李薇 譚麗華 方興
【摘要】 血管性認(rèn)知障礙(VCI)是指由腦血管病變及其危險(xiǎn)因素引起的一類臨床綜合征,表現(xiàn)為不同程度的認(rèn)知功能障礙。在近年來(lái)大量研究中顯示,作為腦血管病密切相關(guān)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素-高同型半胱氨酸血癥(HHcy),與VCI的發(fā)生發(fā)展可能有直接或間接的聯(lián)系,本文的目的是將HHcy與VCI關(guān)系的新進(jìn)展做一綜述,為VCI的防治提供思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 高同型半胱氨酸血癥 血管性認(rèn)知障礙 發(fā)病機(jī)制
Research Progress on the Correlation between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Vascular Cognitive Impairment/LI Wei, TAN Lihua, FANG Xing. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(02): -188
[Abstract] Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a kind of clinical syndrome caused by cerebrovascular disease and its risk factors, which is manifested by different degrees of cognitive dysfunction. As an independent risk factor closely related to cerebrovascular disease, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been shown in numerous studies in recent years to be directly or indirectly related to the occurrence and development of VCI. The purpose of this paper is to review the new progress in the relationship between HHcy and VCI, to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of VCI.
[Key words] Hyperhomocysteinemia Vascular cognitive impairment Pathogenesis
First-author's address: Ruikang Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.02.042
血管性認(rèn)知障礙(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是指以語(yǔ)言、執(zhí)行、記憶力、注意力、視空間等認(rèn)知功能下降為臨床表現(xiàn),合并有腦血管病影像學(xué)改變的一組癥候群,其發(fā)生發(fā)展與腦血管病變及其危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)[1]。其分型包括從血管性輕度認(rèn)知障礙至血管性癡呆的不同階段[2]。調(diào)查顯示,在人口老齡化趨勢(shì)下,中國(guó)65歲人群中VCI患病率可達(dá)約8.7%[3]。VCI被認(rèn)為是老年期的第二大高發(fā)癡呆類型[4],使老年人健康受到嚴(yán)重威脅,生活質(zhì)量明顯下降。同時(shí),隨著VCI發(fā)病率的日漸增長(zhǎng),對(duì)家庭、社會(huì)和國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)說(shuō),是一個(gè)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。有研究表明,VCI是唯一一個(gè)在早期可逆轉(zhuǎn)可防治的癡呆類型[5],故對(duì)其早期干預(yù),從而延緩認(rèn)知功能下降成為迫切需要。
同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)是一種含硫的氨基酸,是人體內(nèi)甲硫氨酸的中間代謝產(chǎn)物。正常情況下,甲硫氨酸去甲基化生成Hcy,Hcy在體內(nèi)主要有兩種代謝途徑:甲基化途徑和轉(zhuǎn)硫途徑[6]。一方面,甲硫氨酸由Hcy經(jīng)再甲基化反應(yīng)制得;另一方面,抗氧化劑谷胱甘肽可由Hcy經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)硫化反應(yīng)生成半胱氨酸后進(jìn)一步合成[7-9]。正常情況下,血漿Hcy濃度處于穩(wěn)態(tài)低水平,若代謝途徑異常會(huì)導(dǎo)致Hcy升高,當(dāng)血漿中Hcy濃度>15 μmol/L稱為高同型半胱氨酸血癥(hyperhomocysteinemia,HHcy)[10]。
已有研究表明,HHcy使患心腦血管疾病的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[11-13],同時(shí)也是與VCI相關(guān)腦血管病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[14]。同時(shí),血漿Hcy水平與癡呆患者的認(rèn)知功能障礙程度成正比關(guān)系[15-17],隨著Hcy水平的上升,在語(yǔ)言和延遲回憶方面的認(rèn)知功能下降尤其明顯[18],但HHcy致VCI的確切機(jī)制目前尚不明確,本文將重點(diǎn)聚焦目前HHcy與VCI相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展。
1 HHcy致VCI的可能機(jī)制
1.1 內(nèi)皮功能障礙
