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非酒精性脂肪性肝病與相關(guān)肝細(xì)胞肝癌研究進展

2024-06-21 10:43王玉潔覃后繼易廷莊黃嘉偉
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2024年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:非酒精性脂肪性肝病分子機制

王玉潔 覃后繼 易廷莊 黃嘉偉

*基金項目:廣西自然科學(xué)基金項目(2020GXNSFAA297170);2020年百色市科學(xué)研究與技術(shù)開發(fā)計劃-新冠肺炎病毒感染防治專項項目(百科20203215)

【摘要】 非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪on-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一種以肝臟脂肪沉積為主的代謝性疾病,可導(dǎo)致肝臟脂肪變性、肝硬化及肝細(xì)胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的發(fā)生發(fā)展。NAFLD與NAFLD相關(guān)HCC有著相似的多元化發(fā)病機制:胰島素抵抗、脂肪代謝、遺傳易感性、免疫失調(diào)、腸道菌群紊亂、鐵沉積等。近些年隨著NAFLD的患病率的增加,NAFLD相關(guān)HCC患病率也逐年增加,因此提早監(jiān)測預(yù)防NAFLD相關(guān)HCC發(fā)生顯得尤為重要。本文綜述了NAFLD相關(guān)HCC的流行病學(xué)、發(fā)病機制、監(jiān)測及預(yù)防,為認(rèn)識NAFLD相關(guān)的HCC現(xiàn)狀及預(yù)防奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 非酒精性脂肪性肝病 肝細(xì)胞肝癌 分子機制 疾病進展

Research Progress of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma/WANG Yujie, QIN Houji, YI Tingzhuang, HUANG Jiawei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(14): -178

[Abstract] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease dominated by fat deposition in the liver, which can lead to the occurrence and development of hepatic steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC share similar diversified pathogenesis, including insulin resistance, fat metabolism, genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, intestinal flora disorder, iron deposition, and so on. In recent years, with the increase of the prevalence of NAFLD, the prevalence of NAFLD-related HCC has also increased year by year, so early monitoring and prevention of NAFLD-related HCC are particularly important. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, surveillance and prevention of NAFLD-related HCC, which lays a foundation for understanding the current situation and prevention of NAFLD-related HCC.

[Key words] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatocellular carcinoma Molecular mechanisms Progression of disease

First-author's address: Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.14.041

非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪on-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)因在全球迅速地增長,變得越來越普遍,全球成年人群中NAFLD患病率占25%~30%[1],NAFLD逐漸成了全世界慢性肝病的最常見病因。該疾病的范圍包括單純性脂肪變性(steatosis simplex,SS)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),病程中的肝臟炎癥和纖維化加劇可導(dǎo)致罹患肝細(xì)胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)風(fēng)險增加。與NAFLD相關(guān)的全球HCC發(fā)病率預(yù)計將從2016年的47%增加到2030年的130%,NAFLD相關(guān)HCC發(fā)病機制是多因素的隨著NAFLD患病數(shù)的增多,NAFLD相關(guān)HCC患病數(shù)也不斷增多[2]。近年來,NAFLD相關(guān)HCC流行病學(xué)、發(fā)病機制、監(jiān)測及預(yù)防等方面取得了一定的進展。因此,本文對NAFLD導(dǎo)致HCC的流行病學(xué)、發(fā)病機制、監(jiān)測及預(yù)防做進一步的總結(jié)。

1 NAFLD相關(guān)HCC流行病學(xué)

NAFLD是目前最常見的慢性肝病之一,據(jù)估計,到2027年美國、日本和歐盟5國(英國、法國、德國、意大利和西班牙)NASH的患病人數(shù)將達到1 800萬[3]。在中國進行的一項涉及2 054 554例的392項研究的薈萃分析顯示,因生活方式的巨大變化,NAFLD的患病率在年輕人群中迅速增長,中國NAFLD患病率為29.2%,其中中年男性患病率為32.9%,由于NAFLD的迅速增加,中國人群可能具有更高的NAFLD遺傳易感性[4]。

