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CuCl2/Al2O3催化氮雜環(huán)的N-芳基化反應(yīng)

2013-05-11 09:47施介華王炯杰
關(guān)鍵詞:雜環(huán)偶聯(lián)咪唑

施介華,王炯杰

(1.浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,浙江杭州310032;2.浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)綠色化學(xué)合成技術(shù)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗室培育基地,浙江杭州310032)

CuCl2/Al2O3催化氮雜環(huán)的N-芳基化反應(yīng)

施介華1,2,王炯杰1

(1.浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,浙江杭州310032;2.浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)綠色化學(xué)合成技術(shù)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗室培育基地,浙江杭州310032)

研究了以CuCl2/Al2O3作為金屬銅催化劑高效催化氮雜環(huán)與鹵代芳烴的N-芳基化反應(yīng)制備N-芳基雜環(huán)化合物.實(shí)驗結(jié)果表明:在無有機(jī)配體存在下CuCl2/Al2O3催化劑具有良好的催化活性和重復(fù)使用性.以咪唑與碘苯的反應(yīng)作為模板反應(yīng)優(yōu)化反應(yīng)條件,考察了反應(yīng)物配比、催化劑種類、堿的種類、溶劑的選擇、反應(yīng)溫度以及反應(yīng)時間等因素對反應(yīng)收率的影響,確定了最佳反應(yīng)條件,在此條件下制備N-苯基咪唑的收率達(dá)99%.而且,所選擇的催化反應(yīng)體系可應(yīng)用于合成一系列N-芳基雜環(huán)化合物.

CuCl2/Al2O3;氮雜環(huán);鹵代芳烴;N-芳基化

有機(jī)合成反應(yīng)中C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)占有非常重要的地位,其合成的芳基吲哚,芳基咪唑,芳基吡咯,芳基咔唑等氮雜環(huán)芳烴化合物廣泛應(yīng)用于制藥和材料科學(xué)領(lǐng)域[1-3].C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)通常使用過渡金屬作催化劑,如鈀、鎳、銅、鐵、銦等.在過去幾十年,國內(nèi)外有大量研究關(guān)于金屬鈀催化劑應(yīng)用于C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng),結(jié)果表明鈀催化體系在C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)中具有非常高的催化活性[4-6].但是,鈀催化劑的一些缺點(diǎn),如價格昂貴,毒性較高和反應(yīng)時條件苛刻等,限制了其工業(yè)化應(yīng)用.相比金屬鈀催化劑,金屬銅催化劑存在著價格低廉和性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)點(diǎn).傳統(tǒng)的無有機(jī)配體銅催化的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)需要較高的溫度,而且反應(yīng)活性不是很高,但加入一定量的配體后,其反應(yīng)條件變得更溫和,反應(yīng)時間也大大縮短了.近幾年來,國內(nèi)外對金屬銅催化的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)研究越來越多,特別是對一價銅鹽配體的研究,目前一價銅鹽的配體主要有二氮類7-17、氮氧類18-26、二氧類[27-33]二齒類配體,它們對于提高一價銅鹽的催化活性起到了重要的作用.

相比一價銅鹽,同樣條件下二價銅鹽的催化活性較低.但是二價銅鹽具有在空氣中更穩(wěn)定、價格更低廉等優(yōu)點(diǎn),而且在一定條件下也能獲得較高的催化活性,因此對二價銅鹽的深入研究是具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義的.國內(nèi)外對于二價銅鹽催化C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的研究,有研究其配體的[34-40],有研究其絡(luò)合物的[41-46],也有研究其負(fù)載的[47-48]等[49].到目前為止,氧化鋁負(fù)載二價銅鹽作為氮雜環(huán)與鹵代芳烴C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的催化劑未被報道過.眾所周知,氧化鋁是一種常用的固體催化劑載體.Bhadra等報道了中性氧化鋁負(fù)載硫酸銅高效催化硫醇與鹵代芳烴的S-芳烴化反應(yīng)[50]以及有機(jī)硼烷、有機(jī)硅烷和有機(jī)錫烷與PhSeBr的親電取代反應(yīng)[51].Kantam等通過假設(shè)Y型離子沸石能活化C-Cl,C-Br和C-I鍵,報道了Y型離子沸石負(fù)載二價銅鹽高效催化氮雜環(huán)與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)[8].設(shè)想堿性Al2O3也能活化C-Cl,C-Br和C-I鍵,筆者報道了以CuCl2/Al2O3作為可回收的銅催化劑,在無配體存在下,高效催化氮雜環(huán)與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng).

