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全身麻醉藥物的神經(jīng)毒性作用機(jī)制

2012-01-23 13:32宋兆瑩張麗妍于勝波
中國現(xiàn)代藥物應(yīng)用 2012年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:麻醉藥氯胺酮氟烷

宋兆瑩 張麗妍 于勝波

全身麻醉藥物的神經(jīng)毒性作用機(jī)制

宋兆瑩 張麗妍 于勝波

全身麻醉藥;神經(jīng)毒性;副作用

自1945年Levy報(bào)道3~4歲患兒術(shù)后出現(xiàn)短暫情緒后遺癥與麻醉密切相關(guān)以來[1],人們一直未間斷對(duì)麻醉與神經(jīng)認(rèn)知行為障礙之間關(guān)系的研究[2]。1999年 Ikonomidou等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)NMDA受體拮抗劑氯胺酮能誘導(dǎo)發(fā)育期大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡。2003年Jevtovic-Todorovic等[4]研究表明異氟烷復(fù)合咪達(dá)吟侖能引起出生后7 d大鼠神經(jīng)元凋亡大范圍增加,并損害大鼠遠(yuǎn)期的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。此后,人們對(duì)全麻藥物對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毒性作用的研究迅速增加。本文對(duì)全麻藥物神經(jīng)毒性的可能機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述。

1 NMDA受體拮抗作用

N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受體是谷氨酸受體的主要亞型,是一種對(duì)鈣離子高度通透的配體電壓門控通道受體。NMDA受體在腦發(fā)育突觸可塑性、學(xué)習(xí)記憶方面都起到重要作用,如控制發(fā)育過程中大腦神經(jīng)元回路的結(jié)構(gòu)和突觸的可塑性,誘導(dǎo)長時(shí)程增強(qiáng)作用等[5]?,F(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為,在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的高峰期,神經(jīng)元對(duì)突觸環(huán)境的干擾特別敏感,在這時(shí)期使用氯胺酮等NMDA受體拮抗劑可干擾突觸發(fā)育的環(huán)境,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡和損傷[3],并表現(xiàn)出劑量和時(shí)間依賴性[6]。

Wang等[7]研究指出氯胺酮處理后神經(jīng)元可代償性上調(diào)NMDA受體NR1亞基。NR1是受體的功能部分,構(gòu)成離子通道。NMDA受體的抑制后上調(diào)使大腦相關(guān)腦區(qū)接受谷氨酸神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的刺激加強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)破壞,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。

眾所周知,NMDA受體功能在調(diào)控中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的平衡中起著非常重要的作用,NMDA受體拮抗劑可引起大鼠大腦皮質(zhì)的后扣帶壓(PC)區(qū)域和后壓部皮質(zhì)(RSC)區(qū)域的神經(jīng)元損傷[8],F(xiàn)arber等[9]推測,NMDA 受體拮抗解除了γ-氨基丁酸能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)投射到PC區(qū)和RSC區(qū)域的基底前腦興奮性膽堿能和丘腦谷氨酸能通路的抑制作用,從而導(dǎo)致乙酰膽堿和谷氨酸的過度釋放,進(jìn)而對(duì)PC區(qū)域神經(jīng)元造成高刺激和傷害。

2 抑制中樞煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體活性

中樞膽堿能系統(tǒng)密切參與學(xué)習(xí)、記憶等認(rèn)知功能,而吸入麻醉藥物對(duì)中樞煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體具有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用。最近研究表明,在低于臨床麻醉劑量時(shí)就可以明顯抑制神經(jīng)元 α4β2 亞型煙堿受體的活性[10,11]。而且異氟醚抑制大鼠海馬LTP與α4β2亞型煙堿受體密切相關(guān)[12]。同時(shí)異氟醚麻醉后還能減少老年大鼠學(xué)海馬內(nèi)的乙酞膽堿含量[13]。另外,氯胺酮在低于臨床麻醉劑量下也可以明顯抑制神經(jīng)元煙堿受體(α4β2和 α7亞型)的功能[14]。由此推測,術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)可能與乙酰膽堿受體抑制有關(guān)??梢娙樗幬锊粌H能影響腦發(fā)育,而且能夠引起老年腦功能障礙。