2020年,全球約有906 000例被診斷為肝癌,其中最常見的是HCC,HCC是全球癌癥死亡的第三大原因,其5年生存率約為18%[5]。盡管病毒相關(guān)的HCC的發(fā)病率有所下降,但隨著NAFLD患病率的增加,NAFLD相關(guān)HCC的發(fā)病率也隨之增加[6]。眾所周知,NAFLD相關(guān)HCC相對于其他病因的肝?。ㄈ纾壕凭嚓P(guān)性肝病、自身免疫性肝病等)來說,會在沒有肝硬化的情況下發(fā)展[7]。Kanwal等[8]研究表明20%~30%的NAFLD和NASH相關(guān)HCC在沒有肝硬化的情況下發(fā)展。Stine等[9]進行的一項包含19項研究、超過168 000例的薈萃分析報告表示:與其他肝病病因相比,在非肝硬化受試者中,NASH患者患HCC的風(fēng)險較高。在Orci等[10]進行的一項納入了18項研究,涉及470 404例患者的系統(tǒng)評價表明,在沒有肝硬化階段的NAFLD患者中,HCC每年每100人中發(fā)病0.03例[95%CI(0.01,0.07),I2=98%],相反,在肝硬化患者中,HCC每年每100人中發(fā)病3.78例[95%CI(2.47,5.78),I2=77%],這表明NAFLD伴有嚴(yán)重纖維化或肝硬化的患者發(fā)生HCC的風(fēng)險最高。

2 NAFLD相關(guān)HCC發(fā)病機制

2.1 胰島素抵抗

胰島素抵抗可過量產(chǎn)生游離脂肪酸(free fatty acid,F(xiàn)FA),F(xiàn)AA通過C-Jun N端激酶(C-Jun N -terminal kinases,C-JNK)激活肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)在的凋亡途徑,從而促進從單純脂肪變性到NASH甚至晚期肝纖維化的發(fā)展[11]。胰島素抵抗致使肝臟脂肪沉積,導(dǎo)致線粒體功能障礙和應(yīng)激介質(zhì)的刺激可產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)性氧化應(yīng)激(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)(endothelial reticulum,ER)應(yīng)激。ER應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和ROS或ER應(yīng)激與ROS過量產(chǎn)生之間的串?dāng)_加劇了肝病向NASH和HCC的進展[12]。此外,胰島素抵抗會引起高胰島素血癥,高胰島素血癥會增加胰島素和胰島素樣生長因子-1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)的表達,胰島素和IGF-1分別與它們相應(yīng)的受體結(jié)合,通過胰島素受體底物-1(insulin receptor substrate 1,IRS-1)觸發(fā)信號級聯(lián)反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致PI3K/AKT和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)分子通路的激活[13],MAPK通路促進Wnt/β-連環(huán)蛋白信號通路(canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway,Wnt/β-catenin)級聯(lián)的激活,從而導(dǎo)致肝纖維化并促進肝癌發(fā)生[14]。

2.2 脂質(zhì)代謝

在NAFLD發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,脂肪因子表達模式的改變與肝臟惡性腫瘤存在因果關(guān)系。瘦素是一種促炎和促纖維化脂肪因子,當(dāng)其過量時,會損害肝細(xì)胞中的胰島素信號并激活不同的癌癥相關(guān)通路導(dǎo)致HCC發(fā)生[15]。另外,肝臟脂肪變性中,F(xiàn)FA會通過細(xì)胞色素P-450 2E1表達增加而產(chǎn)生大量的氧化代謝產(chǎn)物,過量的氧化代謝產(chǎn)物會消耗肝臟中的谷胱甘肽和維生素E等天然抗氧化劑引起氧化應(yīng)激等,最終導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性、細(xì)胞炎癥、壞死和纖維化等一系列病理變化[16]。同時,脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)物可使抑癌基因p53突變,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生[17]。單鏈脂肪酸有利于肝臟代謝,并參與NAFLD的進展。

不僅如此,脂肪組織還是一種內(nèi)分泌器官,能夠產(chǎn)生和釋放生物活性蛋白,稱為“脂肪因子”,NALDH時脂肪因子表達模式的改變與肝臟惡性腫瘤存在因果關(guān)系。瘦素是一種促纖維化脂肪因子,當(dāng)其過量時,會損害肝細(xì)胞中的胰島素信號并激活不同的癌癥相關(guān)通路導(dǎo)致HCC發(fā)生[18]。而其他脂肪因子的增加,如:血管生成素樣蛋白(angiopoietin-like protein,ANGPTL)1、ANGPTL2、ANGPTL8、成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(fibroblast growth factors,F(xiàn)GFs)2、FGFs19、FGFs21、趨化蛋白和內(nèi)脂素等,與NAFLD相關(guān)肝細(xì)胞肝癌的不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[19]。

