陳洪彬 安瑩瑩 陳蕾伊 陳藝暉 蔣璇靚 林育釗
摘? ? 要:【目的】明確番石榴果實(shí)采后環(huán)斑病發(fā)生的致病病原菌及其對(duì)番石榴果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)的影響,篩選能抑制該病原菌的有效抑制劑?!痉椒ā坎≡蛛x于發(fā)生環(huán)斑病的番石榴果皮病健交界處,并對(duì)該致病菌進(jìn)行形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定、分子鑒定與系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù)分析。另外,初步研究番石榴環(huán)斑病菌的生物學(xué)特性、環(huán)斑病菌侵染對(duì)果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)的影響和評(píng)價(jià)不同抑制劑(ε-聚賴氨酸、水楊酸和褪黑素)對(duì)環(huán)斑病菌的體外抑菌效果?!窘Y(jié)果】根據(jù)環(huán)斑病菌的菌絲與分生孢子的形態(tài)特征及基于rDNA-ITS、TUB和TEF-1α測(cè)序結(jié)果構(gòu)建的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù),將福建番石榴環(huán)斑病菌鑒定為棒狀新擬盤(pán)多毛孢(Neopestalotiopsis clavispora)。葡萄糖和D-果糖、蛋白胨、7、25 ℃分別作為番石榴N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的最適碳源、氮源、pH、溫度。此外,與未接種N. clavispora番石榴果實(shí)相比,接種N. clavispora果實(shí)具有較高的病斑直徑和細(xì)胞膜透性,較低的果實(shí)硬度和色調(diào)角h值。體外試驗(yàn)表明,適當(dāng)濃度的ε-聚賴氨酸、水楊酸和褪黑素處理對(duì)番石榴N. clavispora的菌絲生長(zhǎng)有明顯的抑制作用,可作為抑制N. clavispora侵染所致番石榴果實(shí)采后環(huán)斑病的抗菌劑?!窘Y(jié)論】引起福建番石榴果實(shí)環(huán)斑病的病原菌為棒狀新擬盤(pán)多毛孢(N. clavispora),且4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-聚賴氨酸對(duì)病原菌具有很好的抑制效果,可為后續(xù)番石榴環(huán)斑病的防治研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:番石榴果實(shí);環(huán)斑?。话魻钚聰M盤(pán)多毛孢;生物學(xué)特性;抑菌分析
中圖分類號(hào):S667.9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)04-0738-12
Isolation, identification, biological characteristics and inhibitors screening of pathogen causing ring rot disease of guava fruit in Fujian province
CHEN Hongbin1, 2, AN Yingying1, CHEN Leiyi1, CHEN Yihui1, 3*, JIANG Xuanjing1, LIN Yuzhao1*
(1College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China; 2Key Laboratory of Inshore Resources Biotechnology/Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China; 3College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Guava, acting as a characteristic subtropical fresh fruit in southern China, is rich in vitamin C, dietary fiber and other nutrients, which has the good nutritional value and medicinal effects. However, in the harvest season at high temperature and with high humidity, the postharvest guava fruit is prone to the fungal diseases, resulting in the disease infection and fruit quality degradation. The occurrence of ring spot disease is a serious postharvest disease for guava fruit, which has seriously restricted the development of guava industry in Fujian province. The symptom of ring spot disease of guava fruit generally occurs in one week of storage at normal temperature, and the disease incidence of guava fruit Xiguahong is higher (about 30%), which has seriously restricted the maintenance of guava fruit quality after harvest. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogen causing ring spot disease of guava fruit cv. Xiguahong in Fujian province and its biological characteristics, to study the effects of the infection of the pathogen on the postharvest quality attributes of guava fruit, and to explore the effects of key inhibitors of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), SA (salicylic acid) and melatonin (MT) on the inhibition rate of pathogen in vitro, so as to provide the theoretical references for controlling the ring spot disease and stabilizing the quality attributes of postharvest guava fruit. 