童亮,呂軍
高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲在前列腺癌治療中的應(yīng)用
童亮,呂軍
一些早期的研究報(bào)道顯示,對于選擇性的前列腺癌患者,高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲 (HIFU)是一種有效的治療方法。目前有兩種設(shè)備用于前列腺癌的HIFU治療,即美國生產(chǎn)的Sonablate設(shè)備和法國生產(chǎn)的Ablatherm設(shè)備。一些研究初步發(fā)現(xiàn)HIFU對前列腺癌患者的治療結(jié)果 (如生化無病生存率、前列腺特異性抗原、術(shù)后前列腺穿刺活檢陰性)良好。另外,對于前列腺癌放射治療后局部復(fù)發(fā)的患者,HIFU是潛在的治療方式。本文就HIFU在前列腺癌治療中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
前列腺腫瘤;超聲,高強(qiáng)聚焦;治療
隨著人口預(yù)期壽命的延長和前列腺特異抗原 (prostate special antigen,PSA)檢測運(yùn)用的不斷增加,越來越多的男性被診斷為前列腺癌,而在新診斷為前列腺癌患者中,70%僅局限于前列腺[1],可能適合行治愈性治療。這其中前列腺癌根治術(shù)和放射治療是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療方式,由于術(shù)后存在嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,部分患者拒絕接受此治療方式。高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲 (HIFU)由于其微創(chuàng)性,適用于早期局限性及晚期前列腺癌,并可用于前列腺癌其他方式治療失敗后的挽救性治療。
HIFU導(dǎo)致組織壞死的原理主要有熱效應(yīng)、機(jī)械效應(yīng)、空化效應(yīng)和輻射作用。熱效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的局部高溫所致腫瘤細(xì)胞凝固性壞死是HIFU的主要作用機(jī)制[2]。通過熱療機(jī)的定位系統(tǒng),使治療系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的高頻超聲波定向聚焦,使焦點(diǎn)落在腫瘤部位,從而使聲能迅速被組織吸收轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能,瞬間在局部產(chǎn)生70~100℃的高溫,造成腫瘤組織的凝固性壞死。機(jī)械效應(yīng)是指體內(nèi)受到超聲作用的組織細(xì)胞高速來回振動(dòng),強(qiáng)烈變化的力學(xué)作用可以引起細(xì)胞溶解、細(xì)胞功能改變、DNA大分子降解及酶變性等。當(dāng)超聲強(qiáng)度過高時(shí),組織暴露于聲波從而不斷發(fā)生壓縮及膨脹,產(chǎn)生氣泡,這些氣泡相互作用并開始劇烈振動(dòng),產(chǎn)生空化效應(yīng),以致氣泡破裂產(chǎn)生快速氣流從而破壞細(xì)胞膜。受到擠壓的組織,對于聲波或是吸收或是反射,這樣組織和固體物質(zhì)對于液體介質(zhì)反應(yīng)不同[3],從而產(chǎn)生相對運(yùn)動(dòng)及剪切作用而破壞細(xì)胞膜。另外,HIFU也會(huì)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生程序性死亡。在內(nèi)切酶作用下細(xì)胞DNA快速降解,從而使細(xì)胞核發(fā)生自發(fā)性破壞而致使細(xì)胞程序性死亡。細(xì)胞程序性死亡也許是HIFU的一種重要的遲發(fā)性生物效應(yīng)[2]。隨著研究的深入,國內(nèi)徐磊等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):HIFU可在一定程度上提高去勢術(shù)后前列腺癌患者的機(jī)體抗腫瘤功能,其機(jī)制可能是通過降低免疫抑制和分泌免疫促進(jìn)因子等實(shí)現(xiàn)。Zhou等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):HIFU能降低前列腺癌腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的免疫抑制細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,治療后能提高機(jī)體抗癌免疫力。
