于曉天,魚海峰,蔣 超,張 楷,張 淼,張 云
(江蘇大學(xué)附屬宜興醫(yī)院,江蘇 宜興,214200)
微創(chuàng)外科是未來外科發(fā)展的重要方向,尤其近年 腹腔鏡技術(shù)在胃腸道疾病診治方面得到了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。腹腔鏡手術(shù)在結(jié)直腸手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,并得到廣泛接受。國(guó)外大量臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究已明確證實(shí)腹腔鏡結(jié)直腸手術(shù)是安全、可行的,能達(dá)到與開腹手術(shù)相當(dāng)?shù)哪[瘤根治性及較好的近期療效,且與傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)相比,具有術(shù)后康復(fù)快、切口小、疼痛輕、住院時(shí)間短等優(yōu)勢(shì)[1-4]。與此同時(shí),人們對(duì)術(shù)后美觀及疼痛輕的要求也越來越高。因此,在常規(guī)腹腔鏡手術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)逐漸發(fā)展,并迅速成為微創(chuàng)外科醫(yī)生共同關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)[5-6]。由于單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)開展時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),仍處于探索與發(fā)展初期,在結(jié)腸手術(shù)方面能否取得傳統(tǒng)多孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)的療效,能否改善美容效果、減少手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、減輕術(shù)后疼痛等,都值得商榷。因此,本研究收集對(duì)比單孔腹腔鏡與常規(guī)腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),通過Meta分析,評(píng)估單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的有效性及安全性,并探討其潛在優(yōu)勢(shì)與應(yīng)用前景。
1.1 臨床資料 檢索 PubMed、Cochrane Library等數(shù)據(jù)庫2002年1月至2012年10月公開發(fā)表的對(duì)比單孔腹腔鏡與常規(guī)腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn),檢索主題詞包括:
“Single-incision laparoscopic”、“Conventional laparoscopic”、“Multiport laparoscopic”、“Colectomy”、“Complications”。檢索語種為英語,最后一次檢索時(shí)間為2012年10月30日。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)研究?jī)?nèi)容為對(duì)比單孔腹腔鏡與常規(guī)腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的文獻(xiàn);(2)文獻(xiàn)中至少提供一項(xiàng)手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)或并發(fā)癥對(duì)比的信息;(3)同一臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)表在多條文獻(xiàn)中時(shí),取最近期發(fā)表或已完成實(shí)驗(yàn)研究者;(4)檢索文獻(xiàn)語種為英語。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)腹腔鏡或腹腔鏡輔助結(jié)腸切除術(shù)與開腹結(jié)腸切除術(shù)對(duì)比的研究;(2)病例報(bào)道、無法獲取全文的文獻(xiàn),以及未將單孔腹腔鏡與常規(guī)腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比的文獻(xiàn);(3)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究;(4)非英語語種的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2.3 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)與數(shù)據(jù)提取 所有納入的研究均按QUOROM聲明進(jìn)行方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)與篩選[7-8],三位研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索及數(shù)據(jù)提取,提取內(nèi)容包括:文獻(xiàn)作者、年份、樣本量、干預(yù)措施、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率、住院時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況等。有分歧的地方通過共同討論解決。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 通過Review Manager 5.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)采用Q檢驗(yàn)法,根據(jù)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,對(duì)分類變量,如中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等,選擇相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(relative risk,RR)表示合成結(jié)果;對(duì)于連續(xù)性變量,如手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間等,選擇均數(shù)差值(mean difference,MD)評(píng)估研究結(jié)果,僅包括提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差數(shù)據(jù)的研究被納入分析。如異質(zhì)性有限,選擇固定效應(yīng)模型(fixed effect model);如異質(zhì)性明顯,選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(random effect model)。通過Z檢驗(yàn)計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)量,P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。通過倒漏斗圖評(píng)估文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚,方法是利用Egger線性回歸衡量。