【Methods】 (1) The pathogen was isolated from the rotten guava fruit, and identified via using the morphological characteristics, like mycelial morphology and conidium morphology, molecular identification and phylogenetic tree analysis based on sequences of rDNA-ITS, TUB and TEF-1α. (2) The biological characteristics of mycelia growth, including the different conditions of carbon source, nitrogen source, pH value and temperature, of the pathogen causing ring spot disease of guava fruit were studied. (3) The Xiguahong guava fruit was treated in the following two methods after washing and disinfection: Guava fruit was inoculated by 20 microliters of pathogen spore suspension at the concentration of 1×105 spores·mL-1 and treated with sterile distilled water (control group), severally. After inoculation, the treated guavas were stored at 28 ℃ with 90% relative humidity for 6 days. During storage, the effects of pathogen causing ring spot disease on the quality attributes (e. g., lesion diameter, fruit firmness, cell membrane permeability or hue angle h value) of harvested guava fruit were measured. (4) The antifungal effects of different inhibitors containing ε-PL (0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500, 1.000, 2.000 and 4.000 mg·mL-1), SA (0, 0.500, 1.000, 1.500 and 2.000 mg·mL-1) and MT (0, 1.000, 2.000, 4.000 and 8.000 mg·mL-1) on the mycelia growth and inhibition rate of pathogen causing ring spot disease of guava fruit in vitro were evaluated, and thus the optimal inhibitor was screened out. 【Results】 (1) According to the morphological characteristics of mycelium and conidium, and the homology of more than 98% with similar strains based on phylogenetic tree by rDNA-ITS, TUB and TEF-1α sequences, the pathogen causing ring rot disease of harvested guava fruit in Fujian province was identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora. (2) The results of biological characteristics displayed that the glucose and D-fructose, peptone, 7, and 25 ℃ were the optimum conditions of carbon source, nitrogen source, pH value and temperature for mycelia growth of N. clavispora in guava fruit, separately. (3) Compared with non-N. clavispora-inoculated guava fruit, N. clavispora-inoculated guava fruit revealed the higher levels of lesion diameter and cell membrane permeability, but the lower values of fruit firmness and hue angle h. Specially, on the sixth day of storage, the lesion diameter and cell membrane permeability in N. clavispora-inoculated guava fruit were 29.41 times and 1.39 times more than those of non-N. clavispora-inoculated guava fruit, respectively, while the fruit firmness or hue angle h value of N. clavispora-inoculated guava fruit were 66.96% or 91.10% of non-N. clavispora-inoculated guava fruit, severally. (4) The treatments of appropriate concentrations of different inhibitors, such as ε-PL, SA and MT, showed the obvious inhibitory effects on the mycelia growth of N. clavispora in vitro, which could be used as the potential technologies for inhibiting N. clavispora-induced ring spot disease of postharvest guava fruit. Further comparison showed that the inhibitory effect of 4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL was the best, which could basically inhibit the mycelia growth of N. clavispora of guava fruit. 【Conclusion】 N. clavispora was the pathogen causing the ring spot disease of harvested guava fruit in Fujian province. The biological characteristics of N. clavispora of guava fruit were also obtained. The infection of N. clavispora could accelerate the occurrence of fruit disease, and seriously reduce the quality properties in guava fruit after harvest during the entire storage. The key inhibitors such as ε-PL, SA and MT could be used as the potential technologies for inhibiting N. clavispora-induced ring spot disease of postharvest guava fruit. Therefore, these results might provide a scientific basis for controlling the postharvest decay and extending the storage time for guava fruit.
