孫 鵬
摘要:新疆旅游資料的翻譯在促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)的發(fā)展中起著重要作用。在操作時(shí),需要既考慮中西文化差異,又恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用一些翻譯策略,才能提高英譯的質(zhì)量,吸引更多的國(guó)外游客來(lái)新疆旅游,達(dá)到宣傳新疆文化的目的。
關(guān)鍵詞:旅游資料;文化差異;翻譯策略
旅游是一種文化現(xiàn)象,其目的就是文化交流。游客在欣賞風(fēng)景的同時(shí),不僅要了解游覽地的文化,而且也會(huì)把本國(guó)的文化帶到游覽地。因此旅游不僅是游山玩水,也是文化的交流和傳遞。
旅游涉及多種學(xué)科,面廣而雜,從天文地理到民俗風(fēng)情,甚至文化娛樂(lè)、飲食起居,無(wú)所不包。旅游資料也涉及多種體裁如描寫(xiě)、記敘和說(shuō)明;有信息功能、美感功能和祈使功能。其文化信息內(nèi)涵豐富,還有很強(qiáng)的文學(xué)性,有關(guān)名勝古跡的詩(shī)詞曲賦、傳說(shuō)典故、散文游記等精彩紛呈。在譯此類信息和召喚文本時(shí),不僅要體現(xiàn)新疆地域文化內(nèi)涵,還要考慮外國(guó)游客的思維方式和審美觀念,以新疆文化為取向,以譯文為重點(diǎn)。前者指盡量多地保留新疆文化信息,后者是要從讀者角度出發(fā)適當(dāng)調(diào)整,以便讓外國(guó)游客理解譯文,獲取最大信息。本文以新疆旅游景點(diǎn)翻譯為例,提出三種翻譯策略:
一、解釋(Explanation)
解釋指增加的部分對(duì)字、詞、句的字面意思進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。新疆有著大量的自然景觀和人文景觀,外國(guó)游客往往
對(duì)新疆的情況不了解。翻譯時(shí)有必要進(jìn)行解釋,提供一些歷史人物、民間傳說(shuō)等背景知識(shí),喚起外國(guó)游客的游覽興致。例如:On the top of the Red Hill, stands Lin Zexus stone statue. 許多外國(guó)游客不了解中國(guó)歷史,對(duì)林則徐一無(wú)所知,有必要作解釋:Lin Zexu (1785-1851), a great Chinese patriot and national hero, was appointed governor of Guangdong Province. He was dismissed from office for banning the traffic of opium. During his three-year exile in Ili, he encouraged wasteland-reclamation, built water conservation projects and thus made a great contribution to the economic development of Xinjiang. 很多外國(guó)游客想了解名稱的來(lái)由,附加一些解釋,可以引起游客的注意。例如:鎮(zhèn)龍寶塔:Zhenlong Pagoda的由來(lái)和民間傳說(shuō)有關(guān):In 1785 Urumqi suffered from severe river floods caused by a big dragon, turned into a mountain and was clawing its way towards the opposite—Yamalike Hill. If the two mountains joined, the Urumqi River would be blocked and drown the city. Therefore in 1788, Governor Shang An built two pagodas to placate the dragon.這樣,外國(guó)游客既看懂了宣傳材料,又產(chǎn)生了共鳴。
二、刪減(Deletion)
對(duì)資料中有關(guān)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化特有的產(chǎn)物,若直譯,外國(guó)游客根本看不懂,應(yīng)適當(dāng)刪改。如:喀納斯湖形如彎月,長(zhǎng)約24公里,平均寬度約2公里。平均水深90米,最深可達(dá)184米,是中國(guó)最深的高山淡水湖泊,以其“湖怪”“云海佛光”的未解之謎而蜚聲中外。元代成吉思汗的軍帥耶律楚材遠(yuǎn)征途經(jīng)喀納斯湖,被這壯麗的景色深深打動(dòng),吟詩(shī)道:“誰(shuí)知西域逢佳景,始信東君不世情。圓沼方池三百所,澄澄春水一池平。”翻譯為:The Kanas Lake, like a crescent moon, is over 24 kilometers long, average 2 kilometers wide, about 90 meters deep and can reach to 184 meters. As the deepest alpine fresh-water lake in China, it is famous for its Lake Monster and Buddhist Halo on the top of Kalakat Mountain.
三、改寫(xiě)(Rewriting)
1.對(duì)原文行文風(fēng)格的改寫(xiě)(避虛就實(shí))
漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)在行文風(fēng)格和修辭上有很大差異。漢語(yǔ)旅游資料中的許多華麗辭藻、四字詞組只是為了音韻對(duì)仗和渲染氣氛,并無(wú)多大意義;而英語(yǔ)注重寫(xiě)實(shí),所以應(yīng)該調(diào)整措辭,將溢美之詞用明白易懂的語(yǔ)言重新表述,使譯文流暢自然,符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。對(duì)主觀性強(qiáng)的描述語(yǔ)言,可簡(jiǎn)單概括。
例如:湖水清澈、晶瑩如玉;四周群山環(huán)抱、綠草如茵、野花似錦;挺拔蒼翠的云杉、塔松;漫山遍嶺、遮天蔽日。翻譯為:Water of the lake, surrounded by mountains is always blue; luxuriant pines and firs reaching to the sky, shut out the sunshine; carpets of green grass growing on the slopes will attract you deeply.
2.對(duì)原文詩(shī)詞的改寫(xiě)
詩(shī)詞的英譯很難達(dá)到與原文同樣的效果,改寫(xiě)可以作為一種補(bǔ)救措施。如:1783年夏,清廷鎮(zhèn)守烏魯木齊的都統(tǒng)明亮率到達(dá)天山博格達(dá)峰,當(dāng)時(shí)阜康農(nóng)田缺水。他見(jiàn)高山湖泊寬廣且深,“水口為大石阻截不能下流”。于是向乾隆皇帝奏準(zhǔn) “開(kāi)石引流”,并在天池水口立靈山天池疏鑿水渠碑,親撰碑記:以此越崇嶺數(shù)層,始致絕頂,見(jiàn)神池浩淼,如天鏡浮空,沃日蕩云,洵浩物之奧區(qū)也。碑文中“見(jiàn)神池浩淼,如天鏡浮空”比喻非常貼切,將天池描寫(xiě)得惟妙惟肖。翻譯時(shí)要改寫(xiě)此詩(shī)句,以達(dá)到生動(dòng)的翻譯效果。
In 1783, the governor of Urumqi Mingliang climbed the Bogda Mountain of Tianshan, found the lake and built an irrigation canal. Later, he carved this event on a stone tablet. It says: “just reached the extreme top of the mountains, saw a miraculous lake expending into the distance, like a heavenly mirror floating in the sky.”
總而言之,在處理旅游文本時(shí),既要注意英語(yǔ)本身的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),又要考慮中西文化差異,運(yùn)用翻譯策略靈活處理,才能增強(qiáng)譯文的可讀性和外國(guó)游客的接受度,最終達(dá)到文化交流的目的。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 施生田,石永強(qiáng).走進(jìn)新疆.烏魯木齊:新疆人民出版社,2004.
[2] 包惠南,包昂.中國(guó)文化與漢英翻譯. 北京:外文出版社,2004.
[3] 孫世忠,胡信年.中國(guó)新疆旅游指南.烏魯木齊:新疆教育出版社,1988.