1 實(shí)驗方法

1.1 催化劑的制備

將CuCl2.2H2O(3.8 g)溶于10 m L蒸餾水中,加入堿性Al2O3(5.1 g),室溫下攪拌1 h,60℃減壓蒸餾至干,殘余的固體在100℃干燥8 h,制得37% CuCl2/Al2O3催化劑.

1.2 C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的經(jīng)典反應(yīng)過程

在反應(yīng)器中,氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)下,加入氮雜環(huán)化合物(3 mmol)、鹵代芳烴(1 mmol)、K3PO4(2 mmol)、37%CuCl2/Al2O3(0.2 mmol)和2 m L DMSO,135℃攪拌反應(yīng)23 h.自然冷卻后,用20 m L水洗,再用Et OAc(3次每次10 m L)萃取,無水硫酸鈉干燥,過濾,脫干溶劑,然后柱層析分離得到產(chǎn)物.

2 實(shí)驗結(jié)果與討論

2.1 C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)條件優(yōu)化

以碘苯和咪唑的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)作為模板反應(yīng),其反應(yīng)式為

對反應(yīng)條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化改進(jìn)(表1).首先對兩種催化劑CuCl2與CuCl2/Al2O3進(jìn)行比較(表1,編號1,2),發(fā)現(xiàn)Al2O3負(fù)載的CuCl2催化劑的活性顯著提高.接著,考察了溶劑對催化劑活性影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)極性溶劑能更好地促進(jìn)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行(表1,編號3-5),作者認(rèn)為催化劑能更好地親極性溶劑,使催化劑與溶劑及反應(yīng)物的有效接觸面積增大,從而更好地催化反應(yīng)進(jìn)行.研究結(jié)果還發(fā)現(xiàn)堿的種類對C-N偶合反應(yīng)的影響不大(表1,編號3,6-10),但是不加堿的情況下(表1,編號11),反應(yīng)不能進(jìn)行.另外,實(shí)驗結(jié)果還表明了咪唑投料比增加,合成收率隨之增加(表1,編號12-14),當(dāng)咪唑/碘苯比例大于3/1,偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)收率達(dá)99%.而且,從表還可發(fā)現(xiàn)偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)收率隨反應(yīng)溫度的升高而增加,當(dāng)反應(yīng)溫度大于135℃,收率趨于平穩(wěn).

表1 咪唑與碘苯的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)1)Table 1 N-arylation of imidazole with iodobenzene

2.2 咪唑與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)

在上述優(yōu)化后的反應(yīng)條件下,進(jìn)一步考察了咪唑和一系列鹵代芳烴的偶聯(lián)反應(yīng),反應(yīng)式為

其結(jié)果如表2所示.結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)碘代芳烴和溴代芳烴(表2,編號1,2,4-9)與咪唑反應(yīng)收率較高;取代溴代芳烴與咪唑偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的活性的大小與取代基種類密切相關(guān),當(dāng)吸電子基團(tuán)取代的與咪唑的偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的活性明顯高于供電子基團(tuán)取代的溴代芳烴(表2,編號4-7).同樣,溴代噻吩與咪唑偶合反應(yīng)的活性也較高,收率達(dá)95%(編號9).但間溴苯乙酮(表2,編號8)與咪唑反應(yīng)時其收率較低,這可能是由于副反應(yīng)發(fā)生比較多.

從表2中還可以看出:氯代芳烴相對于溴代和碘代芳烴,其反應(yīng)活性比較低.氯苯作為底物時,沒有檢測到有產(chǎn)物生成.然而,對氯硝基苯(表2,編號10)和鄰氯硝基苯(表2,編號11)為底物時,反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率分別為81%和63%.這進(jìn)一步說明了鹵代芳烴上有其它吸電子基團(tuán)存在可活化其活性.另外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)吸電子取代基位于鹵素原子對位或間位時的反應(yīng)活性優(yōu)于鄰位取代,這可能是因為鄰位的位阻比較大,阻礙了其偶聯(lián)的進(jìn)行.