Key words: Guava fruit; Ring rot disease; Neopestalotiopsis clavispora; Biological characteristics; Antifungal analysis
番石榴(Psidium guajava Linn.)又稱芭樂(lè)、那拔,果實(shí)富含維生素C和膳食纖維,具有較高的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和藥用功效,是我國(guó)南方地區(qū)極為暢銷的一種亞熱帶鮮食果品[1-4]。根據(jù)清代泉州知府高拱乾1695年纂修的《臺(tái)灣府志》記載,番石榴傳入中國(guó)迄今已有300多年,臺(tái)灣、福建、廣東、海南、廣西是目前我國(guó)番石榴主要栽培省份(地區(qū))[5-6]。然而,在高溫高濕的采收季節(jié),番石榴果實(shí)采后容易發(fā)生真菌性病害。其中常見(jiàn)的番石榴真菌性病害包括炭疽病、環(huán)斑病、紫腐病、黑斑病、焦腐病等,這些病害的發(fā)生嚴(yán)重影響了番石榴果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)及其果實(shí)產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展[7-8]。
2017—2022年期間,筆者從采摘于福建省漳州詔安、漳州漳浦、漳州華安、泉州洛江、泉州晉江、泉州永春等地區(qū)的番石榴果實(shí)中發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)斑病。該環(huán)斑病癥狀一般發(fā)生于番石榴果實(shí)采后常溫貯藏1周左右,且在西瓜紅番石榴果實(shí)中發(fā)病率較高(發(fā)病率約30%),嚴(yán)重制約果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)的保持。該番石榴果實(shí)環(huán)斑病的發(fā)病癥狀為果實(shí)表面出現(xiàn)水漬狀凹陷褐色病斑,病斑逐漸擴(kuò)大后,病斑邊緣有一圈黃褐色環(huán)斑,且在病斑中心有大量的黑色分生孢子堆。
為了延長(zhǎng)番石榴果實(shí)的貨架期、控制其采后病害的發(fā)生,咪鮮胺等化學(xué)殺菌劑能有效起到果實(shí)防腐作用,進(jìn)而穩(wěn)定果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)[9]。然而,長(zhǎng)期使用化學(xué)殺菌劑造成化學(xué)殘留、污染環(huán)境和危害人體健康等問(wèn)題,因而有必要尋找安全的處理技術(shù)以控制番石榴果實(shí)病害的發(fā)生。ε-聚賴氨酸(ε-poly-L-lysine,ε-PL)是一種無(wú)毒無(wú)害、易溶解、抗真菌的天然防腐劑,在食品工業(yè)中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用[10]。另外,水楊酸(salicylic acid,SA)與褪黑素(melatonin,MT)均能延緩果實(shí)衰老,保持采后品質(zhì)[11-12]。因此,筆者在本研究中通過(guò)分離鑒定福建省西瓜紅番石榴環(huán)斑病菌,研究該致病菌侵染對(duì)番石榴果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)的影響,探討ε-PL、SA和MT處理對(duì)該致病菌體外抑制作用的影響,進(jìn)而為控制番石榴果實(shí)采后環(huán)斑病發(fā)生、提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)提供理論參考。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料與儀器
西瓜紅番石榴(成熟度為八成熟),福建省漳州市詔安縣曉豐農(nóng)業(yè)科技有限公司;馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)培養(yǎng)基,青島高科技工業(yè)園海博生物技術(shù)有限公司。
JENCO-6173臺(tái)式pH計(jì),上海任氏電子有限公司;TA-XT Plus質(zhì)構(gòu)儀,英國(guó)SMS公司;SQ510C高壓滅菌器,重慶雅馬拓科技有限公司;DM2000LED生物顯微鏡,徠卡顯微系統(tǒng)公司;CR400色差儀,日本柯尼卡美能達(dá)公司;PRX-450A恒溫人工氣候箱,浙江寧波賽福實(shí)驗(yàn)室有限公司;SW-CJ-1FD超凈工作臺(tái),蘇州安泰空氣技術(shù)有限公司;S230型電導(dǎo)率儀,梅特勒托利多儀器有限(上海)公司。
1.2 環(huán)斑病菌的分離與形態(tài)鑒定
