李向陽

一、英語中關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的運用

1.連接詞語用法小結(jié)

英語中的連接詞又被稱為句子和句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或關(guān)聯(lián)短語。關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的使用可以使上下文連貫自然、渾然一體、語言結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。在進行閱讀練習(xí)時，留意連接詞語的運用，會給我們做細(xì)節(jié)性的理解很大的幫助。比如：在閱讀的過程中，一個“however”或“but”的出現(xiàn)，常常預(yù)示命題者會在這里設(shè)置問題。而在寫作的評判中，使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語是制勝寫作的秘笈。有老師說：在寫作中，巧妙使用連接詞語是高級修辭使用的具體活例。英語中的連接詞語大致如下：

1） 表時間的連接詞語

first， second， third， and then， finally， after， before， after a few days， at last， at that time， later， in the past， immediately， in the meanwhile， when， while， then， after that， previous to ...

如：With two aims we start our club： first， to get students more interested in Chinese ancient poems； second， to show students how Chinese Literature develops.

2） 表對比或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞語

but， still， yet， however， instead， while， never the less / on the other hand， on the contrary， in contrast， ...

如：The teacher didnt scold him. Instead， he said that she did a good deed.

3） 表因果關(guān)系的連接詞語

because， since， then， thus， otherwise， so， therefore， consequently， as a result， for this reason， in consequence， thanks to， because of， on account of ...

如：The government doesnt wish to spend much money on environmental protection. Thus， the pollution there became more serious.

4） 表并列關(guān)系的連接詞語

and， as well as， or ...

如：Li Ping is a teacher. And what about Wang Hai？

5） 表示解釋說明的過渡詞

for example， in fact， in this case， for， actually ...

如：He pretended to like the song sung by her. In fact， he dislikes it.

6） 表附加內(nèi)容或遞進關(guān)系的連接詞

also， and， then， too， besides， in addition， moreover， again， above all， not only...but also...， ...

如：We should not waste anything. Above all， we should never waste time.

7） 表示列舉的連接詞語

for example， such as， for one thing ... and for another， ...

如：I dont feel like going with you there now. For one thing， it is rather late； and for another， I dare not go out at night.

8） 表示總結(jié)性的連接詞語

in conclusion， finally， at last， in brief， as has been stated， in a word， in general， in all， in a word， to sum up， to conclude， generally speaking ...

如：

He did a lot of good deeds for the people around him. To sum up， he is a good example of all the Party members.

二、英語閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析

英語閱讀文章的各段之間都存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系，正確理解這種邏輯關(guān)系，有助于準(zhǔn)確進行閱讀，提高做題的正確率。而高三學(xué)生進行高考復(fù)習(xí)時常偏重于單個句子的理解，不能把上下文的意思聯(lián)系起來。在進行閱讀練習(xí)時，僅注意上句和下句的關(guān)系是遠(yuǎn)不夠的，更要注意各段落之間的關(guān)系。英語閱讀文章中的段落基本有以下兩種關(guān)系：

1.段落主題句（簡稱為TS，即topic sentence）+段落支持句（簡稱為SS，即supporting sentences）+段落總結(jié)句（CS，即concluding sentence）。有時，段落沒有總結(jié)句，那么段落的結(jié)構(gòu)就簡化為：TS—SS。這種邏輯關(guān)系的段落往往開門見山，文章一開始就明確主題，后面的段落都圍繞主題展開或說明。如：

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.

Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease： cancer， cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.

Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer： cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？

這一段文章中主題句 （topic sentence） 是：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. 支持句 （supporting sentences）： Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer. Cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. 總結(jié)句 （concluding sentences）： Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer： cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？

這篇文章的機構(gòu)是： TS—SS—CS

2.有時英語閱讀文章的主題是分層進行論述的，它的主體部分一般分為若干段落。抓住每一段落的中心思想對于掌握文章的主題有很大幫助。在具體段落中，主題句可出現(xiàn)在段首，也可出現(xiàn)在段中或段尾。這樣的文章為了避免讓讀者有突如其來的感覺，文章開頭往往帶有個小引子；文章結(jié)尾往往一筆帶過作一個總結(jié)。這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)可簡稱為：SS—CS。

People who multitask（從事多項任務(wù)） all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once， a new research suggests. The findings， based on performances and selfevaluation by about 275 college students， indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity， but because they are easily distracted （分心） and cant focus on one activity. And “those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things，” said David Sanbonmatsu， a psychologist at the University of Utah.

Sanbonmatsu and his colleagues gave the students a set of tests and asked them to report how often they multitasked， how good they thought they were at it， and how sensationseeking （尋求刺激） or imperative （沖動） they were. They then evaluated the participants multitasking ability with a tricky mental task that required the students to do simple mathematical calculations while remembering a set of letters.

Not surprisingly， the scientists said， most people thought they were better than average at multitasking， and those who thought they were better at it were more likely to report using a cellphone while driving or viewing multiple kinds of media at once. But those who frequently deal with many things at the same time were found to perform the worst at the actual multitasking test. They also were more likely to admit to sensationseeking and impulsive behavior， which connects with how easily people get bored and distracted.

“People multitask not because its going to lead to greater productivity， but because theyre distractible， and they get sucked into things that are not as important.” Sanbonmatsu said.

Adam Gazzaley， a researcher at the University of California， San Francisco， who was not a member of the research group， said one limitation of the study was that it couldnt find out whether people who start out less focused toward multitasking or whether peoples recognizing and understanding abilities change as a result of multitasking.

The findings do suggest， however， why the sensationseeker who multitask the most may enjoy risky distracted driving. “People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.” said Paul Atchley， another researcher not in the group. “This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though theyre dangerous.”

這是一篇可稱為“SS—CS”型結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，從現(xiàn)象入手談實驗結(jié)果，最后歸納出：People who are multitasking are generally less sensitive to risky situations.（This may partly explain why people go in for these situations even though theyre dangerous.）