3 細(xì)胞凋亡

Klimaviciusa等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氯胺酮可致體外培養(yǎng)大鼠小腦顆粒細(xì)胞凋亡,說明氯胺酮的毒性存在細(xì)胞內(nèi)機(jī)制。氯胺酮作用后細(xì)胞內(nèi)Caspase-3明顯活化[16],Caspase家族在介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的過程中起著非常重要的作用,其中caspase-3為關(guān)鍵的執(zhí)行分子。另外,促紅細(xì)胞生成素 (EPO)能夠減輕氯胺酮凋亡誘導(dǎo)作用[17]。EPO主要通過激活PI3K、Akt、GSK-3β信號(hào)通路,抑制Caspase-3的活性,從而產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡是麻醉藥誘導(dǎo)凋亡的主要機(jī)制[18]。

但近幾年有研究表明,腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)在一些條件下,通過非依賴性酪氨酸激酶(Trk)機(jī)制與較低親和力的p75NTR(p75 neurotrophin receptor)接合后,激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的作用[19]。Lu等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),常用復(fù)合麻醉藥異氟烷、咪達(dá)唑侖、氧化亞氮誘導(dǎo)7日齡大鼠神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡呈時(shí)間依賴性和BDNF依賴性,在大腦皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡依賴于非依賴Trk的p75NTR的神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子途徑起作用,而在丘腦卻是通過依賴于依賴Trk途徑的p75NTR的神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子途徑引起神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡。β-雌二醇能夠上調(diào)活性Akt(serine/threonine protein kinase)的蛋白水平而保護(hù)麻醉藥所引起的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡[20]。

異氟烷還可通過細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣上調(diào)過度激活胞內(nèi)IP3受體[21]、細(xì)胞死亡調(diào)節(jié)子Bcl-2蛋白家族和活性氧(ROS)相關(guān)的線粒體途徑[22]或上調(diào) Fas表達(dá)[23]等途徑啟動(dòng)神經(jīng)元凋亡。

然而Campbell等[24]研究結(jié)果顯示單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合使用臨床相關(guān)劑量的氯胺酮、一氧化亞氮和異氟烷對(duì)原代培養(yǎng)小鼠皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元均未產(chǎn)生明顯的神經(jīng)毒性作用,僅在超臨床劑量時(shí),才產(chǎn)生顯著的細(xì)胞毒性??梢娕R床使用濃度全麻藥物是否具有直接的細(xì)胞毒性,還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

4 影響突觸可塑性

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元的內(nèi)在特性和神經(jīng)元間的突觸連接的能力來適應(yīng)不斷變化的環(huán)境的特性,即可塑性。突觸的可塑性變化對(duì)各種刺激極為敏感。氯胺酮可影響恒河猴神經(jīng)細(xì)胞突觸發(fā)生有關(guān)PSA-NCAM蛋白表達(dá)[25]。復(fù)合麻醉藥咪達(dá)唑侖、氧化亞氮、異氟烷致動(dòng)物易受損腦區(qū)廣泛、永久性的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡跟突觸發(fā)生的有關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(synaptophysin,synaptobrevin,amphiphysin,SNAP-25,and CaM kinaseⅡ)的表達(dá)有關(guān)[26]。還有直接證據(jù)表明,臨床相關(guān)濃度和時(shí)間的異氟烷麻醉能影響發(fā)育期神經(jīng)元的神經(jīng)突的生長速度和樹突棘數(shù)量,乃至突觸密度[27-29]。

吸入麻醉藥異氟醚對(duì)不同年齡大鼠的記憶功能均產(chǎn)生損害,特別是對(duì)老年大鼠的記憶損害作用更嚴(yán)重,這可能與其抑制海馬長時(shí)程增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)(LTP)的形成而有關(guān)[12]。LTP是神經(jīng)突觸可塑性和突觸傳遞的一種表現(xiàn)形式,是學(xué)習(xí)記憶的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。