1.2.1 分離和純化 參考陳蓬蓮等[13]、亓政良等[14]的方法,用75%乙醇消毒發(fā)生環(huán)斑病的番石榴果皮病健交界處,用常規(guī)組織分離法獲得組織塊(3 mm×3 mm),經(jīng)乙醇浸泡30 s、無(wú)菌水清洗、晾干后,接種到PDA培養(yǎng)基(直徑為90 mm,下同),在28 ℃下培養(yǎng)。當(dāng)菌絲長(zhǎng)到3 cm時(shí),將邊緣菌絲接種于新PDA培養(yǎng)基上,4次重復(fù)后獲得純化菌株(命名為F2)。
1.2.2 致病性測(cè)定和形態(tài)鑒定 參考陳蓬蓮等[13]、Chen等[15]及Chen等[16]的方法,采用柯赫氏法則,將菌株F2的菌絲塊(直徑為5 mm,下同)接種至已消毒的健康果實(shí)表面,以接種不含菌株F2的PDA培養(yǎng)基塊為對(duì)照。將果實(shí)裝袋后貯藏在28 ℃下,待果實(shí)發(fā)病后再分離病原菌并培養(yǎng),與原接種菌株再對(duì)比,根據(jù)其菌落與分生孢子形態(tài)進(jìn)行初步判定。
1.3 分子生物學(xué)鑒定
DNA提取、PCR擴(kuò)增及病原菌基因測(cè)序等委托青島億信檢測(cè)技術(shù)服務(wù)有限公司完成。利用GenBank數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST)對(duì)菌株F2的ITS、TUB和TEF-1α測(cè)序結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析;再通過(guò)比較菌株F2的序列與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中已有的其他物種序列之間的相似度[17]。最后,參考施俊鳳等[18]的方法,采用MEGA 11.0軟件繪制系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù)(鄰接法)和Bootstraps法檢驗(yàn)(1000次重復(fù)數(shù))。
1.4 環(huán)斑病菌的生物學(xué)特性初探
1.4.1 碳源對(duì)菌落生長(zhǎng)的影響 參考張居念等[19]、陳南泉等[20]及Cui等[21]的方法,基于Czapek固體培養(yǎng)基,將其中的蔗糖換成等質(zhì)量葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉和D-果糖等碳素,以無(wú)蔗糖為對(duì)照。將菌株F2菌絲塊接種至上述PDA培養(yǎng)基中,在28 ℃、相對(duì)濕度(RH) 90%下培養(yǎng),10 d后測(cè)定菌落直徑。
1.4.2 氮源對(duì)菌落生長(zhǎng)的影響 參考張居念等[19]、陳南泉等[20]及Cui等[21]的方法,基于Czapek固體培養(yǎng)基,將其中的硝酸鈉換成等質(zhì)量蛋白胨、硝酸鉀等氮素,以無(wú)硝酸鈉為對(duì)照。將菌株F2菌絲塊接種至上述PDA培養(yǎng)基,在28 ℃、RH 90%下培養(yǎng),10 d后測(cè)定菌落直徑。
1.4.3 pH值對(duì)菌落生長(zhǎng)的影響 參考張居念等[19]、陳南泉等[20]及Cui等[21]的方法,將菌株F2菌絲塊接種到pH值分別為4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11的PDA培養(yǎng)基(用1.0 mol·L-1的鹽酸/氫氧化鈉預(yù)先調(diào)節(jié)pH值),在28 ℃、RH 90%下培養(yǎng),10 d后測(cè)定菌落直徑。
1.4.4 溫度對(duì)菌落生長(zhǎng)的影響 參考張居念等[19]、陳南泉等[20]及Cui等[21]的方法,將菌株F2的菌絲塊接種于PDA培養(yǎng)基,在溫度分別為20、25、30和35 ℃、RH 90%下培養(yǎng),10 d后測(cè)量菌落直徑。
1.5 接種棒狀新擬盤(pán)多毛孢(Neopestalotiopsis clavispora)對(duì)番石榴果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)的影響
西瓜紅番石榴果實(shí)采后經(jīng)清洗與消毒(NaClO浸泡10 s)后,用無(wú)菌打孔器在果實(shí)赤道面打孔(1個(gè),直徑為5 mm,深度為3 mm),隨后進(jìn)行以下兩組處理:(1)接種20 μL的1×105個(gè)孢子·mL-1的N. clavispora孢子懸浮液;(2)接種20 μL的無(wú)菌水(對(duì)照組)。
最后,果實(shí)經(jīng)晾干、聚乙烯薄膜袋包裝(5個(gè)·袋-1)后放于28 ℃、RH 90%下貯藏。在貯藏期間,隨機(jī)取樣測(cè)定相關(guān)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。參照Wang等[17]的方法測(cè)定番石榴果實(shí)病斑直徑;參照陳洪彬等[5]的方法測(cè)定番石榴果實(shí)硬度、細(xì)胞膜透性和色調(diào)角h值。
