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早期直腸癌局部切除的現(xiàn)狀

2011-02-09 19:36
關(guān)鍵詞:肛門直腸根治術(shù)

吳 菲

早期直腸癌局部切除的現(xiàn)狀

吳 菲

早期直腸癌;局部切除術(shù);診斷方法;局部復(fù)發(fā)

直腸癌(rectal cancer,RC)是常見惡性腫瘤。全球每年新增病例近600 000例,其中息肉切除含早期癌占10%~15%。過去20年,5年生存率從1970年的33%上升到1990年的55.3%,最近達(dá)60%[1-3]。

早期直腸癌是腫瘤侵犯黏膜(mucosa,M),黏膜下(submucosa,SM),無區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,和鄰近組織器官浸潤。最理想的治療效果是功能保護(hù)和生活質(zhì)量的統(tǒng)一和平衡。無疑,根治性切除術(shù)(radical excision,RE)效果比較理想。然而,低位RC位于漏斗狀小骨盆腔內(nèi),手術(shù)難度大,無意中能損傷泌尿生殖器官和盆神經(jīng),造成性和泌尿功能障礙,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥30%~50%,死亡率3%左右。根據(jù)WHO 1983年規(guī)定,直腸下段癌浸犯M、SM,應(yīng)當(dāng)局部切除(local excision,LE),避免腹部永久性結(jié)腸造瘺,保護(hù)泌尿和性功能。主要并發(fā)癥在2%以下,5年,10年無病生存率(disease free survival,DFS)分別是 82%和68%[4-6]。

1 早期直腸癌診斷

1.1 直腸癌術(shù)前分期、分級 RC術(shù)前分期、分級是確定腫瘤侵犯腸壁局部蔓延范圍(深度、寬度、面積),區(qū)域淋巴結(jié),鄰近組織器官和腫瘤分化程度,是制定正確治療方案的信息來源。《美國國立癌癥綜合網(wǎng)絡(luò)(NCCN)結(jié)直腸癌臨床指南》2010年中文第2版,建議用直腸內(nèi)超聲(endorectal ultrasound,ERUS)和直腸內(nèi)磁共振(endorectal magnetic resonanc imaging,ER~MRI)做術(shù)前分期。PET~CT不作為常規(guī)推薦[7]。

1.2 直腸指診檢查 直腸指診檢查(digital rectal examination,DRE)適用于低位RC。Mason將DRE定為臨床分期:臨床Ⅰ期,腫瘤完全活動與病理符合率70%;臨床Ⅱ期,腫瘤和直腸壁一起活動,腫瘤已侵犯固有肌層,沒累及漿膜,和病理符合率75%;臨床Ⅲ期,腫瘤完全固定,已侵犯腸壁外脂肪組織或鄰近器官,和病理符合率95%。DRE因受醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)影響,有時將子宮后傾、前列腺肥大、干糞塊等誤為腫瘤,準(zhǔn)確性在65%~88%[8-10]。

1.3 3-維直腸內(nèi)超聲 3-維變頻直腸內(nèi)超聲(3 dimension,3D-ERUS)近15年已廣泛用于RC術(shù)前分期。探頭能旋轉(zhuǎn)360?,橫掃攝影,視頻介于7~12 MHz,分辨率高,能識別腸壁6層組織結(jié)構(gòu)、淋巴結(jié)、和臨近器官。“U”代表超聲,“T”代表腫瘤在腸壁蔓延范圍。uT1表示腫瘤侵犯M和SM;uT2腫瘤已侵犯固有肌層;uT3腫瘤穿透漿膜累及直腸旁脂肪組織;uT4腫瘤侵犯鄰近器官、盆壁,骶前筋膜。準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)80%~95%,腫大淋巴結(jié)檢出率60%~80%,淋巴結(jié)大于5 mm可能是轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)[11-13]。