2.1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本情況 按檢索策略,共18篇常規(guī)腹腔鏡與單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)對(duì)比的文獻(xiàn)被納入本項(xiàng)Meta分析[9-26]。其中包括2篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究[16,24]與 16 篇病例對(duì)照研究[9-15,17-23,25-26],其中一項(xiàng)研究以海報(bào)的形式展示[15]。在納入研究的患者中,678例施行傳統(tǒng)多孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù),542例行單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù),共1 220例患者。見表1。
表1 納入Meta分析研究的一般資料
續(xù)表1
續(xù)表1
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果 兩種術(shù)式手術(shù)時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,合并均數(shù)差值(MD)為3.90(95%CI:-2.45 ~10.24,P=0.23,圖 1);術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異亦無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,合并相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)分別為1.67(95%CI:0.96~2.91,P=0.07,圖 2)、0.89(95%CI:0.69~1.14,P=0.36,圖3)。但單孔腹腔鏡組術(shù)中出血量及住院時(shí)間明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)多孔腹腔鏡組,合并均數(shù)差值(MD)分別為-20.25(95%CI:-30.25 ~1.24,P=0.04,圖 4)與-0.38(95%CI:-0.63 ~-0.13,P=0.002,圖5),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.3 發(fā)表偏倚分析 通過倒漏斗圖評(píng)估文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚,利用Egger線性回歸衡量。根據(jù)倒漏斗圖中散點(diǎn)分布情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較的倒漏斗圖上散點(diǎn)基本呈對(duì)稱性分布,提示納入的研究無發(fā)表偏倚或發(fā)表偏倚較小;而術(shù)中出血量及住院時(shí)間比較的倒漏斗圖上散點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)明顯的不對(duì)稱性,提示納入的研究可能存在發(fā)表偏倚(圖6、圖7)。
圖1 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較的Meta分析
圖2 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率比較的Meta分析
圖3 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較的Meta分析
圖4 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組術(shù)中出血量比較的Meta分析
圖5 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組出院時(shí)間比較的Meta分析
圖6 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組術(shù)中出血量比較的倒漏斗圖
圖7 常規(guī)腹腔鏡組與單孔腹腔鏡組出院時(shí)間比較的倒漏斗圖
腹腔鏡技術(shù)在結(jié)直腸手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用已越來越廣泛,國(guó)內(nèi)外大量臨床研究已證實(shí)腹腔鏡與開腹結(jié)直腸手術(shù)具有相似的腫瘤根治性,較開腹手術(shù)具有出血少、患者創(chuàng)傷小、康復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[1-4],有些地區(qū)或醫(yī)院已將腹腔鏡手術(shù)作為治療結(jié)直腸疾病的首選術(shù)式。隨著腹腔鏡技術(shù)及手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷積累、腹腔鏡器械的不斷發(fā)展,人們對(duì)微創(chuàng)的理解越來越深,對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛及美觀的要求也越來越高,在這樣的時(shí)代背景下,單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)在不斷摸索及質(zhì)疑中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。2008年Bucher等[27]開展首例單孔腹腔鏡右半結(jié)腸切除術(shù)至今已有4年余,盡管在這期間單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)得到了迅猛發(fā)展,國(guó)外單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸手術(shù),也取得了較好療效[19],但目前仍處于初期探索階段,對(duì)于開展單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)仍存有長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)議。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有美觀、患者疼痛輕、康復(fù)更快等優(yōu)勢(shì);也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,單孔腹腔鏡與傳統(tǒng)多孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)無明顯差異,但手術(shù)難度卻大大增加,能否達(dá)到傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡手術(shù)的療效存有疑問[28]。因此,與常規(guī)多孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸手術(shù)相比,單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)是否安全、有效,在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、術(shù)后康復(fù)、術(shù)后疼痛及美觀等方面是否更具優(yōu)勢(shì)目前尚無定論。