1.6 ε-PL、SA和MT處理對(duì)N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)和抑制率的影響
體外抑菌研究參考Wang等[17]和Fan等[22]的方法。將不同質(zhì)量濃度的ε-PL(0.125、0.250、0.500、1.000、2.000、4.000 mg·mL-1)、SA(0.500、1.000、1.500、2.000 mg·mL-1)和MT(1.000、2.000、4.000、8.000 mg·mL-1)分別添加到PDA培養(yǎng)基中,再把菌株F2的菌絲塊接種至上述培養(yǎng)基中,置于28 ℃、RH 90%下培養(yǎng),每天測(cè)定菌落直徑。以不含上述抑制劑為對(duì)照組。
1.7 數(shù)據(jù)處理
生物學(xué)特性、體外試驗(yàn)等研究均設(shè)3次重復(fù),結(jié)果以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤表示,用軟件SPSS 22.0進(jìn)行差異性顯著分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 番石榴環(huán)斑病癥狀
由圖1可知,剛采收的番石榴果實(shí)(貯藏0 d)果皮顏色呈現(xiàn)光亮的黃綠色(圖1-A);把果實(shí)放在室溫(25 ℃、RH 85%)下貯藏,隨著貯藏時(shí)間的推移,番石榴果實(shí)的果皮顏色不斷轉(zhuǎn)黃,且果皮亮度逐漸下降;當(dāng)貯藏10 d時(shí),果實(shí)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的環(huán)斑病癥狀,發(fā)病率為30%。番石榴環(huán)斑病癥狀特征為果實(shí)表面出現(xiàn)水漬狀凹陷褐色病斑,病斑逐漸擴(kuò)大后,病斑邊緣會(huì)有一圈黃褐色環(huán)斑,且在病斑中心有大量的黑色分生孢子堆,伴有白色菌絲(圖1-B~C)。
2.2 番石榴果實(shí)環(huán)斑病菌的致病性評(píng)價(jià)和形態(tài)鑒定
健康的番石榴果實(shí)經(jīng)表面消毒后接種菌株F2的菌絲塊,在接種后3 d,接種處果實(shí)表面出現(xiàn)凹陷(圖2-A);接種后6 d,果實(shí)表面出現(xiàn)黃褐色環(huán)斑,且在病斑中心有黑色分生孢子堆,伴有大量白色菌絲,果實(shí)嚴(yán)重腐爛(圖2-B)。經(jīng)對(duì)比后發(fā)現(xiàn),番石榴果實(shí)接種菌株F2菌絲塊所發(fā)生的環(huán)斑病癥狀與其在自然條件下所發(fā)生的病癥相一致(圖2-A~B和圖1-C)。
從接種菌株F2菌絲塊的果實(shí)再次分離病原菌,其菌絲、分生孢子形態(tài)與自然分離的一致。由圖2-C可知,菌株F2的菌絲塊在PDA培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng)時(shí)為白色,菌落近圓形、棉絮狀,同心輪紋且邊緣明顯。經(jīng)顯微鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),菌株F2的分生孢子呈紡錘形,由5個(gè)細(xì)胞(中間3個(gè)為褐色,頭尾為無(wú)色)構(gòu)成,頭部細(xì)胞有附屬絲2~4根,尾部細(xì)胞有中生式尾毛1根;分生孢子大小為(15.4~19.5)μm ×(4.3~5.8)μm(圖2-D)。根據(jù)上述結(jié)果并結(jié)合梁嘉莉等[23]、唐鑫彪等[24]和馮友仁等[25]的報(bào)道,初步鑒定菌株F2為新擬盤(pán)多毛孢屬(Neopestalotiopsis)。
2.3 番石榴果實(shí)環(huán)斑病菌的分子生物學(xué)鑒定
根據(jù)BLAST分析可知,基于ITS測(cè)序,菌株F2與棒狀新擬盤(pán)多毛孢(N. clavispora)(MZ381262.1)的同源性為100%;基于TUB測(cè)序,菌株F2與N. clavispora(MN626479.1、MN626478.1)的同源性為99%;基于TEF-1α測(cè)序,菌株F2與N. clavispora(MZ494654.1)的同源性為98%。從ITS測(cè)序的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果可知,菌株F2與N. clavispora(MZ381262.1)屬于同一分支(圖3-A);從TUB測(cè)序的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果可得,菌株F2與N. clavispora(MN626478.1、MN626481.1、MN626479.1)屬于同一分支(圖3-B);從TEF-1α測(cè)序的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),菌株F2與N. clavispora(MH423932.1、MH423927.1、MZ494654.1、MZ494658.1、ON494654.1)屬于同一分支(圖3-C)。