1.4 內(nèi)鏡超聲 內(nèi)鏡超聲(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)是在可彎曲內(nèi)鏡頭內(nèi)部安裝小型高頻超聲傳感器和微型針吸(free needle aspirator,F(xiàn)NA)活檢,采用內(nèi)超聲橫掃攝影,視頻介于12~20 MHz,分辨率高,視野清晰,形成內(nèi)鏡超聲一體化。FNA是1根22號微型針,通過直線回聲管道穿出,在EUS引導(dǎo)下對SM或深部病變和直腸旁淋巴結(jié)實(shí)施活檢。立刻對抽吸物進(jìn)行細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查,能在第一時間提供診斷。T分期總的準(zhǔn)確率在83%~92%,N分期65%~75%[14]。

1.5 直腸內(nèi)磁共振 直腸內(nèi)磁共振(endorectal magnetic resonance imaging,ER-MRI)憑借多平面掃描成像技術(shù),準(zhǔn)確評估T分期,預(yù)報CRM 1 mm范圍有無癌浸潤。文獻(xiàn)報道對預(yù)報周圍切除邊緣(circumferential resection margin,CRM)陽性不太可靠,僅45%,預(yù)報CRM陰性(91%~94%),N分期85%[15-16]。此外,ER-MRI掃描還能預(yù)報放化療后CRM情況。Kulkarni等[17-18]報告80例RC,其中16例術(shù)前預(yù)報CRM陽性,術(shù)后病理報告7例陽性,9例陰性;64例術(shù)前MRI預(yù)報CRM陰性,術(shù)后病理報告58例陰性,準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)90.6%。

1.6 直腸癌術(shù)前分級 分級是評估腫瘤組織學(xué)分化程度。高分化腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是12.5%,中分化20%,低分化100%[19]、Steele等報告T1~G1(SM高分化)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移0~3%,T1~G3(SM低分化)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移12%,復(fù)發(fā)率10%~63%[5]。

2 局部切除的手術(shù)指征

腫瘤位于腹膜返折以下經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡顯微外科(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)除外;腫瘤小于3 cm非潰瘍型,高分化-中分化,無血管淋巴結(jié)浸潤;ER-MRI預(yù)報CRM陰性;高齡病人不宜或拒絕接受根治術(shù),作為妥協(xié)措施,可行局切。

3 局部切除手術(shù)方法

自Heger(1983)介紹LE以來,文獻(xiàn)已有一些報道。You等[20]復(fù)習(xí)美國國立癌癥數(shù)據(jù)庫(NCD)35 174例CRC,統(tǒng)計顯示,LE數(shù)目從1989年的27%上升到2003年的41%。

3.1 經(jīng)肛門切除 經(jīng)肛門切除(transanal excision,TAE)是 Parks(1983)提出的手術(shù)方法,經(jīng)肛門放入Parks牽開器,視野廣闊,清晰,便于操作。距肛門緣2.5 cm,分別在4個項(xiàng)限留置縫線,向下牽拉使腫瘤下移,距腫瘤外緣1 cm,用雙極電刀或超聲刀行全層盤狀切除,間斷或連續(xù)縫合。如縫合困難,可開放或半開放,放置引流。缺點(diǎn):因牽引器頂端位于腫瘤上界,造成上方黏膜向下雍垂,遮蓋近端視野,影響腫瘤上界切除[21]。

3.2 經(jīng)骶部切除 經(jīng)骶部切除(transacral excision,TSE)亦稱kreske(1885)手術(shù)或后切除。病人取左側(cè)臥位,在骶尾部做橫形曲線切口,切開welleger筋膜,進(jìn)入直腸后間隙,切除尾骨。距腫瘤外緣1 cm行盤狀全層切除,骶前放置引流。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多,吻合口漏發(fā)生率占21%,其次是傷口感染。目前已很少采用。