不僅對(duì)幼年動(dòng)物,麻醉藥對(duì)成年嚙齒類動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生亦明顯的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷作用[30,31]。我們可以認(rèn)為對(duì)外界刺激極其敏感的突觸可能是成年動(dòng)物神經(jīng)元損傷的首要受害者和導(dǎo)火索。

5 影響細(xì)胞代謝

Kamiya等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氯胺酮能夠增加大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)的血流量和葡萄糖利用率,細(xì)胞代謝增強(qiáng)?;钚匝跏羌?xì)胞正常代謝的副產(chǎn)物,高代謝可能產(chǎn)生的過多的氧自由基,會(huì)導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激損傷細(xì)胞。Willis等[9]使用不同特性的抗氧化劑(如二甲基亞砜、維生素E等)和自旋捕捉劑(如5-二乙氧基磷酰基-5-甲基-1-吡咯啉-氮氧化物等)能不同程度地減輕氯胺酮誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)毒性。

另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),異氟烷、氟烷等常用麻醉藥改變了β-淀粉樣蛋白前體蛋白(β-amyloid protein precusor,APP)的生成降解過程,引起Aβ二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,促使Aβ聚集形成寡聚體,最終形成不可溶性纖維狀多肽在神經(jīng)元間隙暴露沉積形成老年斑[19,33,34]。目前認(rèn)為,Aβ 異常代謝是阿爾茨海默病發(fā)病的起始因素[35],可見吸入麻醉藥有增加阿爾茨海默病(AD)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

6 激活細(xì)胞因子

6.1 前炎癥因子 Wu等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)異氟烷能引起小鼠腦內(nèi)IL-1、IL-6和TNF-a等前炎癥因子表達(dá)增加。比照臨床嬰幼兒使用濃度和時(shí)間,異氟烷麻醉可短暫上調(diào)發(fā)育期大鼠海馬 IL-1βmRNA、IL-6 mRNA 和 TNF-αmRNA 的表達(dá)。NF-κB/IκBa信號(hào)通路可能參與了異氟烷引起的前炎癥因子表達(dá)上調(diào)[37]。這些炎癥因子由腦內(nèi)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌,在神經(jīng)炎性反應(yīng)和腦損傷中起到重要作用。在阿爾茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠中觀察到這類細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)明顯升高[38],可見炎癥機(jī)制可能在異氟烷加重AD等神經(jīng)退行性病變中起到重要作用。

6.2 缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子 缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子,Hypoxia inducible factor(HIF)-1α,作為異二聚體轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞促生存和死亡的兩條通路上均發(fā)揮作用。有實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在正常氧壓條件下異氟烷能夠激活了原代培養(yǎng)神經(jīng)元和幼鼠腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)元的HIF-1α,同時(shí)神經(jīng)元凋亡增加,幼鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降[39]。可見HIF-1α有可能參與異氟烷麻醉的神經(jīng)毒性機(jī)制,但具體通路有待進(jìn)一步研究。

上述眾多研究揭示了全麻藥物具有一定的神經(jīng)毒性,但也有研究提出不同的見解,如:異氟烷雖然能引起發(fā)育期皮層和海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡增加,但是對(duì)遠(yuǎn)期的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力沒有影響[40];單獨(dú)應(yīng)用異氟烷或一氧化二氮對(duì)發(fā)育期獼猴大腦沒產(chǎn)生明顯影響[41]等。因此,全麻藥物與神經(jīng)損傷之間的確切關(guān)系尚待進(jìn)一步明確,而且到目前為止,還沒有確切的臨床證據(jù)說明全麻藥物具有不可逆的神經(jīng)毒性[42]。如今,全身麻醉藥在外科手術(shù)中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用[43],不能因噎廢食。但隨著醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)的進(jìn)步,人們逐步認(rèn)識(shí)到麻醉藥也是“雙刃劍”。如何正確認(rèn)識(shí)全麻藥物的神經(jīng)毒性,尤其是幼兒麻醉的副作用和老年患者的術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙,已經(jīng)成為麻醉學(xué)研究的新熱點(diǎn)。

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遼寧省博士科研啟動(dòng)基金(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):20111114)

116044大連市第三人民醫(yī)院藥劑科(宋兆瑩 張麗妍);大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院(于勝波)

ysbdmu@126.com

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