目前運(yùn)用于治療前列腺癌的HIFU設(shè)備有2種:Sonablate(USA)和Ablatherm(France)。Ablatherm設(shè)備系統(tǒng)一經(jīng)調(diào)整設(shè)定,其探針在傳感器和直腸之間的距離是永久不變的,且其需要特殊的手術(shù)臺(tái)以使患者在側(cè)臥位 (一般為右側(cè)臥位)體位下完成治療,治療中把前列腺分成4~6個(gè)部分,通過電腦程序驅(qū)動(dòng),從前列腺尖至基底部逐片完成全腺的治療[6]。Ablatherm可用于以下3種治療模式:初級處理、再次HIFU治療和挽救性治療[1]。Sonablate設(shè)備對手術(shù)臺(tái)無特殊要求,患者取截石位,在治療參數(shù)設(shè)置上更靈活,它可以隨時(shí)調(diào)整焦距長度、超聲能量及傳遞到目標(biāo)組織的功率,并且可通過在水平面及矢狀位上使用低能量、實(shí)時(shí)成像和計(jì)算機(jī)軟件程序監(jiān)督組織變化,從而使術(shù)者根據(jù)不同患者的前列腺及前列腺癌情況,實(shí)施合適的治療[2]。然而,相對于自動(dòng)化的Ablatherm設(shè)備,由于Sonablate設(shè)備在每次目標(biāo)組織體積更小,這就要求對于直腸探頭需要更多人工操作[7]。
在治療時(shí),通常需要在脊柱麻醉或是全身麻醉下進(jìn)行,通過在直腸置入超聲傳感器產(chǎn)生聲能并使能量在目標(biāo)組織聚焦,通過其作用機(jī)制協(xié)調(diào),最終目標(biāo)是產(chǎn)生重疊損傷致使腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡,從而使全腺得到治療。術(shù)后常需要在尿道或是恥骨上穿刺造瘺留置導(dǎo)尿管。目前,治療用的超聲頻率一般在1~4 MHz,焦點(diǎn)聲強(qiáng)≥1 000 W/cm2,每點(diǎn)聚焦時(shí)間在4~5 s,由此產(chǎn)生的焦點(diǎn)溫度可達(dá)到70℃以上,而細(xì)胞在70℃時(shí)的殺滅時(shí)間僅為0.25 s,故能有效地破壞腫瘤細(xì)胞。
目前,年齡>70歲、預(yù)期壽命≤10年、存在合并癥不適合手術(shù)的臨床分期T1~2Nx~0M0局限性前列腺癌患者和拒絕接受手術(shù)治療的前列腺癌患者,是HIFU治療的臨床適應(yīng)證。對于不適合或是放射治療失敗、或是不適合手術(shù)治療的局限性前列腺癌患者,法國泌尿外科協(xié)會(huì)(France Association of Urology,F(xiàn)AU)和意大利泌尿外科協(xié)會(huì) (Association of Italian Urologists,AURO)推薦HIFU作為其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法[8]。也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其在T3、T4局部晚期前列腺癌的運(yùn)用[9-11]。
在關(guān)于HIFU作為前列腺癌初級治療的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中,≥50例報(bào)道13篇[12-24],<50 例的報(bào)道 3 篇[10,25-26],隨訪時(shí)間為6個(gè)月~6.4年。在大部分的報(bào)道中,HIFU治療后3~6個(gè)月PSA達(dá)到最低值,其中61% ~91%的患者PSA≤0.5 μg/L,術(shù)后經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺陰性率為68.0%~93.4%,術(shù)后5年生化無病生存率為30% ~70%,47.3% ~78.0%的患者術(shù)后保持性功能,HIFU治療后對保持患者性功能較開放性前列腺癌根治術(shù)和前列腺癌腫瘤目標(biāo)冷凍治療效果好[22,27]。一份最長隨訪達(dá)6.4年的研究報(bào)道,5年和7年無病生存率分別達(dá)到66%和59%[13]。最大樣本880例平均隨訪41個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn),總的生存率和腫瘤特異性生存率分別達(dá)到90%和98%[28]。多中心803例局限性前列腺癌HIFU治療后,8年轉(zhuǎn)移性無病生存率達(dá)到97%[20]。而對于高危組前列腺癌治療后生化無病生存率并不理想,認(rèn)為HIFU單一治療對于高危組前列腺癌患者并不適合[19,26]。
