朱章丹
一、過去分詞的基本概念
動詞的-ed形式即傳統(tǒng)語法中所說的過去分詞,又稱之為-ed分詞,是一種非限定動詞,規(guī)則動詞的-ed形式由動詞原形家詞尾加-ed構成,也有不規(guī)則動詞變化表。-ed形式一般表示被動和完成,只有一種形式,沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。
二、過去分詞作表語的用法
作表語的-ed形式大多已轉化為形容詞,用來表示主語所處的狀態(tài),常見的這類-ed形式有:disappointed, astonished, excited, interested, satisfied, surprised, frightened, amazed, annoyed, exhausted, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried, terrified等。例如:
She looked disappointed. 她看起來很失望。
I was not satisfied with the result. 我對這個結果不滿意。
拓展 除了以上表示主語情感的形容詞化的過去分詞作表語外,也有一些常見的表狀態(tài)的過去分詞也可以作表語。例如:
He was lost in thought. 他陷入了沉思。
Tom was hidden in the tree while Jack was looking for him. 當杰克到處找湯姆的時候,他就躲在樹上。
The library is usually closed at 5:00 in the afternoon. 圖書館通常下午5點關門。
Della said ,”My hair is gone for you.” 德拉說“我賣頭發(fā)是為了你”。
These trees are machine planted. 這些樹是機器種植的。
When the singer came in, the guests were all seated. 歌唱家進來的時候,客人們都已就坐。
辨析 過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別:被動語態(tài)表示一個具體的動作,過去分詞作表語表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)。例如:
We were amused by his story and burst out laughing. 我們被他的故事逗樂了,大笑起來。
We were amused to learn that he had made a foolish mistake. 聽到他犯了個愚蠢的錯誤,我們都覺得好笑。(過去分詞作表語)
The window was broken. 窗子被打碎了。(過去分詞作表語)
The street is crowded with people. 街上擠滿了人。(狀態(tài))
They were crowded with room. 他們被塞到一間屋子里。(動作)
注意 過去分詞作表語時,連系動詞除了be外,還可以用get, become, grow, turn等,而被動語態(tài)則無此用法。例如:
We became/got excited. (正)
We got excited by his words. (誤)
We were excited by his words. (正)
三、過去分詞作定語的用法
過去分詞作定語時,常表示動作發(fā)生的時間早于謂語動詞,或者沒有一定的時間性,只表示被動關系,單獨的分詞作定語時可以放在所修飾詞的前面,也可置于其后,過去分詞短語修飾名詞時,通常置于所修飾名詞之后。例如:
The question discussed is very important. 被討論的那個問題是很重要的。
I dont like to see letter written in pencil. 我不喜歡看用鉛筆寫的字。
The reduced price will save you one dollar for each dozen. 降價會使你每買一打省一美元。
Lost time is lost forever. 失去的時間就永遠失去了。
注意 過去分詞作定語時,如果是單個的過去分詞或帶副詞的過去分詞放于所修飾的詞的前面時,過去分詞具有形容詞的特點。例如:
a broken window 一扇打碎了的窗子
a newly invented machine 新發(fā)明的機器
a widely used metal 一種廣泛使用的金屬
a recently built house 一幢最近建造的房子
拓展 如果被修飾的詞是由some\any\no\+thing\body\one所形成的不定代詞或指示代詞those等時,即使一個單一的分詞作形容詞用,也要放在被修飾詞之后。例如:
Is there anything unsolved? 還有什么問題沒解決么?
There is nothing almost changed since I left the town 2 years ago. 自從我兩年前離開這個鎮(zhèn)以來,這個鎮(zhèn)幾乎沒有什么變化。
注意 有時為了強調(diào),還可以將單一的分詞置于被修飾名詞之后。例如:
They decided to change the material used. 他們決定改變所用的原材料。
The experience gained will be of great value to us. 得到的經(jīng)驗將對我們很有價值。
練習
1.______________________are harmful to peoples health. (pollute)
污染的空氣和水對人們的身體有害。
2. The problem _____________________ was very difficult to solve. (discuss)
昨天在會上討論的問題很難解決。
3. She walked out of the room,_____________________ .
她走出房間,她的小女兒跟著。
4._____________________ , the competitor dared to face the challenge, (defeat)
盡管多次被打敗,那位參賽者仍然敢于面對挑戰(zhàn)。
5. people _____________________ high levels of radiation for a long time are likely to develop severe illnesses. (expose)
長期置身于高強度輻射的人很有可能會患上一些嚴重的疾病。
參考答案
1. Polluted air and water
2. discussed at the meeting yesterday
3. followed by her little daughter
4. Defeated for several times/Having been defeated for several times
5. (who are) exposed to