此外,根據(jù)ITS、TUB和TEF-1α測(cè)序的結(jié)果構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù),菌株F2與登錄號(hào)為MZ381262.1的N. clavispora處于同一個(gè)分支中(圖3-D),說(shuō)明菌株F2與N. clavispora的親緣關(guān)系最近。因此,結(jié)合致病性試驗(yàn)和形態(tài)學(xué)分析,從福建省西瓜紅番石榴采后環(huán)斑病中分離到的菌株F2鑒定為N. clavispora。
2.4 N. clavispora的生物學(xué)特性
由圖4-A可知,N. clavispora菌絲在果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉等碳源下均可快速生長(zhǎng),其菌落直徑都顯著大于對(duì)照。其中,當(dāng)碳源是葡萄糖或D-果糖時(shí),其菌落直徑分別是(80.84±0.61) mm、(81.75±1.05) mm,進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者無(wú)顯著差異,但均顯著高于其他碳源處理組。
由圖4-B可知,N. clavispora菌絲在硝酸鈉、蛋白胨、硝酸鉀等氮源下均可快速生長(zhǎng),菌落直徑都顯著大于對(duì)照。其中,當(dāng)?shù)词堑鞍纂藭r(shí),N. clavispora菌落直徑最大,為(80.84±0.61) mm,顯著高于其他氮源處理組。
由圖4-C可知,N. clavispora菌落在pH范圍為4~11均可生長(zhǎng)。在pH范圍為4~7時(shí),菌落直徑整體呈現(xiàn)增大趨勢(shì),而在pH范圍為7~11時(shí),菌落直徑整體呈現(xiàn)減小趨勢(shì)。當(dāng)pH為7時(shí),N. clavispora菌落直徑最大,具體為(82.11±0.31) mm,顯著高于其他pH處理組。
由圖4-D可知,N. clavispora菌落直徑在20 ℃~25 ℃加快增大,而在25 ℃~35 ℃卻急劇減小。當(dāng)溫度為25 ℃時(shí),N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)最快,菌落直徑為(88.52±0.73) mm,顯著高于其他溫度處理組。
因此,N. clavispora菌落生長(zhǎng)的最適宜碳源是葡萄糖與D-果糖,最適宜氮源是蛋白胨,最適宜pH為7,最適宜溫度為25 ℃。
2.5 N. clavispora侵染對(duì)番石榴果實(shí)病斑直徑、硬度、細(xì)胞膜透性和色調(diào)角h值的影響
由圖5-A可知,對(duì)照番石榴果實(shí)病斑直徑在貯藏0~6 d時(shí)增大速率較為緩慢。接種N. clavispora番石榴果實(shí)病斑直徑在貯藏0~6 d時(shí)急劇增大,并在貯藏2~6 d極顯著高于對(duì)照。其中,在貯藏6 d時(shí),接種組的病斑直徑是對(duì)照的29.41倍。
由圖5-B可知,兩個(gè)處理組的果實(shí)硬度均在貯藏0~6 d時(shí)快速下降。與對(duì)照相比,接種N. clavispora番石榴果實(shí)硬度處于較低水平,且在貯藏4 d時(shí)顯著低于對(duì)照。
由圖5-C可知,對(duì)照番石榴果實(shí)細(xì)胞膜透性在貯藏0~3 d時(shí)快速升高,3~5 d呈下降趨勢(shì),隨后快速上升。接種N. clavispora番石榴果實(shí)的細(xì)胞膜透性在貯藏0~6 d內(nèi)處于較高水平,且在貯藏1 d、6 d時(shí)極顯著高于對(duì)照。
由圖5-D可知,對(duì)照番石榴果實(shí)的色調(diào)角h值從113.7°(0 d)下降到97.7°(6 d),而接種N. clavispora果實(shí)的色調(diào)角h值從113.7°(0 d)下降到89.0°(6 d)。經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),接種組具有較低的色調(diào)角h值,并在貯藏2 d、4 d和5 d時(shí)顯著低于對(duì)照。
因此,在貯藏期,與對(duì)照番石榴果實(shí)相比,接種N. clavispora可提高果實(shí)采后病斑直徑和細(xì)胞膜透性,而降低果實(shí)硬度與色調(diào)角h值,進(jìn)而降低果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)。