所有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道術(shù)中無不良反應(yīng),但術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率報(bào)道差異較大,膀胱出口梗阻 12.0% ~ 25.6%[18,29],報(bào)道認(rèn)為較大的年齡是術(shù)后發(fā)生膀胱出口梗阻的因素,而術(shù)前1個(gè)月行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)可降低術(shù)后膀胱出口梗阻的發(fā)生率[29-30]。尿失禁、附睪炎報(bào)道最高發(fā)生率分別為12.0% 和 7.6%[11,26],泌尿系感染發(fā)生率為 16.0% ~ 23.8%[11,25],嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥尿道直腸瘺發(fā)生率最高為4.0%[26],當(dāng)然也有治療后隨訪中死于急性心肌梗死的報(bào)道[9]。
前列腺體積>40 ml的前列腺癌患者并不適合HIFU治療,術(shù)前行抗雄激素治療可縮小前列腺體積,從而使患者適合HIFU治療。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HIFU治療前合并應(yīng)用抗雄激素與未合并使用組隨訪對比發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺陰性率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[19]。Ahmed等[11]報(bào)道,合并使用抗雄激素治療,對于HIFU治療后PSA最低值無影響。Shoji等[22]指出,與同時(shí)接受抗雄激素組比較,只有未接受抗雄激素治療的患者,HIFU治療后患者能保持性功能。而Sumitomo等[31]研究指出,HIFU治療前短期6個(gè)月內(nèi)的抗雄激素治療,對于中危、高危組前列腺癌患者可明顯提高術(shù)后3年的無病生存率,并且并發(fā)癥無明顯差異。
前列腺癌被認(rèn)為是多病灶的疾病,然而,目前的研究表明腫瘤的臨床危害在于最大腫瘤病灶組織的體積大小。因此,在臨床可對部分患者行HIFU局部治療。Muto 等[19]對 70 例局限性分期為 T1c~2N0M0的前列腺癌患者行局部治療29例、全腺治療41例,術(shù)后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)2年生化無病生存率在低危組和中危組中無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,局部治療組留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間明顯縮短 (P=0.0213);術(shù)后6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月全腺治療組與局部治療組比較,血清睪酮水平顯著降低 (P值分別為0.0006和0.0003),而術(shù)前兩組血清睪酮水平間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。血清睪酮通過影響人的情緒、體質(zhì)能力和性功能,會(huì)對患者生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生影響,盡管兩組生活質(zhì)量指數(shù)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
對于前列腺癌根治性治療、外放射照射、質(zhì)子植入治療失敗復(fù)發(fā)的患者,行挽救性HIFU治療能收到良好的臨床效果。167例外放射照射失敗后挽救性HIFU治療的前列腺癌患者,術(shù)后前列腺癌穿刺陰性率可達(dá)到73%,5年總生存率達(dá)到84%,平均PSA最低值為0.19 μg/L。當(dāng)然,必須意識(shí)到治療后存在的并發(fā)癥,尿失禁高達(dá)49.5%,且其中11%的患者需要植入人工尿道括約肌輔助控尿[32]。另一個(gè)31例病例研究報(bào)道,尿道梗阻發(fā)生率為36%,尿路感染或是排尿癥狀發(fā)生率為26%,尿道直腸瘺發(fā)生率為3%??傊炀刃訦IFU治療,盡管存在一定并發(fā)癥,但其能收到良好的腫瘤治療效果[33]。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道冷凍治療、外放射照射、腹腔鏡前列腺癌根治術(shù)對于治療前列腺癌HIFU初級治療失敗的患者,獲得一定臨床效果。然而其各種并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,5例研究報(bào)道HIFU治療失敗后聯(lián)合冷凍治療和外放射照射治療,3例發(fā)生尿道直腸瘺,發(fā)生率60%,認(rèn)為可能與HIFU加熱治療導(dǎo)致直腸壁的血供受到影響有關(guān)。此報(bào)道均是小樣本報(bào)道,隨訪時(shí)間較短,需進(jìn)一步研究,以便得到更明確的治療效果評價(jià)[34]。
