屈樹新
摘 要:閱讀理解在中考英語中是一個重要的測試板塊,占中考英語總分較大的比重,是很多同學(xué)的弱項。因此, 作為英語教師的我們,應(yīng)該平時注意擴大學(xué)生的閱讀量,并適時地教授學(xué)生基本的閱讀技巧,使學(xué)生具備高效的閱讀能力,并將這一能力有效地用于中考。
關(guān)鍵詞:中考; 英語; 閱讀; 答題技巧
中圖分類號:G633.41 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-3315(2013)07-028-003
英語閱讀理解題在中考中所占的比重較大,以蘇州中考為例,它約占中考英語筆試總分的30%,是學(xué)生們通常失分較多的項目??此坪唵蔚拈喿x題,其實解答起來并不容易。因為閱讀理解能力體現(xiàn)的是學(xué)習(xí)者對書面語言的識別、理解、推理、判斷和識記等多方面的綜合能力。閱讀理解的過程不僅僅涉及到語音、語法、詞匯這些語言因素,還涉及到很多非語言因素,如閱讀者對所學(xué)語言國家的社會和文化背景知識的掌握、對所閱讀材料內(nèi)容的熟悉程度、個人經(jīng)歷、生活常識、邏輯知識等。面對題材廣泛的閱讀篇目以及類型多樣的題目,如何有效地進行解答成為大家關(guān)注的焦點。
從歷屆中考英語的閱讀理解看,閱讀理解文章的話題多元,體裁豐富。主要體裁有記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文,文章內(nèi)容涉及社會生活的各個方面,如新聞、廣告、科普、醫(yī)療、文化、教育、寓言等。閱讀理解題旨在考查學(xué)生綜合運用所學(xué)語言知識的能力,包括把握文章的事實和細節(jié)的能力;依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和應(yīng)有的常識進行推理和判斷的能力;考查根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞含義的能力;歸納所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力;推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。學(xué)生們主要是去解決5W1H(who, what, when, where, why, how)的問題。近年來,蘇州中考閱讀理解的題型通常是選擇題,題目主要涉及主旨歸納、細節(jié)理解、詞義猜測、推理判斷等。下面本文將結(jié)合實際題型對答題技巧進行分析。
一、主旨歸納題
此類題目詢問短文或段落的主題、文章標題或?qū)懽鞯哪康?。常見的提問方式有?/p>
1.Which is the best title for the passage?
2.Which of the following is this passage about?
3.In this passage the writer tries to tell us that___.
4.Which of the following statements best expresses
the main idea of the passage?
5.This passage is mainly about___.
6.The purpose of this article is to_____.
主旨歸納題的答題技巧是尋找主題句。議論文和說明文的主題句經(jīng)常在開頭或結(jié)尾。記敘文主題句有時不是很明顯,需要在讀懂全文、體會作者用意的基礎(chǔ)上進行概括。例如:
People in different countries have different table manners. Something that is polite in one country may be quite impolite in another. In Britain, you mustnt lift your bowl to your mouth when you are having some liquid(液體) food. But its different in China. And in Japan you even neednt worry about making noises when you have it. It shows that you are enjoying it. But it is regarded as bad manners in Britain.
The passage mainly tells us ______.
A. some table manners in Britain
B. some different table manners
C. different ways of having liquid food
D. to have good manners
以上文為例,我們首先尋找主題句,然后解答。主題句就在這篇文章的第一句,根據(jù)主題句的描述,本段的大意顯而易見就是B選項。
二、細節(jié)理解題
此類題目主要考查考生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力, 問題主要包括詢問人、物、時間、地點、原因、結(jié)果、文中的數(shù)據(jù)等。常見的提問方式有:
1.According to the passage, who/ what/ which/ when/ where / why / how/ how many/how much/ how long/ how soon/how often, etc…?
2.According to the passage, which of the following is true/ not true?
3.According to the passage, which of the following is not mentioned?
4.All of the following are true EXCEPT ___.