2.6 ε-PL、SA和MT處理對(duì)N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的影響
由圖6-A~C可知,ε-PL、SA和MT能有效地抑制N. clavispora菌落的生長(zhǎng)。隨著ε-PL、SA和MT濃度的增加,N. clavispora菌絲的生長(zhǎng)速率持續(xù)下降。在培養(yǎng)5 d時(shí),對(duì)照的菌落基本長(zhǎng)滿整個(gè)PDA平板,而ε-PL、SA和MT能抑制N. clavispora菌落的生長(zhǎng),其菌落直徑均小于對(duì)照(圖5-A~C)。進(jìn)一步對(duì)比可知,0.125~4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL、0.500~2.000 mg·mL-1 SA、2.000~8.000 mg·mL-1 MT均能顯著抑制N. clavispora菌落的生長(zhǎng)。
此外,ε-PL、SA和MT對(duì)N. clavispora的抑制率隨著濃度的升高而急劇升高(圖6-A~C)。0.125、0.250、0.500、1.000、2.000、4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL對(duì)N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的抑制率分別為50.68%、63.85%、65.42%、70.69%、77.42%、89.15%(圖6-A),0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mg·mL-1 SA對(duì)N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的抑制率分別為25.36%、47.19%、50.83%、69.37%(圖6-B),1、2、4、8 mg·mL-1 MT對(duì)N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的抑制率分別為 3.29%、25.99%、35.86%、38.18%(圖6-C)。和未添加抑制劑處理組比較,0.125~4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL、0.500~2.000 mg·mL-1 SA、2.000~8.000 mg·mL-1 MT對(duì)番石榴N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的抑制率均具有顯著差異性。經(jīng)對(duì)比可知,4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL的抑制效果最好,基本可抑制N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)。
綜上,ε-PL、SA和MT均能抑制N. clavispora菌絲的生長(zhǎng),其中以4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL的抑制效果最佳。
3 討 論
N. clavispora是一種廣泛分布在熱帶、亞熱帶地區(qū)的致病菌,可以引發(fā)多種植物發(fā)生病害癥狀,例如能夠?qū)е轮参锇l(fā)生果腐病[26]、枯萎病[27-28]、根腐病[29]、冠腐病[30]、枝枯病[31]等病害,從而致使植物發(fā)生腐爛。番石榴是我國(guó)南方暢銷的特色熱帶果品,明確福建省番石榴環(huán)斑病的病原菌,對(duì)其病害的針對(duì)性防治具有重要意義。筆者從福建省番石榴果實(shí)中觀察到環(huán)斑病癥狀,經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)該致病菌進(jìn)行分離、形態(tài)學(xué)觀察、致病性評(píng)價(jià)及分子鑒定等,確定引起福建省番石榴果實(shí)發(fā)生環(huán)斑病的致病菌為N. clavispora。另外,與前人研究報(bào)道比較發(fā)現(xiàn),在不同植物中,N. clavispora所引起的病癥并不一致。N. clavispora是致使刺葡萄葉斑病的致病菌[24],引起草莓發(fā)生冠腐病的致病菌是N. clavispora[32]。