目前對于HIFU治療后的隨訪并無明確規(guī)定。大多數(shù)研究均采用聯(lián)合血清PSA及經(jīng)直腸超聲引導(dǎo)下前列腺穿刺活檢,PSA一般術(shù)后前2年每3~4個(gè)月檢測1次,而前列腺穿刺活檢一般術(shù)后第6個(gè)月進(jìn)行第一次檢測,以后1~2年檢測1次。然而關(guān)于這些復(fù)查指標(biāo)是否有必要運(yùn)用及適用于臨床用來檢測HIFU的治療,尚無確切的討論[2]。Doppler超聲不能檢測HIFU治療后組織壞死的均一性[35],經(jīng)直腸超聲檢測直腸前的周圍脂肪組織厚度是HIFU治療臨床效果的影響因素。MRI被認(rèn)為是治療后效果檢測的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,其在T1加權(quán)上能清楚顯示組織壞死的范圍[36]。與常規(guī)經(jīng)直腸前列腺穿刺活檢比較,術(shù)后MRI介導(dǎo)的前列腺穿刺在穿刺陽性率和獲得的組織方面均比常規(guī)穿刺明顯提高,認(rèn)為MRI檢查陰性與PSA<0.5 μg/L具有相關(guān)性,合并使用MRI T2加權(quán)和動(dòng)態(tài)對比加強(qiáng)介導(dǎo)術(shù)后目標(biāo)前列腺組織的穿刺是一種理想的檢測方法[37-39]。
目前,尚沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用于前列腺癌HIFU初步治療后生化復(fù)發(fā)的定義。而在文獻(xiàn)關(guān)于HIFU術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果報(bào)告中,目前對于何種定義是最合適及有效的,尚無統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識(shí)。有報(bào)道引用ASTRO關(guān)于放射治療后的定義,即放療后PSA水平達(dá)到最低值后連續(xù)3次PSA增高被認(rèn)為是放療后前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)的標(biāo)志[14,23],也有文獻(xiàn)使用PSA最低值+2 μg/L用于定義生化復(fù)發(fā)[13,17]。許多文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道認(rèn)為 PSA最低值是預(yù)測HIFU治療失敗的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)[16,20-21,40]。治療后 PSA 最低值 > 0.5 μg/L的患者需嚴(yán)密觀察。而治療后PSA最低值>0.2 μg/L的患者,4倍更高的治療失敗率 (前列腺穿刺陽性定義治療失敗)[41]。
盡管HIFU在臨床運(yùn)用治療前列腺癌具有巨大的非侵襲性能,它也存在局限性,并有可能隨著其運(yùn)用而發(fā)生不利的結(jié)果。由于HIFU在本質(zhì)上是超聲的運(yùn)用,因此有關(guān)超聲的人工產(chǎn)品在運(yùn)用于臨床時(shí)會(huì)帶來比如聲影區(qū)、折射、反射等效應(yīng)。前列腺內(nèi)直徑>10 mm的鈣化灶就會(huì)產(chǎn)生聲影遮蔽,從而干擾超聲能量的傳送,影響治療效果。這樣對于體積>40 ml的前列腺,在臨床上會(huì)影響對全腺完整消融,限制了其臨床效能。超聲能量反射到前列腺臨近組織臟器,能量發(fā)生沉積,這樣臨近臟器 (如直腸、膀胱)就會(huì)受到損傷。而如果超聲束未能很好地聚焦成一小點(diǎn),超聲能量就會(huì)目標(biāo)組織表面發(fā)生效應(yīng),就不能對目標(biāo)組織實(shí)行完全消融。在超聲能量所引起的剪切力作用下,惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞有可能擴(kuò)散,盡管在生物活體體內(nèi)和體外尚未能得到證明。一直以來,機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)和呼吸使這一技術(shù)運(yùn)用受到影響。另外,較小的目標(biāo)組織體積使得對全腺實(shí)行均一治療更加困難。HIFU設(shè)備是基于動(dòng)物模型并且具有統(tǒng)一的組織學(xué)特征而設(shè)計(jì)的,然而,由于可能存在耐高熱的腫瘤細(xì)胞、前列腺鈣化灶和局部組織血液灌注的不同,使得組織對聲能的吸收是不均勻的,從長遠(yuǎn)來看,會(huì)對治療帶來困難。肥胖的患者其直腸前周圍脂肪組織厚度的增加對HIFU治療效果產(chǎn)生消極影響[42]。