2.3 其他氮雜環(huán)與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)

為了闡明Al2O3負(fù)載的CuCl2催化劑催化CN偶合反應(yīng)的適用范圍,進(jìn)一步考察了吲哚、咔唑、1,2,4-三氮唑與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng),反應(yīng)式為

其結(jié)果如表3所示.從表3中可以看出:吲哚和一系列鹵代芳烴的反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率(表3,編號1-4)與咪唑相比較低,產(chǎn)率在19%~81%之間.咔唑與三氮唑(表3,編號6)的產(chǎn)率分別為94%和44%.這說明了該催化體系在C-N偶合反應(yīng)的適用面較寬.

表2 咪唑與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)Tabel 2 N-arylation of imidazole with Aryl Halides %

2.4 催化劑的使用壽命

在反應(yīng)介質(zhì)中固相催化劑活性中心的穩(wěn)定性已引起人們的高度重視,負(fù)載型催化劑尤為重要,因此負(fù)載型催化劑的重復(fù)使用性已成為考察這類催化劑的重要指標(biāo)之一.為此,我們以碘苯和咪唑的C-N偶合反應(yīng)為模板反應(yīng),考察了CuCl2/Al2O3催化劑的穩(wěn)定性和催化性能的重復(fù)性,其實(shí)驗結(jié)果如表4所示.從表4中可以看出:CuCl2/Al2O3催化劑經(jīng)過濾、烘干處理后,其催化活性幾乎沒有變化,表明了該催化劑具有較好的重復(fù)使用性.

表3 其他氮雜環(huán)與鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)Tabel 3 N-arylation of Various Nitrogen Hetrocycles with Aryl Halides %

表4 催化劑體系重復(fù)套用的研究1)Table 4 Recycle studies of CuCl2/Al2O3catalysts N-arylation of imidazole with iodobenzene %

2.5 CuCl2/Al2O3催化劑催化C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)機(jī)理的探討

在文獻(xiàn)[51]報道基礎(chǔ)上,我們認(rèn)為CuCl2/ Al2O3催化劑催化C-N偶合反應(yīng)的機(jī)理:CuCl2在載體表面形成1,一個鹵代物被氧化加成到1上,并形成中間過渡態(tài)2.接著氮雜環(huán)發(fā)生親核取代,形成中間過渡態(tài)3.在堿的作用下,脫去一分子的鹽,最后還原消除,得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物(圖1).

2.6 產(chǎn)物的表征

苯基咪唑(Ⅲa):無色液體,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.87(s,1H),7.50~7.47(m, 2H),7.40~7.36(m,3 H),7.30(s,1H),7.22(s,1H).

圖1 C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)可能的機(jī)理Fig.1 The possible mechanism of the C-N couplingreaction

N-咪唑基-4-三氟甲基苯(Ⅲb):黃色固體,m.p.63~65℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.85(s,1H),7.65(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.44(d,J= 8.4 Hz,2 H),7.26(s,1H),7.14(s,1 H).

N-咪唑基-3,5-二三氟甲基苯(Ⅲc):淡黃色固體,m.p.120~121℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.95(s,1H),7.85(s,2H),7.81(s,1H),7.37(s,1 H),7.21(s,1H).

N-4-甲基苯基咪唑(Ⅲd):淡黃色固體,m.p. 61~63℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.72(s,1H),7.15(s,4H),7.14(s,1H),7.10(s,1H),2.29(s,3 H).

N-4-甲氧基苯基咪唑(Ⅲe):淡黃色液體,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.71(s,1 H),7.27~7.22(m,2H),7.15(s,1H),7.12(s,1H),6.94~6.91(m,2H),3.78(s,3 H).

N-3-乙酰基苯基咪唑(Ⅲf):淡黃色固體,m.p. 70~72℃,1HNMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.97(d,J=1.0Hz,1H),7.96~7.90(m,2H),7.59~7.58(m,2 H),7.33(s,1H),7.21(s,1 H),2.64(s,3H).