細節(jié)理解題的答題技巧是:首先瀏覽一遍題目,看清題目所要求理解的細節(jié),然后根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞有選擇性地在文中找出相應(yīng)的段落、句子或短語,認真分析理解,選出正確答案。例如:
One day a very rich family went on a trip to the countryside. The father wanted to show his son how poor people lives, so they spent a night on the farm of a very poor family…
The father wanted to show his son_____.
A. how people their family was
B. how rich their family was
C. where the poor lived
D. how the poor people lived
以上文為例,根據(jù)題目可知所需尋找的信息是父親想給兒子看什么(what), 帶著關(guān)鍵詞“show”定位到的信息是“how poor people lives”, 經(jīng)過分析可判定選項D正確。
三、詞義猜測題
此類題目要求我們根據(jù)上下文確定某一詞或短語的準確含義,或者確定it, they, them等代詞的確切指代。常見的提問方式有:
1.The word “…” in Line… probably means ___.
2.The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to____.
3.We can infer that the underlined phrase means_____.
4.In paragraph 3, “them” refers to _____.
5.The word “…” is closed in meaning to ____.
詞義猜測題的答題技巧在于根據(jù)生活常識、上下文的意思、所給出的定義、詞匯的對比等方式猜測詞義。例如:
Usually people make dumplings at home. If you have no time to make them,you can buy them from any supermarket. Then you take them home and eat them with vinegar.
The word “vinegar” means _____.
A.辣醬 B.醬油 C.醋 D.蒜
上文中的“vinegar”詞義的理解可以通過我們的生活常識進行判斷。從文中可知人們?nèi)绻麤]有時間做餃子就買現(xiàn)成的,拿回家后就著“vinegar”一起吃。通常我們吃餃子時蘸醋,因此,本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。
下面將舉例說明根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義。例如:
Many plants and animals are going extinct. Mammoths,which are related(有關(guān)聯(lián)的) with Asian elephants, are now extinct. There are no mammoths in the world today.
1.A mammoth is a kind of _____.
A.plant B.bird C.animal D.tree
2.The word extinct means _____.
A.出現(xiàn) B.滅絕 C.危險 D.幸存
在對上文第一題 “mammoth”的詞義猜測時,尋找到其所在的句子,閱讀后得知其與亞洲象有關(guān)聯(lián),據(jù)此可以推測“mammoth”是一種動物的可能性最大,C選項是正確的。第二題是要求對“extinct”的釋義,在文中我們可以在該詞后找到與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的句子,即,如今世界上沒有“mammoth”了。因此,B選項是對“extinct”的最好解釋。
除了根據(jù)常識、上下文之外,還可以根據(jù)對比和文中的英文定義對詞義進行猜測。例如:
He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.
The underlined word “homely” means _______.
A.顧家的 B.帥氣的 C.不尋常 D.不好看
上文“homely”的詞義可通過與其后面的短語的對比推測,可知“homely”的意思與帥氣不相關(guān),所以,D選項正確。又如:
But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought.
The underlined word “drought” means ______.
A.雨季 B.雨量 C.干旱 D.洪災(zāi)
上文“drought”的詞義可根據(jù)對它的定義“a dry period”來判定,對“drought”的解釋正確的是C選項。
四、推理判斷題
此類題目在文中沒有明確的答案,要依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和常識從已知的事情中推測未知的事情, 即作者沒有直接說明但已暗示出來的結(jié)論。常見的提問方式有:
1.We can guess the writer may be a ____.
2.We can infer from the text that _____.
3.From the story we can guess ____.
4.What would happen if …?
5.By the first sentence in the second paragraph, the author means _____.
6.When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that _____.
推理判斷題的答題技巧在于判斷要有依據(jù),推理要順乎作者意圖。通常,可以通過整合全文(段)信息進行推斷;抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推理;利用語義褒貶性進行信息推斷。做此類題時切忌從自身好惡出發(fā),把“自己”的觀點強加給“作者”。例如:
After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.
The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you__.
A.suffer from poor health B.feel tired and nervous
C. dream more often D.breathe quickly
從上文題目可知我們需要對缺乏睡眠的后果這一特定信息進行判斷。首先,尋找出與睡眠相關(guān)的句子“Sleep is necessary for good health.”、“The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.”這兩句都從正面描述了睡眠的重要性,睡眠與人體健康關(guān)聯(lián),據(jù)此進行逆向推理可知A選項是最佳選項。
詞義的褒貶性也可以成為推理判斷的依據(jù)。例如:
Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news.