隨著設(shè)備的改進(jìn),臨床研究的深入,如HIFU對激素難治性前列腺癌的治療,機(jī)器人輔助性HIFU對前列腺癌的局部治療[43-44],HIFU 會(huì)在前列腺癌的臨床治療中發(fā)揮更加重要的作用。
1 Crouzet S,Murat FJ,Pasticier G,et al.High intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)for prostate cancer:current clinical status,outcomes and perspectives[J].Int J Hyperthermia,2010,26:796 -803.
2 Rove KO,Sullivan KF,Crawford ED.Highintensity focused ultrasound:ready for primetime[J].Urol Clin N Am,2010,37:27-35.
3 李紹軍,徐靜,廉小偉,等.高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲的原理及其在腫瘤治療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2009,17(6):532.
4 徐磊,王國民,武睿毅,等.高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲對手術(shù)去勢后前列腺癌患者抗腫瘤免疫功能的影響 [J].復(fù)旦學(xué)報(bào) (醫(yī)學(xué)版),2009,36:538-542.
5 Zhou Q,Zhu XQ,Zhang J,et al.Changes in circulating immunosuppressive cytokine levels of cancer patients after high intensity focused ultrasound treatment[J].Ultrasound Med Biol,2008,34(1):81 -87.
6 Ficarra V,Antoniolli SZ,Novara G,et al.Short-term outcome after high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of patients with high-risk prostate cancer[J].BJU Int,2006,98:1193 -1198.
7 Iiing RO,Leslie TA,Kennedy JE,et al.Visually directed HIFU for organ confined prostate cancer- -a proposed standard for the conduct of therapy [J].BJU Int,2006,98:1187-1192.
8 Rebilard X,Soulie M,Chartier- Kastler,et al.High - intensity focused ultrasound in prostate cancer:a systematic literature review of the French Association of Urology [J].BJU Int,2008,101:1205 -1213.
9 劉俊,胡衛(wèi)列,呂軍,等.經(jīng)直腸高強(qiáng)度超聲治療局部晚期前列腺癌的短期療效分析 (附23例報(bào)告)[J].中華男科學(xué)雜志,2010,16(1):78-81.
10 呂軍,陳照陽,王尉,等.經(jīng)直腸高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲系統(tǒng)治療前列腺癌57例療效分析[J].中華男科學(xué)雜志,2007,13:1005-1008.
11 Ahmed HU,Zacharakis E,Dudderidge T,et al.High- intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of primary prostate cancer:the first UK series[J].British Journal of Cancer,2009,101:19 -26.
12 Chaussy C,Thuroff S.Resultsand sides effects of high-intensity focused ultrasound in localized prostate cancer[J].J Endourol,2001,15:437 -440.