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是具有調(diào)節(jié)血管張力、分泌細(xì)胞因子、凝血與纖維蛋白溶解等多種功能的單層扁平上皮細(xì)胞,是血管壁與血液之間的壁壘。當(dāng)這些機(jī)制受到破壞時(shí),被叫作內(nèi)皮功能障礙。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HHcy會(huì)誘發(fā)內(nèi)皮功能損傷[19-20]。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞可釋放調(diào)節(jié)血管張力的因子,如NO、前列環(huán)素、內(nèi)皮素、血栓素等[21]。Hcy通過(guò)干擾內(nèi)皮功能來(lái)?yè)p害內(nèi)皮調(diào)節(jié)血管的能力[22],血漿中Hcy升高時(shí),NO生物利用度降低,血管收縮劑生成增多,從而導(dǎo)致血管舒張功能受損,這表明Hcy誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮功能障礙可能是由于血管舒張因子的下降所致[23]。NO是由一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)合成的內(nèi)源性血管舒張劑,而非對(duì)稱二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)是eNOS的內(nèi)源性抑制劑,HHcy引起的氧化應(yīng)激可使ADMA增加,從而使NO生成減少[24-25]。此外,血栓素可誘導(dǎo)血小板生成,血小板在內(nèi)皮功能障礙中發(fā)揮作用,導(dǎo)致血栓形成[26]。有研究顯示,HHcy可引起血栓素的生成增加和血小板凝集[27],從而引起內(nèi)皮功能失調(diào)。故而HHcy可通過(guò)影響內(nèi)皮功能導(dǎo)致腦血管損害,使腦灌注不足,腦組織缺血缺氧,從而導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
1.2 氧化應(yīng)激
氧化應(yīng)激是機(jī)體受到有害刺激時(shí)的基本保護(hù)機(jī)制,是機(jī)體內(nèi)氧化和抗氧化平衡失常的一種狀態(tài)。HHcy能促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的氧化應(yīng)激,產(chǎn)生與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)形成密切相關(guān)的活性氧(ROS),這是HHcy誘導(dǎo)血管損傷的主要機(jī)制[28-29]。ROS的產(chǎn)生包括還原型輔酶Ⅱ(NADPH)氧化酶(NOX)的上調(diào),線粒體功能障礙,異常NO的生成和抗氧化劑的抑制。Hcy可以使NOX2和NOX4的生成增加;也可作為媒介,促進(jìn)ROS的產(chǎn)生[30],而這一過(guò)程可被免疫細(xì)胞中的NOX抑制劑阻斷,說(shuō)明免疫細(xì)胞中的NOX在Hcy生成ROS這一過(guò)程中起到正向促進(jìn)作用[31]。在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中,高濃度Hcy水平可誘導(dǎo)鈣離子水平升高,增強(qiáng)線粒體氧化并降低線粒體膜電位和ATP產(chǎn)生,介導(dǎo)超氧化物生成,說(shuō)明HHcy可導(dǎo)致線粒體毒性[32]。有研究顯示,抗氧化蛋白與氧化應(yīng)激成反比關(guān)系,Hcy可通過(guò)逆向刺激來(lái)增強(qiáng)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[33]。因此,HHcy通過(guò)介導(dǎo)ROS產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)氧化應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)血管損傷,從而引起認(rèn)知障礙。
1.3 血管炎癥反應(yīng)
在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化過(guò)程中,氧化低密度脂蛋白(OX-LDL)等刺激因素通過(guò)作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1),MCP-1可選擇性吸引單核細(xì)胞穿越內(nèi)皮間隙在內(nèi)皮下聚集,而OX-LDL可加速單核細(xì)胞黏附于血管內(nèi)皮并轉(zhuǎn)化為巨噬細(xì)胞這一過(guò)程,轉(zhuǎn)化后的巨噬細(xì)胞可吞噬低密度脂蛋白(LDL)形成泡沫細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而影響AS的形成和發(fā)展。腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)是一種促炎細(xì)胞因子,MCP-1是一種介導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞黏附和浸潤(rùn)到炎癥部位的趨化因子。血漿TNF-α和MCP-1水平與血漿Hcy水平呈正相關(guān),表明隨著Hcy水平升高,血漿中TNF-α和MCP-1含量可相應(yīng)增加,從而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮下單核細(xì)胞的增多,加速AS的變化發(fā)展[34-35]。同時(shí),HHcy可使黏附分子在主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的生成增加,進(jìn)而也可導(dǎo)致單核細(xì)胞在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞堆積的數(shù)量增多[36]。也有研究認(rèn)為,HHcy能促使巨噬細(xì)胞向M1型極化,使炎癥反應(yīng)加劇[37]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T細(xì)胞釋放的細(xì)胞因子與其他免疫細(xì)胞可引起Hcy相關(guān)的炎癥反應(yīng)[38-39]。Hcy激活的T細(xì)胞分泌干擾素-γ(IFN-γ),促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞的極化和遷移,從而導(dǎo)致血管損傷,引起腦部功能損害,造成認(rèn)知功能下降。