All I read about is murder,bribery(行賄),and death.Frankly,I am?sick of all this bad news.
This?authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to____.
A.complain B.?apologize C.amuse D.inform
上文,作者使用了一系列具有貶義色彩的詞句,如“murder”、 “bribery”、“death”、“sick”、“bad”,根據(jù)這些詞句,我們可以判斷作者對這份報紙的態(tài)度是充滿了不滿。由此可知A選項是正確的。
在有的閱讀篇目中,數(shù)據(jù)運算對于推理判斷非常重要。例如:
Trinidad and Tobago is a single country composed of two islands. Trinidad, with the majority of the countrys 900,000 inhabitants(居民), is a rectangle(長方形) of about fifty by forty miles. Tobago, ninety Miles to the north, is smaller and has a population of about 35,000.
What is the area of Tobago?
A.At least 2,000 square miles.
B.Less than 2,000 square miles.
C.More than 2,000 square miles D.Less than 50 miles.
上文題目要求是找出多巴哥的面積,文中沒有直接說明,只是提到多巴哥比特立尼達要小,且特立尼達形似40英里乘50英里的長方形。根據(jù)已知條件,我們進行數(shù)據(jù)運算,得出特立尼達的面積約是2,000平方英里。多巴哥比特立尼達小,所以B選項是正確的。
此外,涉及全文內(nèi)容的題目的推理,需要把握全文的邏輯關(guān)系。例如:
We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work.They are especially useful in automatic control,data processing and solving complicated problems. And they are finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.
More and cleverer computers will continue to appear. They will run faster,have more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us,helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.
However...
Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph?
A. Computers will soon stop developing
B.Many people like computers very much.
C.Computers are as clever as man.
D.I do not think computers will replace us completely.
上文的主題是電腦時代,所提的問題是第三小節(jié)將主要描述什么內(nèi)容。對于這樣的題目,我們要縱觀全文各段的主題句,根據(jù)全文的邏輯發(fā)展進行判斷。第一小節(jié)主要講的是我們身處電腦時代,電腦已經(jīng)參與工作。第二小節(jié)主要指出更多、更聰明的電腦將會出現(xiàn)。第三小節(jié)的開頭“然而”表明這一小節(jié)與前兩小節(jié)不是承接的關(guān)系,而是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系。第二小節(jié)結(jié)尾句“Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.”表明人們對電腦遲早取代人類的擔(dān)憂,下一小節(jié)作為對上文的轉(zhuǎn)折,應(yīng)該是作者對此提出自己不同的看法,而選項D最符合這一邏輯。
閱讀理解在中考英語中占有重要的比重, 閱讀能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事。作為英語教師的我們,應(yīng)該在平時注意培養(yǎng)對學(xué)生的閱讀技巧的指導(dǎo),提高學(xué)生對書面語言的識別、理解、推理、判斷和識記等多方面的綜合能力。此外,平時我們應(yīng)該盡可能多地讓學(xué)生了解英語國家的社會和文化背景知識,接觸涉及社會生活各個方面的英語文章,與時俱進,拓寬學(xué)生的詞匯量和知識面。相信在我們的幫助指導(dǎo)下,當學(xué)生們面對題材廣泛的閱讀篇目以及類型多樣的題目時,他們能夠積極地調(diào)動全方位的知識,靈活運用閱讀技巧冷靜應(yīng)答。
參考文獻:
[1]中華人民共和國教育部.義務(wù)教育英語新課程標準(2011年版),北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2012
[2]陳玉卿主編.義務(wù)教育英語新課程標準(2011年版)案例式解讀·初中英語,教育科學(xué)出版社,2012
[3]曲一線等主編.5年中考3年模擬:中考英語(江蘇專用)(2013新課標),教育科學(xué)出版社,2012
[4]李朝東等主編.中考分類精華集——英語(江蘇專版),黃河出版?zhèn)髅郊瘓F、寧夏人民教育出版社,2011