N-3-噻吩基咪唑(Ⅲg):淡棕色固體,m.p.77~79℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.63(s,1H),7.36(dd,J=5.1,3.3 Hz,1 H),7.18(s,1H),7.14(dd,J=5.6,4.1Hz,1H),7.11~7.10(m,2 H).

N-4硝基苯基咪唑(Ⅲh):白色熒光固體,m.p. 206~207℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:8.41~8.38(m,2H),8.01(s,1H),7.61~7.58(m,2H),7.39(s,1 H),7.29(d,J=10.7 Hz,1 H).

N-2硝基苯基咪唑(Ⅲi):淡黃色晶體,m.p.93~95℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.97(dd,J=8.1,1.3Hz,1H),7.72(td,J=7.7,1.4 Hz,1H),7.62~7.59(m,2H),7.46~7.44(m,1 H),7.17(s,1H),7.05(s,1H).

N-苯基吲哚(Ⅲj):淡黃色液體,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.68~7.66(m,1H),7.55~7.53(m,1 H),7.46~7.45(m,4H),7.31~7.28(m,2H),7.21~7.12(m,2H),6.66(dd,J= 3.2,0.6 Hz,1 H).

N-4-三氟甲基苯基吲哚(Ⅲk):無色稠狀液體,m.p.46~47℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.84(d,J=8.4 Hz,2H),7.79(d,J=7.6 Hz,1H),7.67(d,J=8.3 Hz,2H),7.64(d,J=7.8 Hz,1H),7.40(d,J=3.6 Hz,1H),7.34(t,J =4.1 Hz,1 H),7.30(t,J=3.8 Hz,1H),6.81(d,J=3.5 Hz,1 H).

N-3-噻吩基吲哚(Ⅲl):黃色液體,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:7.74~7.72(d,1H),7.63~7.61(d,1H),7.49~7.47(m,1H),7.36~7.24(m,4 H),7.23~7.21(m,1 H),6.71~6.70(d,1H).

N-苯基咔唑(Ⅲm):白色固體,m.p.85~86℃,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:8.32(d,J= 7.8 Hz,2 H),7.71~7.70(m,4 H),7.58~7.57(m,5H),7.47~7.45(m,2H).

N-苯基-1,2,4三氮唑(Ⅲn):黃色液體,1HNMR(500 MHz,CDCl3)δ:8.55(s,1H),8.08(s,1 H),7.65(d,J=7.8 Hz,2 H),7.48(t,J= 8.0 Hz,2H),7.37(t,J=7.4 Hz,1H).

3 結(jié) 論

在無有機(jī)配體存在下,以CuCl2/Al2O3為催化劑催化一系列的氮雜環(huán)和鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng),普遍得到了較高的產(chǎn)率.而且,CuCl2/Al2O3催化劑具有較好的重復(fù)使用性.開發(fā)了一種實(shí)用的氮雜環(huán)和鹵代芳烴的C-N偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的新方法.

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(責(zé)任編輯:陳石平)

An efficient method for N-arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles catalyzed by CuCl2/Al2O3

SHI Jie-hua1,2,WANG Jiong-jie1
(1.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310032,China;2.State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310032,China)

An efficient method for N-arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl halides has been developed using CuCl2/Al2O3as an efficient catalyst to prepare a variety of N-arylheterocycles.The experimental results showed that the CuCl2/Al2O3catalyst has good catalytic activity and can be reused without any added organic ligand.The coupling reaction of iodobenzene with imidazole was used as the model reaction to optimize the reaction conditions,and the influences of molar ratio of reactants,catalyst,base,solvent,temperature and time were investigated.Under the selected reaction conditions,the yield for the preparation of N-phenyl imidazole is 99%.And,the selected catalytic reaction system can be applied in synthesis of a variety of N-arylheterocycles.

CuCl2/Al2O3;nitrogen hetercycles;aryl halides;N-arylation

O643.32+2

A

1006-4303(2013)02-0126-07

2012-03-07

施介華(1961-),男,浙江杭州人,教授,博士,主要從事藥物合成和藥物分析研究,E-mail:shijh@zjut.edu.cn.

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