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淺析動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的異同

2013-12-29 00:00:00孟靜宜
考試周刊 2013年3期

摘要: 動名詞和動詞不定式是英語學習的難點之一,也是高考、大學英語等級考試等的重點內(nèi)容之一。本文著重介紹動名詞和不定式做賓語的五種基本情況,比較兩者做賓語時結(jié)構(gòu)和意義的異同,以幫助英語學習者快速準確掌握。

關(guān)鍵詞: 動名詞 動詞不定式 賓語 非謂語動詞

英語中作為非謂語動詞的動名詞和不定式都可以作賓語,但究竟什么情況該用動名詞?什么情況用動詞不定式?兩者都可以用時,意義有無區(qū)別?這些問題一直困擾英語學習者。筆者認為,只要準確掌握了下面五種情況,解決了這五個問題,上述困擾就會迎刃而解。

問題一:哪些動詞后面既可以接動名詞,又可以接不定式作賓語,且意義無甚差別或者差別不大?

這類動詞常用的有:advise,attempt,begin,can’t bear,cease,choose,commence,consider,continue,dread,hate,intend,like,love,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,propose,start等。如:

Xiao Wang’s parents planned taking/to take a holiday abroad.小王的爸媽打算去國外度假。

They start working / to work at eight every morning.他們每天8點上班。

He neglected locking /to lock the door.他忘了鎖門了。

問題二:哪些動詞后面只能接動名詞?

只能接動名詞作賓語的常用動詞有:admit,acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,approve,avoid,catch,consider,contemplate,can’t help,defer,delay,deny,detest,despise,endure,ensure,enjoy,escape,evade,excuse,facilitate,fancy,favour,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,grudge,imagine,include,involve,keep(on),leave off,loathe,mention,mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practise,put off,recall,recollect,resent,resist,resume,risk,save,stand(忍受),stop,suggest,understand等。如:

He enjoys playing games in the net but dislikes reading novels.他熱衷于在網(wǎng)上打游戲卻不喜歡看小說。

They told me that he had given up smoking.他們告訴我他已經(jīng)戒煙了。

The boy admitted being careless.這孩子承認他太粗心了。

I went into the garden and washed my hands in the basin to save going upstairs.我走進花園,在盆里洗了手,省得上樓一趟。

She didn’t at all fancy roaming in the street at such late hours.她壓根兒就不愿意那么晚了還在街上閑逛。

All the same she couldn’t resist moving his paper a fraction to one side so that she could watch the TV show at the other end of the room.盡管如此,她還是忍不住把臉前的報紙往旁邊挪動一些,這樣就可以看到房間另一頭的電視劇了。

Still,we can’t help wondering who and what have brought on these deaths.但是,我們?nèi)匀灰獑?,是誰,是什么造成了這些死亡事件的呢?

問題三:哪些動詞后面只能接不定式?

專門接不定式作賓語的常用動詞是:afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,care,choose,claim,consent,dare,decide,decline(謝絕),demand,desire,determine,endeavour(盡力),expect,guarantee,hope,long,manage,offer,pledge(保證),prepare,pretend,profess(假裝),promise,refuse,resolve,seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,wish等。如:

In those days they couldn’t afford to buy a car.那時,他們沒錢買車。

I may claim to have learned 8,000 English words.我可以說,我已經(jīng)學會了8,000個英語單詞。

The TV star pretended to have been the victim of the threats.電視明星佯稱,他曾深受威脅之害。

I didn’t expect to find him here.我沒有想到會在這里看到他。

They could hardly hope to get there before seven.他們沒有多大希望七點前能到達。

The children in the remote countryside wished to continue the school.偏遠鄉(xiāng)村的孩子們希望能繼續(xù)上學。

They expect to have been admitted into the club by the end of the year.他們預計,到年底就可以被吸收為俱樂部會員了。

這些詞大部分可接that引導的從句替換動詞不定式。如:

I decided to ask for my book back.

I decided that I would ask for my book back.

我決定要回我的書。

I meant to have given you the magazine this morning,but I forgot to bring it here.

I meant that I had given you the magazine this morning,but I forgot to bring it here.

我本來想今天早晨給你那本雜志的,但我忘記帶來了。

When our visit to the corporation was over,we expected to start back on foot.

When our visit to the corporation was over,we expected that we would start back on foot.

參觀完公司之后,我們想步行回去。

問題四:哪些動詞后面接動名詞或不定式做賓語意義或結(jié)構(gòu)完全不同?

這個問題又可分為三個層次進行掌握:

(1)有些動詞如mean,stop,try后接動名詞或不定式做賓語時,其意義完全不同。如:

Your plan would mean cost money.你的計劃意味著費錢。

I didn’t mean to make you unhappy.我沒打算惹你不高興。

(2)forget,regret,remember后接動名詞或不定式時表示動作發(fā)生的時間完全不同。如:

I remember writing the email.我記得我寫了那封電子郵件。

Please remember to write an email to me.請記住給我寫封電子郵件。

(3)有些動詞如:demand,deserve,need,require,want等,后接動名詞或不定式作賓語時,動名詞或不定式使用的語態(tài)不同。這類動詞之后接不定式須用被動形式,而接動名詞則用主動形式便可表示被動意義。例如:

This document needs signing by the manager.(=This document needs to be signed by the manager.)這份文件需要由經(jīng)理簽字。

The house wants repainting.(=The house wants to be repainted.)這幢房子要重新刷漆。

The car requires fixing.(=The car requires to be fixed.)這車需要修理。

問題五:不定式可否做介詞的賓語?

動名詞因為其名詞特性比較強,作介詞賓語非常普遍。如:

Instead of keeping quiet,the patient makes too loud noise.這個病人非但沒有安安靜靜,反而弄得噪音很大。

We must try to prevent the truck from being overloaded.我們必須設(shè)法阻止卡車超載。

The farmers are looking forward to building a permanent home for them.農(nóng)民們正盼著建設(shè)一個永久的家園。

而介詞一般不用動詞不定式不做賓語,但besides,but,except例外。

They had no choice but to give up.他們別無選擇,只得放棄。

He seldom phones his parents except to ask for money.他除了向父母要錢外,很少打電話。

She had nothing to do but(to)chat in the net all the night.她整個晚上除了在網(wǎng)上聊天啥也不做。

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