13 Blana A,Murat F J,Walter B,et al.First analysis of the long-term results with transrectal HIFU in patients with localised prostate[J].Eur Urol,2008,53(6):1194 -1201.
14 Uchida T,Ohkusa H,Yamashita H,et al.Five years experience of transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound using the Sonablate device in the treatment of localized cancer[J].Int J Urol,2006,13(3):228 -233.
15 Thuroff S,Chaussy C,Vallancien G,et al.High-intensity focused ultrasound and localized prostate cancer:efficacy results from the European mulicenter study [J].J Endourol,2003,17(8):673-677.
16 Lee HM,Hong JH,Choi HY.High-inten
sity focused ultrasound therapy for clinical localized prostate cancer[J].Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis,2006,9(4):439 -443.
17 Blana A,Rogenhofer S,Ganzer R,et al.Eight years'experience with high-intensity focused ultrasound for treatment of localized prostate cancer[J].Urology,2008,72(6):1329-1333.
18 Blana A,Walter B,Wieland WF.Transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of localized cancer:five years experience [J].Urology,2004,63(2):297-300.
19 Muto S,Yoshii T,Saito K,et al.Focal therapy with high-intensity-focused ultrasound in the treatment of localized prostate cancer[J].Jpn J Clin Oncol,2008,38:192-199.
20 Crouze S,Rebillard X,Chevallier D,et al.Muticenter oncologic outcomes of high-intensity-focused ultrasound in the treatment of localized prostate cancer in 803 patients [J].Eur Urol,2010,58:559 -566.
21 Uchida T,Ohkusa H,Nagata Y,et al.Treatment of localized prostate cancer using high-intensity-focused ultrasound[J].BJU Int,2006,97(1):56 -61.
22 Shoji S,Nskano M,Nagata Y,et al.Quality of life following high-intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of localized prostate cancer:a prospective study[J].International Journal of Urology,2010,17:715 -719.
23 Misrai V,Roupret M,Chartier-Kastler E,et al.Oncologic control provided by HIFU therapy as single treatment in men with clinically localized prostate cancer[J].Word J Urol,2008,26(5):481 -485.
24 Poissonnier L,Chapelon JY,Rouviere O,et al.Control of prostate cancer by transrectal HIFU in 227 patients [J].Eur Urol,2007,51(2):381-387.
25 Ficarra V,Antoniolli SZ,Novara G,et al.Short-term outcome after high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of patients with high-risk prostate cancer[J].BJU Int,2006,98(6):1193 -1198.
26 Maestroni U,Ziver M,Azzolini N,et al.High intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU):a useful alternative choice in prostate cancer treatment preliminary results[J].Acta Biomed,2008,79:211-216.
27 Li LY,Lin Z,Yang M,et al.Comparison of penile size and erectile function after high intensity focused ultrasound and targeted cryoablation for localized prostate cancer:a prospective pilot study[J].J Sex Med,2010,7(9):3135-3142.
28 Crouzet S,Murat FJ,Rouviere O,et al.Outcome of HIFU for prostate cancer in 880 consecutive patients [J].J Urol,2010,183:759.
29 Netsch C,Pfeiffer D,Gross AJ.Development of bladder outlet obstrution after a single treatment ou prostate cancer with high intensity focused ultrasound:experience with 226 patients [J].J Endourol,2010,24(9):1399-1403.
30 Blana A,Hierl J,Rogenhofer S,et al.Factors predicing for formation of bladder outlet obstruction after high intensity focused ultrasound in treatment of localized prostate cancer[J].Urology,2008,71(5):863-867.
31 Sumitomo M,Hayashi M,Watanabe T,et al.Efficacy of short- term androgen deprivation with high intensity focused ultrasound in treatment of prostate cancer in Japan[J].Urology,2008,72(6):1335 -1340.