3.3 經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡顯微外科 經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡顯微外科(TEM)由Buess(1983)等創(chuàng)意的一種微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)。直腸鏡長12~20 cm,外徑寬40 mm,設(shè)4個通道:1個插3D雙目立體顯微鏡,放大6倍;另3個通道分別插入自動充氣,沖洗和吸引連動泵,保證直腸穩(wěn)定膨脹。能切除距肛門8~12 cm直腸上段癌。類似腹腔鏡技術(shù)。TEM最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是定位準(zhǔn)確,能徹底切除CRM,并發(fā)癥低,已在全球400多個醫(yī)療中心采用,效果滿意[22-25]。

4 早期直腸癌局部切除的效果

依術(shù)前分期、分級、病例選擇、術(shù)者技能是否規(guī)范而定。Medbouly等報告52例T1RC,局切后隨訪55個月,15例(28.8%)局部復(fù)發(fā)(local recurrence,LR),總的5年生存率75%~89%[26]。Min等介紹76例,局切平均隨訪84.9個月,T15年生存率89.4%,T2 75%[27]。Lebeyev等報告22例侵犯SM淺層到中間層,術(shù)后無復(fù)發(fā),2例(6%)侵犯SM深層,發(fā)生LR(6%)[28]。文獻(xiàn)報道,局切和根治術(shù)對比:局切T15年LR 12%~15%,5年DFS 64%~89%,根治術(shù)5年LR 3%~6%,5年DFS 93%~97%[29-30]。最近就T2NO局切也有些贊同的意見,當(dāng)T2術(shù)前或術(shù)后放療或放化療,LR 3%~15%,總的5年生存率80%[31]。

5 局部切除放化療的效果

局切盡管有些優(yōu)勢,因不能切除區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)或CRM切除不徹底,是LR主要原因。況且T1、T2還有一些高危因素:SM淺層淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移0~2%;SM中間層3%~13%,SM深層是39%。T2因浸潤深度分成T2a浸犯內(nèi)環(huán)肌,T2b浸潤外縱肌[32]。所以T2單純局切LR高,術(shù)前放療能將微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶消滅或控制,使腫瘤縮小、降期,減少CRM陽性率,達(dá)到RO切除(resection 0,RO)[33-35]。Duek等[36]報告16例T2因拒絕根治術(shù)愿接受局切,12例術(shù)前放療然后手術(shù),隨訪3年仍健在;4例拒絕放療,2例術(shù)后13個月復(fù)發(fā),2例術(shù)后15個月內(nèi)死亡。文獻(xiàn)報道T1術(shù)前放療5年生存率100%,T25年LR 3%~16%,5年生存率75%~93%,能和根治術(shù)相比[37-38]。目前,大多數(shù)外科醫(yī)師對選擇的病例同意輔助治療。放療也能產(chǎn)生一些副作用,包括放射性直腸炎、陰道直腸漏,性和泌尿功能障礙等。

6 局部切除術(shù)后并發(fā)癥

總的發(fā)病率7%~13%,死亡率小于1%,多數(shù)死于心肺并發(fā)癥。Tsai等總結(jié)111例RC接受TEM,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥21%:尿潴留(10.8%),肛門失禁(4.1%),發(fā)熱(3.8%),傷口裂開(1.5%),出血(1.5%),除少數(shù)需手術(shù)干預(yù)外,多數(shù)病人非手術(shù)治療能治愈[39]。

7 局部復(fù)發(fā)的治療

Madboudy報告52例,T1RC局切后5年復(fù)發(fā)率29%,其中14例病人LR后接受根治術(shù),5年生存率僅56%。Mayo-Clinic介紹52例,局切后病理顯示,淋巴血管浸潤或T3病變,術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)實(shí)施根治術(shù),5年生存率89%。充分說明局切后一旦復(fù)發(fā),應(yīng)盡早行根治術(shù),遠(yuǎn)比拖延所造成的后果要好的多[40]。

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R735.3+7

A

1007-6948(2011)01-0016-04

10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2011.01.005

天津市南開大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院結(jié)直腸外科(天津 300121)

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