童小倩 劉仙
*基金項(xiàng)目:鷹潭市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(Ykz2022080)
【摘要】 目的:分析經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)聯(lián)合子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者中的效果。方法:選取2021年11月—2022年12月鷹潭一八四醫(yī)院收治的50例剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分成對(duì)照組(n=25)、觀察組(n=25)。對(duì)照組給予子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)+甲氨蝶呤+清宮術(shù)治療,觀察組行經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪3個(gè)月。對(duì)比兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)、術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況、生活質(zhì)量、并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果:觀察組術(shù)中出血量為(65.21±4.48)mL,少于對(duì)照組的(87.49±6.37)mL(P<0.05);觀察組住院時(shí)間為(6.96±1.54)d、月經(jīng)復(fù)潮時(shí)間為(31.35±2.56)d、血β-人絨毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG)恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間為(18.36±1.59)d,
均短于對(duì)照組的(8.37±1.89)、(42.58±4.39)、(25.44±2.57)d(P<0.05);觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為8.00%(2/25),低于對(duì)照組的32.00%(8/25),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)前,兩組世界衛(wèi)生組織生存質(zhì)量測(cè)定量表(WHOQOL-BREF)各維度評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后,觀察組WHOQOL-BREF各維度評(píng)分分別為(75.96±3.42)、(74.39±4.08)、(76.84±3.44)、(72.49±3.49)分,高于對(duì)照組的(69.84±2.98)、(68.44±3.57)、(70.38±2.96)、(66.84±2.96)分,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時(shí)間短等優(yōu)勢(shì),有助于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),提升生活質(zhì)量,且并發(fā)癥較少。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠 經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù) 子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù) 生活質(zhì)量 并發(fā)癥
Clinical Effect of Transvaginal Eradication of Low-segment Uterine Scar Pregnancy Focus Combined with Repair of Uterine Wall in the Treatment of Cicatricial Uterine Pregnancy after Cesarean Section/TONG Xiaoqian, LIU Xian. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(14): 0-036
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the effect of transvaginal eradication of low-segment uterine scar pregnancy focus combined with repair of uterine wall in patients with cicatricial uterine pregnancy after cesarean section. Method: A total of 50 patients with cicatricial uterine pregnancy after cesarean section treated in Yingtan 184th Hospital from November 2021 to December 2022 were selected and divided into control group (n=25) and observation group (n=25) according to random number table method. The control group was treated with uterine artery embolization + Methotrexate + evacuation of uterus, and the observation group was treated with transvaginal eradication of low-segment uterine scar pregnancy focus + repair of uterine wall, and followed up for 3 months. Perioperative indexes, postoperative recovery, quality of life and complications were compared between the two groups. Result: The intraoperative bleeding volume in the observation group was (65.21±4.48) mL,
less than (87.49±6.37) mL in the control group (P<0.05). In the observation group, the hospitalization time was (6.96±1.54) d, the menstruation resurgence time was (31.35±2.56) d, the blood β-human chorionic gonadotropin
(β-hCG) return to normal time was (18.36±1.59) d, were shorter than (8.37±1.89), (42.58±4.39), (25.44±2.57) d
of control group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 8.00% (2/25), lower than 32.00% (8/25) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Before surgery, there were no statistical significance in the scores of each dimension of world health organization quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) between the two groups (P>0.05). After surgery, the scores of each dimension of WHOQOL-BREF in the observation group were (75.96±3.42), (74.39±4.08), (76.84±3.44), (72.49±3.49) scores, were higher than (69.84±2.98), (68.44±3.57), (70.38±2.96), (66.84±2.96) scores in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Transvaginal eradication of low-segment uterine scar pregnancy focus + repair of uterine wall has the advantages of less trauma and short operation time, which is conducive to postoperative recovery of patients with cicatricial uterine pregnancy after cesarean section, improve the quality of life, and have fewer complications.