32 Murat FJ,Poissonnier L,Rabilloud M,et al.Mid - term results demonstrate salvage high intensity focused ultrasound as an effective and acceptably morbid salvage treatment option for locally radiorecurrent prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol,2009,55(3):640 -647.
33 Zacharakis E,Ahmed HU,Ishaq A,et al.The feasibility and safety of high intensity focused ultrasound as salvage therapy for recurrent proatate cancer following external beam radiotherapy [J]. BJU Int,2008,102(7):786-792.
34 Ahmed HU,Ishaq A,Zacharakis E,et al.Rectal fistulae after salvage high intensity focused ultrasound for recurrent prostate cancer after combined brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy [J]. BJU Int,2009,103(3):321-323.
35 Rouviere O,Curiel L,Chapelon JY,et al.Can color Doppler prediect the uniformity of HIFU-induced prostate tissue destruction?[J].Prostate,2004,60(4):289-297.
36 Rouviere O,Lyonnet D,Raudrant A,et al.MRI appearance of prostate following transrect HIFU ablation of localized cancer[J].Eur Urol,2001,40:265 -274.
37 Rouviere O,Girouin N,Glas L,et al.Prostate cancer transrectal HIFU ablation:detection of local recurrences using T2-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI[J].Eur Radiol,2010,20(1):48-55.
38 Cirillo S,Petracchini M,D'urso L,et al.Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to monitor the prostate for residual disease or local cancer recurrence after transrectal high intensity focused ultrasound [J].BJU Int,2008,102(4):452-458.
39 Alecander P,Emberton M,Hoh IM,et al.MR imaging of prostate after treatment with high intensity focused ultrasound[J].Radiology,2008,246:833-844.
40 Ganzer R,Rogenhofer S,Walter B,et al.PSA nadir is a significant predictor of treatment failure after high intensity focused ultrasound treatment of localized prostate cancer[J].Eur Urol,2008,53:547 -553.
41 Uchida T,Illing RO,Cathcart PJ,et al.To what extent dose the prostate-special antigen nadir predict subsequent treatment failure after transrectal high intensity focused ultrasound therapy for presumed localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate?[J].BJU Int,2006,98:537-539.
42 Sumitomo M,Asakuma J,Yoshii H,et al.Anterior perirectal fat tissue thickness is a strong predictor of recurrence after high intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer[J].Int J Urol,2010,17(9):776 -782.
43 Chaussy CG,Thuroff S.Robot-assisted high intensity focused ultrasound in focal therapy of prostate cancer[J].J Endourol,2010,24(5):843-847.
44 趙永斌,胡衛(wèi)列,呂軍,等.高強(qiáng)度超聲聚能系統(tǒng)治療激素難治性前列腺癌臨床療效觀察[J].臨床泌尿外科雜志,2008,23(10):769-771.
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
TONG Liang,LV Jun.Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China;Department of Urology,the Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command,U-rological Institute of Guangzhou Military Command,Guangzhou 510010,China
Some early researches suggest that high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)is effective on selected patients with prostate cancers.Two devices are currently used for the treatment of prostate cancer with HIFU:Sonablate(USA)and Ablatherm(France).The outcomes[ie,biochemical free survival rate(BFSR),prostate special antigen(PSA)and negative postoperative prostate biopsies]achieved for primary - care prostate cancer patients are very satisfactory.Moreover,HIFU is a potential treatment for local recurrence after radiation failure.
Prostatic neoplasms;Ultrasound,high-intensity focused;Therapy
R 737.25
A
1007-9572(2011)12-4124-04
510515廣東省廣州市,南方醫(yī)科大學(xué) (童亮);廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院泌尿外科,廣州軍區(qū)泌尿外科研究所 (童亮,呂軍)
呂軍,510010廣東省廣州市,廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院泌尿外科,廣州軍區(qū)泌尿外科研究所;E-mail:Lujun53531@163.com
2011-06-10;
2011-11-11)
(本文編輯:劉莉)