2.3 遺傳易感性

單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)是NAFLD-HCC發(fā)展的一個重要原因。Singal等[20]在涉及2 937例患者的9項研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)patatin樣磷脂酶結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白3(patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing3,PNPLA3)與肝硬化患者HCC風(fēng)險增加相關(guān)[OR=1.40,95%CI(1.12,1.75)],在亞組分析中,NASH或酒精相關(guān)性肝硬化患者顯示HCC風(fēng)險增加[OR=1.67,95%CI(1.27,2.21)],并指出PNPLA3與纖維化嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[OR=1.32,95%CI(1.20,1.45)]。另外,基因突變也是導(dǎo)致HCC發(fā)生的原因。通過Pinyol等[21]分析125例NASH-HCC和5例NASH樣本的小鼠模型,NASH-HCC的腫瘤突變分析結(jié)果顯示TERT啟動子、CTNNB1、TP53、ACVR2A是最常見的突變基因,NASH-HCC的ACVR2A突變率高于其他HCC病因(10% vs 3%,P<0.05)。Donati等[22]研究中表明rs641738編碼的膜結(jié)合O-?;D(zhuǎn)移酶結(jié)構(gòu)域7(membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7,MBOAT7)基因突變與HCC的發(fā)生有關(guān)。

2.4 免疫失調(diào)

肝臟的損傷會刺激不同類型的免疫細(xì)胞向損傷部位募集,庫普弗細(xì)胞(kupffer cells,KCs)的激活在NASH中是關(guān)鍵的,并且先于其他細(xì)胞的招募,有助于NASH的進展。FFA誘導(dǎo)的線粒體DNA釋放,可觸發(fā)KCs中核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein3,NLRP3)炎癥小體活化,導(dǎo)致促炎白介素細(xì)胞(interleukin,IL)-1β分泌對NASH的發(fā)生和進展發(fā)揮促炎作用[23]。肝臟巨噬細(xì)胞可以通過轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)激活靜止肝星狀細(xì)胞,并通過分泌IL-1和腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)促進肌成纖維細(xì)胞的存活,從而促進纖維化[24]。巨噬細(xì)胞表面的MerTK蛋白質(zhì)通過TGF-β誘導(dǎo)棕櫚酸酯處理的肝細(xì)胞死亡,不僅可能加重肝纖維化,還可能加重NASH的組織損傷[25]。巨噬細(xì)胞還可釋放制瘤素M(oncostatin-M,OSM)、IL-17A等,在沒有潛在組織損傷的情況下,OSM過表達足以引發(fā)肝纖維化;IL-17A直接作用于幾乎所有的肝臟和免疫細(xì)胞,顯示出強大的促炎和纖維化作用[26]。Kang等[27]在NASH小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)CD8+T細(xì)胞和自然殺傷T細(xì)胞共同促進HCC的發(fā)展,此外,Kang等[27]指出NASH小鼠中的CD8+T細(xì)胞可通過破壞免疫監(jiān)視來誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞肝癌轉(zhuǎn)化。Shalapour等[28]研究表明由NAFLD引起的肝臟慢性炎癥環(huán)境可抑制CD8+T細(xì)胞的活化,從而擾亂免疫監(jiān)視并促進HCC的形成。

2.5 腸道菌群紊亂

腸道菌群的代謝產(chǎn)物是調(diào)節(jié)NAFLD發(fā)病機制不可或缺的因素。Ponziani等[29]指出在NAFLD相關(guān)HCC患者中,腸道菌群與幾種炎癥細(xì)胞因子有關(guān),如較高水平的IL-8和趨化因子C-C基元配體3,

