[摘 要]目的 探討系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理對(duì)種植牙患者美觀性及咀嚼功能的影響。方法 選擇2022年1月-2023年1月于我院行種植牙修復(fù)的98例牙列缺損/缺失患者作為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組與觀察組,每組49例。對(duì)照組予以常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組予以系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理。比較兩組白色美學(xué)評(píng)分(WES)、紅色美學(xué)評(píng)分(PES)、咀嚼功能評(píng)分、牙槽嵴骨吸收情況及美觀滿(mǎn)意評(píng)分。結(jié)果 觀察組WES總分高于對(duì)照組,且牙整體形態(tài)、臨床冠的外形和體積、色度(包括色調(diào)和亮度)、表面紋理、半透明性和特征5個(gè)維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組PES總分高于對(duì)照組,且中齦乳頭、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭、唇側(cè)黏膜弧度、唇側(cè)黏膜高度、根形突起/軟組織顏色和質(zhì)地5個(gè)維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)后6、12個(gè)月骨吸收情況、種植體頸部和根部偏移情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組咀嚼功能總分高于對(duì)照組,且固定義齒是否出現(xiàn)異常、對(duì)消化功能的影響、穩(wěn)固度、咀嚼食物狀況、對(duì)食物選擇的影響、可進(jìn)食食物類(lèi)型6個(gè)維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組美觀滿(mǎn)意度總分高于對(duì)照組,且種植牙美觀、舒適程度、固位、咀嚼、語(yǔ)言功能5個(gè)維度評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理對(duì)種植牙患者的美觀性和咀嚼功能恢復(fù)具有重要影響,有助于提高患者生活質(zhì)量和對(duì)種植牙的滿(mǎn)意度。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理;種植牙;白色美學(xué)評(píng)分;紅色美學(xué)評(píng)分
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R473 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1004-4949(2024)13-0025-05
Effect of Systematic Holistic Nursing on the Aesthetics and Masticatory Function of Dental Implant Patients
YANG Chen1,XIE Ling-ling2
(Department of Periodontology1, Outpatient Operating Room2, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China)
[Abstract]Objective To explore the effect of systematic holistic nursing on the esthetics and masticatory function of patients with dental implants. Methods A total of 98 patients with dentition defect/loss who underwent dental implant repair in our hospital from January 2022 to January 2023 were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 49 patients in each group. The control group was given routine nursing, and the observation group was given systematic holistic nursing. The white esthetic score (WES), pink esthetic score (PES), masticatory function score, alveolar ridge bone resorption and patient aesthetic satisfaction score were compared between the two groups. Results The total score of WES in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the scores of five dimensions including overall morphology of teeth, shape and volume of clinical crown, chromaticity (including hue and brightness), surface texture, translucency and characteristics were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total score of PES in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the scores of middle gingival papilla, distal gingival papilla, labial mucosal radian, labial mucosal height, root protrusion/soft tissue color and texture in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The bone resorption, implant neck and root deviation in the observation group were better than those in the control group at 6 and 12 months after operation (P<0.05). The total score of masticatory function in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the scores of 6 dimensions of fixed denture abnormality, influence on digestive function, stability, chewing food status, influence on food selection and edible food type were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total score of aesthetic satisfaction in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the scores of five dimensions of dental implant aesthetics, comfort, retention, chewing and language function were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Systematic holistic nursing has an important impact on the recovery of aesthetics and masticatory function of patients with dental implants, which is helpful to improve the quality of life and patients’ satisfaction with dental implants.