本研究通過Meta分析的方法,共納入2篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究及16篇病例對(duì)照研究,通過對(duì)比兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及住院時(shí)間,評(píng)估單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的有效性及安全性,同時(shí)探討其潛在優(yōu)勢(shì)及應(yīng)用價(jià)值。本研究Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩種術(shù)式在手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)開腹/增加穿刺孔率、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間明顯少于常規(guī)多孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)。根據(jù)這一結(jié)果,我們認(rèn)為單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)是安全、可行、有效的,與常規(guī)腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有相似的手術(shù)療效。同時(shí),在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、術(shù)后康復(fù)等方面單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。盡管如此,我們?nèi)孕柚?jǐn)慎看待這一結(jié)論。首先,從術(shù)中出血量及住院時(shí)間對(duì)比的倒漏斗圖中發(fā)現(xiàn)文獻(xiàn)存在發(fā)表偏倚,這與納入研究的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量有一定關(guān)聯(lián)。本項(xiàng)Meta分析中,僅2項(xiàng)研究是隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。盡管在缺少前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)時(shí),Meta分析應(yīng)用于高質(zhì)量的非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)仍是對(duì)已有結(jié)果做出綜合定量評(píng)價(jià)的有效方法[29],但卻容易給研究結(jié)果本身帶來一定的發(fā)表偏倚。其次,一些研究中樣本量相對(duì)較小。此外,被納入的文獻(xiàn)中有的施行右半結(jié)腸切除術(shù),有的施行左半結(jié)腸切除術(shù),還有的行乙狀結(jié)腸切除術(shù),這同樣會(huì)給分析結(jié)果帶來一定偏倚。以上這些偏倚因素也許正是本項(xiàng)Meta分析中倒漏斗圖出現(xiàn)不對(duì)稱的原因所在。
有學(xué)者報(bào)道了關(guān)于常規(guī)多孔腹腔鏡與單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)對(duì)比的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,以探討單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)在術(shù)后美觀、術(shù)后疼痛等方面的潛在優(yōu)勢(shì)[24]。研究中分別有25例患者被隨機(jī)分配到單孔組與常規(guī)多孔腹腔鏡組,并邀請(qǐng)麻醉科共同參與,更加規(guī)范地評(píng)估患者術(shù)后疼痛。結(jié)果表明,在等量鎮(zhèn)痛劑的條件下,施行單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的患者術(shù)后疼痛明顯輕于常規(guī)多孔腹腔鏡組。同時(shí),單孔腹腔鏡組住院時(shí)間亦顯著短于傳統(tǒng)多孔腹腔鏡組,并推測(cè)住院時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短與術(shù)后疼痛程度可能有一定關(guān)聯(lián)。
本項(xiàng)Meta分析結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于具備豐富腹腔鏡手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的外科醫(yī)生而言,單孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)安全、可行,與傳統(tǒng)多孔腹腔鏡結(jié)腸切除術(shù)具有相似的手術(shù)療效,在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、術(shù)后康復(fù)、術(shù)后疼痛及美觀方面可能更具優(yōu)勢(shì),單孔腹腔鏡技術(shù)在今后的發(fā) 展中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
[1]Law WL,Poon JT,F(xiàn)an JK,et al.Survival following laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal cancer[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2012,27(8):1077-1085.
[2]Allaix ME,Degiuli M,Giraudo G,et al.Laparoscopic versus open colorectal resections in patients with symptomatic stageⅣ colorectal cancer[J].Surg Endosc,2012,26(9):2609-2616.
[3]Gunka I,Dostalik J,Martinek L,et al.Long-term results of laparoscopic versus open surgery for nonmetastatic colorectal cancer[J].Acta Chir Belg,2012,112(2):139-147.
[4]Hida K,Hasegawa S,Kinjo Y,et al.Open versus laparoscopic resection of primary tumor for incurable stageⅣ colorectal cancer:a large multicenter consecutive patients cohort study[J].Ann Surg,2012,255(5):929-934.
[5]Makino T,Milsom JW,Lee SW.Feasibility and safety of single-incision laparoscopic colectomy:a systematic review[J].Ann Surg,2012,255(4):667-676.
[6]Maggiori L,Gaujoux S,Bretagnol F,et al.Single port laparoscopic surgery for colorectal resection:a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Colorectal Dis,2011,13(s6):1.
[7]Moher D,Cook DJ,Eastwood S,et al.Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials:the QUOROM statement.Quality of reporting of meta-analyses[J].Lancet,1999,354(9193):1896-1900.
[8]Clarke M,Horton R.Bringing it all together:Lancet-Cochrane collaborate on systematic reviews[J].Lancet,2001,357(9720):1728.
[9]Adair J,Gromski MA,Lim RB,et al.Single-incision laparoscopic right colectomy:experience with 17 consecutive cases and comparison with multiport laparoscopic right colectomy[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2010,53(11):1549-1554.