這表明腸道菌群驅(qū)動的炎癥可能會加劇NAFLD-HCC的進展。此外,腸道菌群可通過與免疫細(xì)胞的肝臟分區(qū)相互作用,在NAFLD-HCC的進展中起輔助因素的作用。Behary等[30]最近的一項研究表明,NAFLD-HCC患者的腸道菌群可以抑制CD8+T細(xì)胞的擴增,但增強IL-10調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的擴增,促進HCC的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。腸道菌群衍生的乙醇是促進單純性肝脂肪變性轉(zhuǎn)化為NASH的重要因素之一,與肝臟脂肪變性患者相比,NASH患者腸道中的產(chǎn)生乙醇濃度較高。腸道菌群也參與膽汁酸代謝,具有將初級膽汁酸轉(zhuǎn)化為次級膽汁酸的能力,在NAFLD中,由于相關(guān)細(xì)菌的豐度降低,使得這種轉(zhuǎn)換能力減弱,結(jié)合膽汁酸水平的降低可以通過靶向氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)基因和脂肪酸合成相關(guān)基因來進一步減少?;撬岬漠a(chǎn)生,并導(dǎo)致肝臟脂肪變性和炎癥。另外,飲食富含高膽固醇的食物可以通過增加黏菌屬、脫硫弧菌屬、厭氧菌屬和脫硫弧菌科的豐度,減少雙歧桿菌和類桿菌的水平來推動NAFLD-HCC的形成[31]。

2.6 鐵沉積

由于肝臟具有豐富的網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng),肝臟成為體內(nèi)主要儲存鐵的場所,肝臟鐵沉積過多可能導(dǎo)致肝臟受損。Hino等[32]在研究中指出:在NASH相關(guān)肝硬化患者中,HCC患者的肝鐵沉積比非HCC患者發(fā)生更頻繁,提示NASH相關(guān)肝硬化患者肝鐵沉積與HCC發(fā)生有關(guān)。Sorrentino等[33]研究表明,與非NASH患者相比,NASH患者肝組織內(nèi)的鐵水平較高,證明了NAFLD患者的鐵蛋白水平與肝纖維化程度相關(guān),進而增加了HCC發(fā)病率。Sorrentino等[33]在涉及153例NASH相關(guān)肝硬化患者(其中51例患有HCC,102例未患HCC)的肝鐵含量的回顧性研究中,進行條件logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示HCC患者的鐵沉積(校正總鐵評分>0分)

比對照組更頻繁,HCC患者的中位校正總鐵評分顯著高于對照組,發(fā)現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞肝癌組中鐵沉積顯著高于102例無肝癌的NASH肝硬化患者,提示鐵沉積是NAFLD相關(guān)HCC發(fā)病的危險因素之一。在Zhai等[34]研究中指出circIDE/miR-19b-3p/RBMS1軸通過促進鐵死亡來抑制HCC進展,circIDE作為一種新型鐵調(diào)節(jié)分子,通過海綿miR-1b-19p介導(dǎo)RBMS3表達,從而抑制HCC進展,此外,RBMS1抑制谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)的表達,隨后誘導(dǎo)鐵死亡并抑制HCC細(xì)胞的增殖。

3 NAFLD相關(guān)的HCC的監(jiān)測

目前,對NAFLD患者的有效監(jiān)測方面仍存在許多困難,仍然缺乏監(jiān)測與NAFLD相關(guān)的HCC的有效方法。雖然NAFLD相關(guān)HCC的患病率遠(yuǎn)低于HBV或HCV相關(guān)HCC,但NAFLD的高患病率意味著NAFLD相關(guān)HCC篩查的成本和工作量大。其中超聲是主要的監(jiān)測檢查,但超聲對HCC的早期檢測敏感度較差,且由于在NAFLD患者中肥胖者占大多數(shù),在篩查HCC時通常超聲顯影較差。對于超聲檢查顯影不佳的患者,或超聲篩查檢測到≥1 cm的實性結(jié)節(jié),建議使用CT或MRI檢查,MRI與CT診斷HCC具有相似的特異度,但MRI通常顯示出更高的敏感度。超過30%的NAFLD相關(guān)HCC病例發(fā)生在非肝硬化NASH患者中,但這些患者發(fā)生HCC的總體風(fēng)險相對較低,不建議對非肝硬化NAFLD患者進行肝細(xì)胞肝癌篩查監(jiān)測。

4 NAFLD相關(guān)的HCC的預(yù)防

4.1 生活方式干預(yù)