[Key words] Cicatricial uterine pregnancy after cesarean section Transvaginal eradication of low-segment uterine scar pregnancy focus Repair of uterine wall Quality of life Complications
First-author's address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yingtan 184th Hospital, Yingtan 335000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.14.008
剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠屬于異位妊娠的一種,在臨床具有較高的發(fā)生率[1-2]。由于受精卵于剖宮產(chǎn)瘢痕處著床,容易誘發(fā)陰道流血等癥狀,且伴隨胚胎的持續(xù)生長(zhǎng)與孕囊的不斷深入,將會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病的危險(xiǎn)程度加劇[3-4]。另外,隨著孕囊的生長(zhǎng),極易導(dǎo)致子宮瘢痕部位發(fā)生破裂,最終引起大出血等嚴(yán)重后果,對(duì)患者生命安全造成威脅,故需施以及時(shí)有效的治療[5]。子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)+甲氨蝶呤+清宮術(shù)為既往臨床治療剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者的重要手段,但對(duì)于年輕、有生育要求的患者而言,較難接受。近年,隨著醫(yī)學(xué)手段不斷進(jìn)步,陰式手術(shù)逐漸運(yùn)用在臨床。經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)屬于微創(chuàng)術(shù)式,通過陰道這一人體自然腔道實(shí)施手術(shù),具有創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢(shì)?;诖?,本研究以2021年11月—2022年12月鷹潭一八四醫(yī)院收治的50例剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者為研究對(duì)象,分析兩種術(shù)式聯(lián)合對(duì)此類患者的具體作用,報(bào)道示下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2021年11月—2022年12月本院收治的50例剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)有剖宮產(chǎn)史;(2)經(jīng)彩超檢查明確病情;(3)雙側(cè)附件無明顯包塊;(4)有較高的依從性。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)存在傳染性疾??;(2)存在嚴(yán)重的精神障礙;(3)伴有其他生殖系統(tǒng)疾?。唬?)合并血液系統(tǒng)疾?。唬?)合并惡性腫瘤。按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為兩組,各25例。研究經(jīng)鷹潭一八四醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)?;颊邔?duì)本試驗(yàn)知曉,自愿簽訂知情同意書。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組行子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)+甲氨蝶呤+清宮術(shù)治療:仰臥位,全麻,穿刺右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈,將5F引導(dǎo)管置入子宮動(dòng)脈,將50 mg甲氨蝶呤(生產(chǎn)廠家:山西普德藥業(yè)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20066518,規(guī)格:50 mg)與40 mL生理鹽水溶解液輸注到兩側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈,于數(shù)字減影血管造影指引之下用300~700 μm明膠海綿顆粒栓塞兩側(cè)子宮動(dòng)脈;于24 h后開展清宮術(shù),以刮匙對(duì)子宮蛻膜進(jìn)行刮取并將孕囊?guī)С?,術(shù)畢。
觀察組行經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù):手術(shù)體位與麻醉方案同對(duì)照組,以陰道拉鉤徹底顯露患者子宮頸、陰道,并用宮頸鉗徹底顯露陰道前穹??;在子宮頸附著處下方注入6單位垂體后葉注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:南京新百藥業(yè)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H32026638,規(guī)格:1 mL︰6單位)+10 mL生理鹽水,對(duì)膀胱、子宮頸行分離處理;然后于子宮頸口上方行一橫向切口,行膀胱鈍性分離,一直到膀胱腹膜反折區(qū)域;等到剪開腹膜后進(jìn)到腹腔,去除子宮漿膜層表面少量瘢痕組織與子宮峽部妊娠包塊,對(duì)子宮腔行負(fù)壓吸引,完全去除子宮蛻膜,對(duì)切口四周的瘢痕組織行修剪,確保沒有明顯的組織殘留;以電刀修剪切緣到質(zhì)地柔軟的肌層組織,徹底止血之后用可吸收線持續(xù)縫合切口,置管引流,術(shù)畢。兩組術(shù)后均行抗感染處理,并隨訪至術(shù)后3個(gè)月。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo):包括術(shù)中出血量(對(duì)照組記錄子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)+清宮術(shù)的術(shù)中出血量),住院時(shí)間。(2)術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況:月經(jīng)復(fù)潮時(shí)間、血β-人絨毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG)恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間。(3)生活質(zhì)量:以世界衛(wèi)生組織生存質(zhì)量測(cè)定量表(WHOQOL-BREF)判定,總計(jì)4個(gè)維度,滿分全部為100分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高越好[6],評(píng)估時(shí)間為術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個(gè)月。(4)并發(fā)癥:主要為感染、子宮腔粘連、發(fā)熱。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