[Key words] Systematic holistic nursing; Dental implant; White esthetic score; Pink esthetic score
隨著人們生活水平的提高及口腔健康知識(shí)宣教的廣泛開(kāi)展,人們對(duì)各種原因造成的牙列缺損/缺失越來(lái)越重視[1]。傳統(tǒng)義齒異物感強(qiáng)、咀嚼效率低,已逐漸被淘汰。與傳統(tǒng)義齒相比,種植牙具有固位力強(qiáng)、外觀接近天然牙、咀嚼效率高等優(yōu)勢(shì)[2]。除了恢復(fù)咀嚼功能外,種植牙的美觀性也日益受到患者的關(guān)注[3]。種植效果和患者自身?xiàng)l件、醫(yī)生操作技術(shù)及圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理質(zhì)量密不可分[4]。常規(guī)圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理往往對(duì)患者的心理需求重視不足,缺乏個(gè)性化護(hù)理,對(duì)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的識(shí)別和處理不足,忽視長(zhǎng)期跟蹤和評(píng)估,使得術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,治療效果與預(yù)期不符,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致患者滿(mǎn)意度下降[5]。因此,需要對(duì)圍手術(shù)期的護(hù)理模式進(jìn)行改進(jìn),采用更加人性化、個(gè)性化的系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理模式,以提高患者的治療效果和滿(mǎn)意度。系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理作為一種以患者為中心的護(hù)理模式,旨在通過(guò)全面地評(píng)估、規(guī)劃、實(shí)施護(hù)理措施,提高種植牙患者的治療效果和滿(mǎn)意度[6]。本研究旨在探討系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理對(duì)種植牙患者美觀性及咀嚼功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2022年1月-2023年1月南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院行種植牙修復(fù)的98例牙列缺損/缺失患者作為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組與觀察組,每組49例。對(duì)照組男29例,女20例;年齡19~52歲,平均年齡(38.56±4.92)歲。觀察組男27例,女22例;年齡20~52歲,平均年齡(38.61±4.88)歲。兩組性別、年齡比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①因牙周病、外傷等原因出現(xiàn)單個(gè)的牙齒損壞/缺失,具有牙齒種植修復(fù)手術(shù)指征;②骨量足夠,能容納種植體;③無(wú)血液系統(tǒng)疾病、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病等種植禁忌證;④患者均知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①伴有嚴(yán)重軀體疾病、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、精神系統(tǒng)疾病等;②無(wú)法配合隨訪。
1.3 方法
1.3.1對(duì)照組 予以常規(guī)護(hù)理,具體內(nèi)容為:①術(shù)前進(jìn)行全面口腔檢查,了解牙齒缺失情況、牙槽骨狀況、牙齦狀況及鄰牙健康;②明確患者的病史和全身健康狀況;③術(shù)中密切觀察患者生命體征,如有異常及時(shí)處理,配合醫(yī)師完成手術(shù);④術(shù)后完善宣教,告知患者術(shù)后24 h清潔護(hù)理、飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)等方面注意事項(xiàng),以及后續(xù)復(fù)診注意事項(xiàng)。
1.3.2觀察組 予以系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理,具體內(nèi)容為:①術(shù)前教育:術(shù)前告知患者種植牙的特點(diǎn)及種植修復(fù)流程及風(fēng)險(xiǎn),緩解患者緊張情緒;②術(shù)中護(hù)理:確?;颊呤孢m,如調(diào)整手術(shù)椅、調(diào)整溫度、提供耳機(jī)等;配合醫(yī)生進(jìn)行麻醉,監(jiān)測(cè)患者生命體征;嚴(yán)格遵守?zé)o菌原則,減少感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn);保持與患者的溝通,確?;颊叩陌踩泻褪孢m度;③術(shù)后恢復(fù)期護(hù)理:○a 疼痛管理:監(jiān)測(cè)疼痛程度,根據(jù)疼痛程度不同可通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)移注意力、聽(tīng)音樂(lè)、遵醫(yī)囑給予止痛藥進(jìn)行干預(yù);○b 傷口護(hù)理:提供鹽水漱口、冰敷等,指導(dǎo)患者正確護(hù)理傷口;○c 飲食指導(dǎo):建議患者食用軟食,避免過(guò)硬、過(guò)熱或過(guò)冷的食物;○d 口腔衛(wèi)生教育:指導(dǎo)患者正確的刷牙、漱口方法,使用口腔護(hù)理產(chǎn)品;④恢復(fù)期護(hù)理:告知患者復(fù)查的時(shí)間和重要性,確保種植體的穩(wěn)定性和功能;指導(dǎo)患者如何長(zhǎng)期維護(hù)和保養(yǎng)種植牙,避免不當(dāng)使用;提供心理輔導(dǎo),幫助患者應(yīng)對(duì)術(shù)后可能的焦慮或不安;⑤持續(xù)跟蹤與評(píng)估:定期隨訪,跟蹤患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理問(wèn)題;評(píng)估種植牙的功能、舒適度和患者滿(mǎn)意度,根據(jù)患者的反饋,不斷改進(jìn)護(hù)理策略和服務(wù)質(zhì)量;⑥并發(fā)癥的識(shí)別與處理:指導(dǎo)患者識(shí)別可能出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥,如感染、出血、神經(jīng)損傷等;指導(dǎo)患者在出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥跡象時(shí)及時(shí)聯(lián)系醫(yī)生,以采取適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚泶胧?;⑦信息傳遞與溝通:確?;颊吣軌蚯逦乩斫馐中g(shù)后的護(hù)理指導(dǎo)和預(yù)期恢復(fù)過(guò)程;提供易于理解的書(shū)面資料,如護(hù)理指南和復(fù)查日程表;鼓勵(lì)患者與醫(yī)護(hù)人員保持良好的溝通,隨時(shí)提出問(wèn)題;⑧心理支持與康復(fù)指導(dǎo):提供心理支持,幫助患者應(yīng)對(duì)術(shù)后可能產(chǎn)生的不適感或焦慮情緒;指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行術(shù)后康復(fù)練習(xí),如張口運(yùn)動(dòng)、咀嚼練習(xí)等,以促進(jìn)口腔功能的恢復(fù);⑨資源與支持:為患者提供支持資源,如牙科護(hù)理小組、社區(qū)牙科服務(wù)等信息。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