[10]Champagne BJ,Lee EC,Leblanc F,et al.Single-incision vs straight laparoscopic segmental colectomy:a case-controlled study[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2011,54(2):183-186.
[11]Chen WT,Chang SC,Chiang HC,et al.Single-incision laparoscopic versus conventional laparoscopic right hemicolectomy:a comparison of short-term surgical results[J].Surg Endosc,2011,25(6):1887-1892.
[12]Fujii S,Watanabe K,Ota M,et al.Single-incision laparoscopic surgery using colon-lifting technique for colorectal cancer:a matched case-control comparison with standard multiport laparoscopic surgery in terms of short-term results and access instrument cost[J].Surg Endosc,2012,26(5):1403-1411.
[13]Gandhi D,Ragupathi M,Patel CB,et al.Single-incision versus hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy:a case-matched series[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2010,14(12):1875-1880.
[14]Gaujoux S,Maggiori L,Bretagnol F,et al.Safety,feasibility,and short-term outcomes of single port access colorectal surgery:a single institutional case-matched study[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2012,16(3):629-634.
[15]Katsuno G,F(xiàn)ukunaga M,Tsumura H,et al.Single incision laparoscopic colectomy(SILC)for colorectal cancer:a case matched series of 100 cases[C].In:2011 Scientific Session of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons,SanAntonio,TX.
[16]Huscher CG,Mingoli A,Sgarzini G,et al.Standard laparoscopic versus single-incision laparoscopic colectomy for cancer:early results of a randomized prospective study[J].Am J Surg,2012,204(1):115-120.
[17]Kim SJ,Ryu GO,Choi BJ,et al.The short-term outcomes of conventional and single-port laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer[J].Ann Surg,2011,254(6):933-940.
[18]Lee SW,Milsom JW,Nash GM.Single-incision versus multiport laparoscopic right and hand-assisted left colectomy:a casematched comparison[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2011,54(11):1355-1361.
[19]Papaconstantinou HT,Thomas JS.Single-incision laparoscopic colectomy for cancer:assessment of oncologic resection and shortterm outcomes in a case-matched comparison with standard laparoscopy[J].Surgery,2011,150(4):820-827.
[20]Ramos-Valadez DI,Ragupathi M,Nieto J,et al.Single-incision versus conventional laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy:a casematched series[J].Surg Endosc,2012,26(1):96-102.
[21]Clark CE,Liasis L.Noncosmetic benefits of single-incision laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease:a case-matched comparison to standard multiport laparoscopic technique[J].J Surg Res,2012 May 16.[Epub ahead of print]
[22]Waters JA,Guzman MJ,F(xiàn)ajardo AD,et al.Single-port laparoscopic right hemicolectomy:a safe alternative to conventional lapa-roscopy[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2010,53(11):1467-1472.
[23]Wolthuis AM,Penninckx F,F(xiàn)ieuws S,et al.Outcomes for case-matched single port colectomy are comparable with conventional laparoscopic colectomy[J].Colorectal Dis,2011,14(5):634-641.
[24]Poon JT,Cheung CW,F(xiàn)an JK,et al.Single-incision versus conventional laparoscopic colectomy for colonic neoplasm:a randomized,controlled trial[J].Surg Endosc,2012,26(10):2729-2734.
[25]Currò G,Cogliandolo A,Lazzara S,et al.Single-incision versus three-port conventional laparoscopic right hemicolectomy:is there any real need to go single?[J].J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A,2012,22(7):621-624.
[26]Chew MH,Chang MH,Tan WS,et al.Conventional laparoscopic versus single-incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy:a case cohort comparison of short-term outcomes in 144 consecutive cases[J].Surg Endosc,2012 Jul 18.[Epub ahead of print]
[27]Bucher P,Pugin F,Morel P.Single-port access laparoscopic radical left colectomy in humans[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2009,52(10):1797-1801.
[28]Marcello PW.Single incision laparoscopic colectomy:boutique surgery or the new standard?[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2011,54(6):660-661.
[29]Walker E,Hernandez AV,Kattan MW.Meta-analysis:its strengths and limitations[J].Cleve Clin J Med,2008,75(6):431-439.