選用SPSS 20.0分析數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)數(shù)資料用率(%)表達(dá),以字2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表達(dá),組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料對(duì)比
對(duì)照組年齡24~39歲,平均(31.26±1.49)歲;瘢痕子宮妊娠分型:13例Ⅱ型,12例Ⅲ型;體重指數(shù)(BMI)18.5~26.7 kg/m2,平均(24.63±0.52)kg/m2;
平均孕次(2.45±0.19)次;文化程度:8例小學(xué),10例初高中,7例高中以上;停經(jīng)時(shí)間4~11周,平均(8.26±1.05)周。觀察組年齡22~40歲,
平均(31.38±1.30)歲;瘢痕子宮妊娠分型:15例Ⅱ型,10例Ⅲ型;BMI 18.6~27.1 kg/m2,平
均(24.70±0.46)kg/m2;平均孕次(2.49±0.16)次;文化程度:7例小學(xué),12例初高中,6例高中以上;停經(jīng)時(shí)間4~13周,平均(8.39±0.96)周。兩組各項(xiàng)基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)對(duì)比
觀察組術(shù)中出血量少于對(duì)照組,住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況對(duì)比
觀察組術(shù)后恢復(fù)優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4 兩組生活質(zhì)量對(duì)比
術(shù)前,兩組WHOQOL-BREF各維度評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后,觀察組WHOQOL-BREF各維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.5 兩組并發(fā)癥對(duì)比
觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=4.500,P=0.034),見表4。
3 討論
近年,因剖宮產(chǎn)在臨床的廣泛使用,導(dǎo)致剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠人數(shù)不斷增長(zhǎng)。該病發(fā)生的原理比較繁雜,目前臨床并未徹底了解,往往認(rèn)為此病的形成同剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)之后的子宮切口愈合差、短時(shí)間內(nèi)再一次的妊娠等因素聯(lián)系緊密[7-9]。如若患者未得到及時(shí)的治療,孕囊經(jīng)由瘢痕侵入至子宮肌層,將會(huì)誘發(fā)妊娠早期大出血等后果,對(duì)于病情更甚者還將導(dǎo)致子宮破裂而死亡[10-11]。因此,選擇一安全有效的措施對(duì)此類患者行積極的治療,對(duì)于改善其預(yù)后意義重大。
子宮動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)+甲氨蝶呤+清宮術(shù)為以往臨床治療剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠的重要手段,通過栓塞動(dòng)脈血管,減少孕囊四周的血供,待孕囊活性下降后給予清除,最終達(dá)到治療效果[12-14]。然而,與子宮體相比,子宮峽部肌層比較薄弱,切口瘢痕的收縮功能處于較低水平,在行清宮術(shù)時(shí)容易誘發(fā)大出血、膀胱受損等情況[15]。同時(shí),該手術(shù)僅去除子宮中的孕囊,對(duì)子宮瘢痕損傷處未行修復(fù),故再次妊娠時(shí)仍然存有瘢痕妊娠概率[16]。因此,更為安全有效的治療方案成為臨床的關(guān)注重點(diǎn)。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組各項(xiàng)圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,血β-hCG恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,且術(shù)后WHOQOL-BREF各維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,由此提示經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)治療剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠效果顯著,具有更少的出血量,更短的住院時(shí)間,可促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),提高生活質(zhì)量,且并發(fā)癥較少。分析原因認(rèn)為,該手術(shù)方案從陰道進(jìn)到子宮腔內(nèi),可有效減少手術(shù)帶來的損傷,減少出血量,且醫(yī)師能夠直視瘢痕、妊娠組織,以此完全去除病灶,還能夠去除子宮肌層內(nèi)微小竇道,對(duì)其生育功能行保存,繼而改善患者生活質(zhì)量[17-18]。兩種手術(shù)措施的聯(lián)合在清理局部病變組織的同時(shí)對(duì)子宮壁進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),以防止組織殘留,還能夠修復(fù)子宮瘢痕缺損部位,有利于子宮腔內(nèi)部恢復(fù)正常生理構(gòu)造,并改善局部血液循環(huán),加速血β-hCG恢復(fù)正常。另外,手術(shù)期間于直視下去除病變組織,無需行開腹處理,能夠較為快速的止血,且經(jīng)自然腔道進(jìn)行手術(shù)操作可顯著減輕對(duì)患者盆腔、腹腔的損害,由此降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)聯(lián)合子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)運(yùn)用女性自然生殖腔隙自然形態(tài)對(duì)瘢痕行掩蓋,患者更易接受[19-20]。需注意的是,經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)與輸尿管、膀胱等相鄰,故其存有相鄰組織器官受損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此種情況則要求手術(shù)醫(yī)師熟悉盆底解剖構(gòu)造,精準(zhǔn)的把控經(jīng)陰道手術(shù)的操作。同時(shí),本試驗(yàn)尚存有納入樣本量較少等不足,可能會(huì)對(duì)本研究結(jié)果的可靠性造成一定干擾。因此,臨床還需完備試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),增加樣本量,以此進(jìn)行更進(jìn)一步的分析。
綜上所述,經(jīng)陰道子宮下段瘢痕妊娠病灶清除術(shù)+子宮壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)具備創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢(shì),有助于提升剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后瘢痕子宮妊娠患者生活質(zhì)量,且并發(fā)癥較少。
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(收稿日期:2023-11-15) (本文編輯:陳韻)