1.4 血栓形成
血液凝固或血液中的有形成分在活體的心臟或血管腔內(nèi)聚集而形成固態(tài)質(zhì)塊的過(guò)程,稱為血栓形成。一項(xiàng)觀察性研究顯示,HHcy是導(dǎo)致易栓癥發(fā)生發(fā)展的主要原因[40]。此外,HHcy與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、中風(fēng)、靜脈血栓顯著相關(guān),已有研究表明,HHcy可使靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[41-43]。在生理狀態(tài)下,血小板整合素αⅡbβ3處于低親和力狀態(tài),研究表明,當(dāng)血漿Hcy增多時(shí),血小板整合素αⅡbβ3親和力增強(qiáng),并通過(guò)胞質(zhì)磷脂酶A2活化膜磷脂水解作用,放大血小板活化過(guò)程[44]。體外研究揭示血液在高濃度Hcy孵育時(shí),可促進(jìn)血凝塊收縮,與對(duì)照組相比,HHcy動(dòng)物模型組的血小板數(shù)量增加[45]。這說(shuō)明HHcy不僅可以作用于血小板功能,還可增加血小板數(shù)量來(lái)影響血栓形成,導(dǎo)致腦血管疾病,進(jìn)而引起認(rèn)知功能障礙。
1.5 血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖
血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(VSMC)具有收縮血管的功能,可調(diào)節(jié)血流的大小,維持血管張力等,在AS進(jìn)展中起著重要作用。研究表明,Hcy通過(guò)改變VSMC內(nèi)DNA的甲基化水平,從而誘導(dǎo)VSMC增殖[46-47];同時(shí),Hcy還可通過(guò)興奮絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)通路達(dá)到刺激VSMC增殖結(jié)果[48];劉現(xiàn)梅等[49]的研究結(jié)果表明,miR-125b基因甲基化水平越高,miR-125b的表達(dá)則會(huì)降低,從而促進(jìn)VSMC增殖,導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,加速腦血管病的發(fā)生,引起認(rèn)知功能障礙,而Hcy可推動(dòng)這一進(jìn)程的發(fā)展。
1.6 脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂
脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂已被認(rèn)為與腦血管病有很大相關(guān)性。一項(xiàng)研究表明,與健康對(duì)照組相比,HHcy患者的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HLD-C)和載脂蛋白A Ⅰ(ApoA-Ⅰ)水平降低,且Hcy水平與HLD-C、ApoA-Ⅰ水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[50]。此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)HHcy可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膽固醇外排能力受損[51],同時(shí),Hcy能在血漿中進(jìn)行自我氧化,形成半胱氨酸混合二硫物與LDL聚集,可推進(jìn)LDL的氧化和修飾,以特異性受體為通路被單核巨噬細(xì)胞攝取,使細(xì)胞內(nèi)膽固醇升高[52]。
1.7 海馬神經(jīng)元損傷
Hcy對(duì)海馬神經(jīng)元的損害機(jī)制主要包括:一方面,在N-甲基-D-天門冬氨酸受體(NMDA受體)上的谷氨酸或甘氨酸結(jié)合位點(diǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),使細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元鈣離子超載;另一方面,進(jìn)入神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞引起細(xì)胞DNA的損傷甚至海馬的基因表達(dá)譜發(fā)生改變,這一過(guò)程是通過(guò)特殊的膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體為介導(dǎo);這兩方面均可引起神經(jīng)元的興奮毒性和氧化損害[53];不僅如此,Hcy還會(huì)影響海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)及改變使Hcy水平上升的相關(guān)因素,從而導(dǎo)致海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡,引起記憶力等認(rèn)知方面的功能障礙。
2 小結(jié)與展望
Hcy是一種非蛋白氨基酸,當(dāng)代謝排泄異?;蚝铣蓴z入過(guò)多等會(huì)導(dǎo)致血Hcy水平升高。HHcy通過(guò)內(nèi)皮功能障礙、氧化應(yīng)激、血管炎癥反應(yīng)、血栓形成、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖、脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂加速腦血管病的發(fā)生,也可直接導(dǎo)致海馬神經(jīng)元損傷,造成認(rèn)知功能下降。有研究表明,早期VCI具有可預(yù)防可逆轉(zhuǎn)的特征,早期降低Hcy水平,如補(bǔ)充葉酸、維生素B12等,或可及早減輕HHcy對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的損害[14]。本文通過(guò)對(duì)HHcy致VCI的可能機(jī)制作進(jìn)一步總結(jié)和認(rèn)識(shí),以期對(duì)VCI的早期治療提供有效的參考。
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(收稿日期:2023-03-20) (本文編輯:何玉勤)