健康的飲食和減重是絕大多數(shù)NAFLD患者治療的基礎(chǔ)。一項系統(tǒng)評價報告認(rèn)為,堅持地中海飲食可能可以預(yù)防HCC的發(fā)展[35]。Polesel等[36]研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示BMI≥30 kg/m2的患者較BMI<25 kg/m2的患者,HCC發(fā)生風(fēng)險高近兩倍。持續(xù)減肥可減少脂肪組織蓄積,提高外周胰島素敏感性,可以減少NASH中肝損傷的驅(qū)動力[37]。在Baumeister等[38]進行的一項涉及超過450 000例的多國研究表明,每周進行至少2 h的劇烈運動可將HCC患病風(fēng)險降低約50%,且不受潛在混雜因素的影響。體重減輕(7%~10%)可改善NASH患者的肝臟脂肪沉積、炎癥,甚至可以幫助逆轉(zhuǎn)肝臟纖維化[39]。對NAFLD患者來說,避免飲酒很重要,飲酒可能會對肝臟造成額外的傷害。Kimura等[40]在一項關(guān)于輕度飲酒習(xí)慣對301例活檢證實的NAFLD患者的HCC發(fā)生影響的多變量分析中表示,對于晚期纖維化患者(F3-4),即使飲酒<20 g/d也可能會增加NAFLD 患者患HCC的風(fēng)險,因此患有嚴(yán)重纖維化的NAFLD患者應(yīng)戒除少量的常規(guī)飲酒。

4.2 藥物

他汀類藥物的給藥與較低的HCC風(fēng)險相關(guān)。在Pinyopornpanish等[41]進行的一項涉及1 072例患有肝硬化F3、F4期的NASH患者的回顧性研究表明,他汀類藥物的使用與較低的HCC發(fā)病風(fēng)險相關(guān)[HR=0.40,95%CI(0.24,0.67)],并且呈劑量依賴性。在Lee等[42]進行的一項來自包含18 080例NAFLD患者資料的研究也顯示,在調(diào)整潛在的混雜因素后,他汀類藥物的使用與HCC的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)[OR=0.29,95%CI(0.12,0.68)]。Islam等[43]進行的一項關(guān)于他汀類藥物對HCC風(fēng)險的影響的薈萃分析,共納入24項研究,涉及59 073例HCC患者,與沒有使用他汀類藥物相比,使用他汀類藥物可降低46%的HCC發(fā)展風(fēng)險,可有助于指導(dǎo)未來的預(yù)防工作。

阿司匹林也可降低HCC風(fēng)險。Simon等[44]的一項前瞻性隊列研究顯示,與非常規(guī)使用阿司匹林相比,每日使用阿司匹林與NASH[OR=0.68,95%CI(0.37,0.89)]和NAFLD患者纖維化[OR=0.54,95%CI(0.31,0.82)]的發(fā)生率顯著降低有關(guān)。在基線F0-F2纖維化(n=317)的個體中,每年每3 692人中有86例在隨訪中發(fā)展為晚期纖維化。與非常規(guī)使用者相比,每日服用阿司匹林者發(fā)生晚期纖維化的風(fēng)險顯著降低[HR=0.63,95%CI(0.43,0.85)]。使用阿司匹林至少4年或更長時間的益處最大[HR=0.50,95%CI(0.35,0.73)]。研究表明每日使用阿司匹林與NAFLD和NASH的不太嚴(yán)重的組織學(xué)特征相關(guān),并且隨著時間的推移進展為晚期纖維化的風(fēng)險較低。

5 總結(jié)與展望

HCC是最常見的原發(fā)性肝癌類型,在過去的十年中,NAFLD已成為HCC的重要危險因素,其發(fā)病率正在增加,更清楚地了解NAFLD相關(guān)HCC流行病學(xué)、發(fā)病機制、監(jiān)測及預(yù)防顯得尤為重要。對于NAFLD相關(guān)HCC來說一級預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵。如果能夠在早期階段檢測到與NAFLD相關(guān)HCC的危險因素,則更多的患者將有機會接受治愈性治療,改善預(yù)后,預(yù)防NAFLD相關(guān)HCC的發(fā)生。目前需要開展更多關(guān)于阻止NAFLD/NASH進展、NAFLD相關(guān)HCC治療及預(yù)防的臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究,也是未來重要的研究方向。

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(收稿日期:2023-10-07) (本文編輯:白雅茹)

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