1.4.1評(píng)估兩組白色美學(xué)評(píng)分(white esthetic score,WES)[7] 對(duì)患者種植體可見(jiàn)部分的客觀美學(xué)指數(shù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,包括牙整體形態(tài)、臨床冠外形和體積、色度(包括色調(diào)和亮度)、表面紋理、半透明性和特征5個(gè)維度,各維度分值為0~2分,總分10分,分值與客觀美學(xué)程度呈正相關(guān)。
1.4.2評(píng)估兩組紅色美學(xué)評(píng)分(pink esthetic score,PES)[7] 對(duì)患者種植體軟組織的客觀美學(xué)指數(shù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,包括近中齦乳頭、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭、唇側(cè)黏膜弧度、唇側(cè)黏膜高度、根形突起/軟組織顏色和質(zhì)地5個(gè)維度,各維度分值為0~2分,總分10分,分值與客觀美學(xué)程度呈正相關(guān)。
1.4.3評(píng)估兩組咀嚼功能 應(yīng)用本院評(píng)分量表,內(nèi)容包括固定義齒是否出現(xiàn)異常、對(duì)消化功能的影響、穩(wěn)固度、咀嚼食物狀況、對(duì)食物選擇的影響、可進(jìn)食食物類(lèi)型6個(gè)維度,各項(xiàng)分值為0~4分,總分24分,分值與咀嚼功能恢復(fù)程度呈正相關(guān)。
1.4.4測(cè)定兩組牙槽嵴骨吸收情況 分別在種植術(shù)后6、12個(gè)月對(duì)骨吸收和種植體偏移進(jìn)行測(cè)定。1.4.5調(diào)查兩組美觀滿(mǎn)意評(píng)分 應(yīng)用本院評(píng)分量表評(píng)估患者的美觀滿(mǎn)意度,由患者結(jié)束治療后填寫(xiě),量表包括種植牙美觀、舒適程度,固位、咀嚼、語(yǔ)言功能5個(gè)維度,各維度分值為0~6分,總分30分,分值與滿(mǎn)意度呈正相關(guān)。
2.1 兩組WES評(píng)分比較 觀察組WES總分高于對(duì)照組,且牙整體形態(tài)、臨床冠外形和體積、色度、表面紋理、半透明性和特征5個(gè)維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組PES評(píng)分比較 觀察組PES總分高于對(duì)照組,且中齦乳頭、遠(yuǎn)中齦乳頭、唇側(cè)黏膜弧度、唇側(cè)黏膜高度、根形突起/軟組織顏色和質(zhì)地5個(gè)維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組骨吸收和種植體偏移情況比較 觀察組術(shù)后6、12個(gè)月骨吸收情況、種植體頸部和根部偏移情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 兩組咀嚼功能評(píng)分比較 觀察組咀嚼功能總分高于對(duì)照組,且固定義齒是否出現(xiàn)異常、對(duì)消化功能的影響、穩(wěn)固度、咀嚼食物狀況、對(duì)食物選擇的影響、可進(jìn)食食物類(lèi)型6個(gè)維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.5 兩組美觀滿(mǎn)意評(píng)分比較 觀察組美觀滿(mǎn)意度總分高于對(duì)照組,且種植牙美觀、舒適程度、固位、咀嚼、語(yǔ)言功能5個(gè)維度評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表5。
隨著人們生活水平的提高和對(duì)口腔健康重視程度的增加,牙齒種植的市場(chǎng)需求持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。美觀度與咀嚼功能對(duì)于牙齒種植修復(fù)術(shù)后患者的整體健康和生活質(zhì)量都有著重要的影響[3]。影響種植手術(shù)成功的因素較多,如患者個(gè)體差異、手術(shù)技術(shù)和材料、術(shù)后護(hù)理等[8-10]。而術(shù)后護(hù)理是確保種植手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一。護(hù)理人員需要密切關(guān)注患者的術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,并提供專(zhuān)業(yè)的護(hù)理和建議,以促進(jìn)患者的快速康復(fù)[11]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組WES、PES、美觀滿(mǎn)意度各維度評(píng)分及總分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),表明系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理可改善種植牙術(shù)后客觀及主觀層面美觀性。究其原因在于,系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理提供全面、有效的圍術(shù)期教育,指導(dǎo)其術(shù)中配合醫(yī)師操作、口腔衛(wèi)生的維護(hù)、并發(fā)癥的識(shí)別和處理,幫助患者及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理問(wèn)題,預(yù)防并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)患者的康復(fù),進(jìn)而減少并發(fā)癥對(duì)美觀性的影響[12-14]。