì)胞系中,異位轉(zhuǎn)染miR-222能減少基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶1(matrix metallopeptidase 1,MMP1)和錳超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase 2,SOD2)的表達(dá),這兩種酶可能有助于細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,認(rèn)為miR-222可抑制口腔舌鱗癌細(xì)胞的侵襲,發(fā)揮抑癌作用[20]。Koelz等[7]報(bào)道m(xù)iR-221/miR-222在胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤組織中低表達(dá),通過抑制其靶基因KIT的表達(dá)而抑制細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。

3 miR-221/miR-222在腫瘤中的臨床意義

3.1 miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)與腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥

Zhao等[21]報(bào)道在乳腺癌MCF-7和T470D細(xì)胞中異位表達(dá)miR-221/miR-222可使細(xì)胞對(duì)他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)耐藥。此外,miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)也可影響腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)替莫唑胺(temozolomide)[22]、氟維司瓊(fulvestrant)[23]、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)[24]、順鉑(cisplatin)[25]等藥物的敏感性。Garofalo等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),強(qiáng)制表達(dá)miR-221/miR-222后,腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand,TRAIL)敏感的非小細(xì)胞肺癌和肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞對(duì)TRAIL誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡出現(xiàn)抵抗。表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體基因(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和MET受體基因(MET proto-oncogene,receptor tyrosine kinase)通過正調(diào)控miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)抑制凋亡酶激活因子(apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1,APAF-1)基因,導(dǎo)致非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)吉非替尼(gefitinib)耐藥[27]。上述研究提示,miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)可以通過靶向凋亡相關(guān)信號(hào)通路中的靶基因,抑制相應(yīng)藥物誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,致使腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥。推測(cè)miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的調(diào)控作用可能是其影響腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥的重要分子機(jī)制。

3.2 miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)影響腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)輻射的敏感性

Chun-Zhi等[28]采用As-miR-221/miR-222或PMSCV-miR-221/miR-222轉(zhuǎn)染人胃癌細(xì)胞系SGC7901,發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)能增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的輻射敏感性,可能是通過誘導(dǎo)第10號(hào)染色體缺失的磷酸酶及張力蛋白同源等位基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)的表達(dá)從而抑制細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲引起。Li等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)輻射誘導(dǎo)的c-Jun表達(dá)可促進(jìn)miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá),進(jìn)而介導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的DNA損傷修復(fù),使其具有耐輻射性,且該過程獨(dú)立于PTEN,認(rèn)為抑制miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)可明顯增加膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的輻射敏感性。

3.3 miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)與腫瘤預(yù)后

據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道多種腫瘤組織中miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)水平不僅與腫瘤的惡性程度呈正相關(guān),也是腫瘤預(yù)后的不利因素。Zhang等[4]報(bào)道m(xù)iR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)水平與膠質(zhì)瘤的浸潤(rùn)程度呈正相關(guān),而且在高度惡化膠質(zhì)瘤中miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)增加可縮短患者的總生存期。Liu等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-221在胃癌組織中的高表達(dá)與晚期腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、局部浸潤(rùn)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移高度相關(guān),是影響胃癌患者總生存期的不利預(yù)后因素之一。

3.4 血液循環(huán)中miR-221/miR-222與腫瘤早期診斷及預(yù)后判斷

miRNAs在血清或血漿中能抵抗RNA裂解酶的消化并保持穩(wěn)定。最近研究表明血液循環(huán)中miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)水平隨腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展而發(fā)生變化,其作為一種潛在的生物標(biāo)志物,有可能應(yīng)用于腫瘤的早期無創(chuàng)診斷及預(yù)后判斷。Song等[11]證實(shí)胃癌癌前病變者血漿中miR-221的表達(dá)水平明顯高于健康對(duì)照者,且與胃癌分化程度呈正相關(guān),提示血漿miR-221有望作為胃癌患者早期檢測(cè)的生物標(biāo)志物。Yu等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)合血清中l(wèi)et-7e、miR-151-5p和miR-222的表達(dá)對(duì)診斷乳頭狀甲狀腺癌具有較高的靈敏度和特異度。Teixeira等[10]通過分析77例腎細(xì)胞癌患者血漿樣本發(fā)現(xiàn),與低表達(dá)組比較,血漿miR-221高表達(dá)組患者的生存率明顯降低。Pu等[9]研究顯示血漿中miR-221的表達(dá)水平過高是導(dǎo)致結(jié)直腸癌患者總生存期降低的不利預(yù)后因素之一。Li等[12]報(bào)道血漿miR-221高表達(dá)組的胃癌患者總生存期明顯低于miR-221低表達(dá)組。表明血清和血漿中miR-221/miR-222等特定miRNAs的表達(dá)模式與腫瘤預(yù)后相關(guān),血液循環(huán)中miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)可能有助于某些腫瘤的預(yù)后判斷。

4 結(jié)語

綜上,許多研究成果提示miR-221/miR-222的表達(dá)通過促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、侵襲、EMT以及抑制凋亡等誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性表型,且多數(shù)情況下miR-221/miR-222高表達(dá)與腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)放療、化療、靶向治療的敏感性以及腫瘤患者預(yù)后不良有關(guān),miR-221/miR-222有望成為腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)。此外,血液循環(huán)中miR-221/miR-222是一種較具潛力的生物標(biāo)志物,未來有可能用于腫瘤的早期無創(chuàng)診斷和預(yù)后判斷,對(duì)腫瘤的臨床治療具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。

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[25]Zhao G,Cai C,Yang T,et al.MicroRNA-221 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance through PI3K/Akt pathway in human osteosarcoma[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e53906.

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[27]Garofalo M,Romano G,Di Leva G,et al.EGFR and MET receptor tyrosine kinase-altered microRNA expression induces tumorigenesis and gefitinib resistance in lung cancers[J].Nature Medicine,2012,18(1):74-82.

[28]Chun-Zhi Z,Lei H,An-Ling Z,et al.MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN[J].BMC Cancer,2010,10:367.

[29]Li W,Guo F,Wang P,et al.miR-221/222 confers radioresistance in glioblastoma cells through activating Akt independent of PTEN status[J]. Current Molecular Medicine,2014,14(1):185-195.

[30]Liu K,Li G,F(xiàn)an C,et al.Increased Expression of MicroRNA-221 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance[J].The Journal of International Medical Research,2012,40(2):467-474.

[2014-06-26收稿][2014-09-02修回][編輯 羅惠予]

R730.2

A

1674-5671(2014)04-04

10.3969/j.issn.1674-5671.2014.04.20

中國博士后基金資助項(xiàng)目(2012M511735)

奉水東。E-mail:shuidong_f@hotmail.com

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