此外,觀察組術(shù)后6、12個(gè)月骨吸收情況、種植體頸部和根部偏移情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),且咀嚼功能總分及各維度評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),表明系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理對(duì)患者的咀嚼功能恢復(fù)具有積極影響,有助于提高種植牙的長(zhǎng)期成功率??紤]原因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理中,護(hù)理人員在術(shù)后會(huì)指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)木捉烙?xùn)練,以促進(jìn)種植牙的骨整合和咀嚼功能的恢復(fù)。同時(shí),口腔衛(wèi)生教育也幫助其建立良好的口腔衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣,預(yù)防種植體周?chē)椎炔l(fā)癥,確保咀嚼功能的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定。此外,護(hù)理人員還會(huì)密切關(guān)注患者的術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理并發(fā)癥,如感染、出血等[12]。通過(guò)及時(shí)的干預(yù)和處理,有助于提高種植牙的成功率,確?;颊叩目谇唤】岛凸δ苤亟╗15]。
綜上所述,系統(tǒng)性整體護(hù)理對(duì)種植牙患者的美觀性和咀嚼功能恢復(fù)具有重要影響,有助于提高患者生活質(zhì)量和對(duì)種植牙的滿(mǎn)意度。
[1]Yu X,Teng F,Zhao A,et al.Effects of post-extraction alveolar ridge preservation versus immediate implant placement:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Evid Based Dent Pract,2022,22(3):101734.
[2]Siadat H,Alikhasi M,Beyabanaki E.Interim Prosthesis Options for Dental Implants[J].J Prosthodont,2017,26(4):331-338.
[3]Ramanauskaite A,Sader R.Esthetic complications in implant dentistry[J].Periodontol 2000,2022,88(1):73-85.
[4]Pradyachaipimol N,Tangsathian T,Supanimitkul K,et al.Patient satisfaction following dental implant treatment:A survey[J]. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2023,25(3):613-623.
[5]姜涵,葛菲,姬曉煒,等.吸煙對(duì)種植體周?chē)谆颊啐l溝液中白細(xì)胞介素-1β表達(dá)的影響[J].中華老年口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2016,14(6):339-342.
[6]Dai J,Xu Y,Yin Q,et al.Effect of Systematic Holistic Nursing Combined with the MDT Teaching Method in the Nursing of Neonatal Jaundice and Its Impact on the Recovery of the Newborns’ Physiological Function[J].J Healthc Eng,2021,2021:2013233.
[7]Sanchez-Perez A,Nicolas-Silvente AI,Sanchez-Matas C,et al.Primary stability and PES/WES evaluation for immediate implants in the aesthetic zone:a pilot clinical doubleblind randomized study[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):20024.
[8]徐強(qiáng),程佳宏,古麗米拉·木明,等.種植牙患者近遠(yuǎn)期修復(fù)并發(fā)癥的研究分析及危險(xiǎn)因素探討[J].中國(guó)口腔種植學(xué)雜志,2019,24(3):110-113.
[9]黃翔宇,曹璐璐.優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理在人工種植牙患者術(shù)中術(shù)后感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)探究[J].中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2023,23(2):274.
[10]Ogawa T,Sitalaksmi RM,Miyashita M,et al.Effectiveness of the socket shield technique in dental implant:A systematic review[J].J Prosthodont Res,2022,66(1):12-18.
[11]劉偉,高鵬,趙亞鵬,等.醫(yī)護(hù)一體化模式下的口腔專(zhuān)科精細(xì)化護(hù)理在上頜竇外提升牙種植術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].口腔頜面修復(fù)學(xué)雜志,2023,24(6):418-421.
[12]Ohkubo C,Ikumi N,Sato Y,et al.Maintenance issues of elderly patients requiring nursing care with implant treatments in dental visiting:position paper[J].Int J Implant Dent,2022,8(1):63.
[13]郭琦琪,徐翡慧,馮利敏.數(shù)字化醫(yī)患溝通技術(shù)對(duì)種植牙患者遵醫(yī)行為及預(yù)后的影響[J].口腔頜面修復(fù)學(xué)雜志,2023,24(6):412-417.
[14]吉金萍,李冰.系統(tǒng)化健康教育聯(lián)合心理護(hù)理對(duì)老年種植牙患者的應(yīng)用價(jià)值分析[J].中華老年口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2023,21(5):289-293.
[15]王小貞,刁艷菲,王燕,等.正念減壓療法對(duì)牙種植患者焦慮情緒及疼痛程度的影響[J].齊魯護(hù)理雜志,2022,28(6):127-129.
收稿日期:2024-4-16 編輯:周思雨