為了揭示引起番石榴果實(shí)發(fā)生環(huán)斑病致病菌(N. clavispora)的生物學(xué)特性,筆者在本研究中也對(duì)不同的溫度、pH、氮源、碳源等對(duì)N. clavispora菌落生長(zhǎng)的影響進(jìn)行了初步探究。根據(jù)結(jié)果可知,不同的溫度、pH、氮源、碳源等對(duì)N. clavispora菌落生長(zhǎng)呈現(xiàn)出不同的影響作用,經(jīng)過(guò)分析可得,25 ℃、7、蛋白胨、葡萄糖和D-果糖分別是其最佳溫度、pH、氮源和碳源。本研究結(jié)果與前人報(bào)道有相似之處。番石榴N. clavispora菌落生長(zhǎng)最佳溫度為25 ℃,與馮友仁等[25]報(bào)道的月季葉枯病菌(N. clavispora)的最適宜溫度為25 ℃一致。然而,薛德勝等[33]報(bào)道的藍(lán)莓N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的最適溫度為25~30 ℃、最適pH范圍為5~9、最適氮源為硝酸鈉、硫酸銨和蛋白胨、最適碳源為葡萄糖,這與筆者在本研究中的結(jié)果存在一定的差異。
有研究報(bào)道,病原菌侵染可加速采后果實(shí)品質(zhì)降低[17]。在本研究中,N. clavispora侵染降低了番石榴果實(shí)品質(zhì),這與其增大果實(shí)病斑直徑和細(xì)胞膜透性、降低果實(shí)硬度與色調(diào)角h值有關(guān)。筆者前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Diaporthe passiflorae侵染提高黃金西番蓮果實(shí)的病斑直徑、細(xì)胞膜透性,降低色調(diào)角h值,從而致使果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)喪失[17]。另外,Gong等[34]研究報(bào)道Penicillium expansum侵染可提高蘋(píng)果果實(shí)病斑直徑與細(xì)胞膜透性,進(jìn)而降低果實(shí)品質(zhì),與本文研究結(jié)果一致。
由于病原菌入侵,番石榴果實(shí)采后商業(yè)價(jià)值喪失,嚴(yán)重制約番石榴果實(shí)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?;瘜W(xué)殺菌劑的應(yīng)用雖然可以保持番石榴果實(shí)品質(zhì)和延長(zhǎng)貯藏期,但是長(zhǎng)期不合理地使用化學(xué)殺菌劑危害人體健康及污染環(huán)境。因此,尋找安全有效的處理技術(shù)來(lái)抑制病原菌的生長(zhǎng),對(duì)保持番石榴果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)至關(guān)重要。作為一種安全的、無(wú)毒的抗菌劑,ε-PL被廣泛應(yīng)用于食品工業(yè)中[35]。有研究報(bào)道,ε-PL可抑制果實(shí)采后病害發(fā)生,ε-PL能控制采后蘋(píng)果病害發(fā)生,同時(shí)在體外抑菌試驗(yàn)中對(duì)Penicillium expansum具有抑制作用[36]。Liu等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ε-PL對(duì)Alternaria alternata的菌絲生長(zhǎng)具有較強(qiáng)的抑制能力。另外,SA和MT也可抑制病原菌侵染而保持較高的果實(shí)品質(zhì)。SA可減少病原菌對(duì)柑橘的侵染,從而保持較高的果實(shí)品質(zhì)[38]。孫華山等[39]研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)SA對(duì)綠蘿葉斑病均具有明顯的抑制作用。MT對(duì)Botrytis cinerea侵染引起的番茄果實(shí)灰霉病有抑制作用[40]。另外,筆者課題組前期研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),ε-PL、SA和MT對(duì)D. passiflorae菌絲生長(zhǎng)也具有明顯的抑制效果[17]。筆者研究了ε-PL、SA和MT對(duì)N. clavispora菌落生長(zhǎng)的體外抑菌效果,結(jié)果表明,0.125 mg·mL-1 ε-PL、0.500 mg·mL-1 SA、2.000 mg·mL-1 MT在體外均能顯著地抑制N. clavispora菌絲的生長(zhǎng),并且其抑制能力隨著抑制劑濃度的升高而增強(qiáng)。因此,ε-PL、SA和MT可作為有效的采后抑制劑,從而控制番石榴果實(shí)采后環(huán)斑病的發(fā)生,穩(wěn)定果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)。
4 結(jié) 論
明確了引起番石榴果實(shí)發(fā)生環(huán)斑病的致病菌是N. clavispora。N. clavispora侵染可加快番石榴果實(shí)采后品質(zhì)的下降。另外,初步得出了影響N. clavispora菌絲生長(zhǎng)的最適溫度、pH、氮源、碳源分別為25 ℃、7、蛋白胨、葡萄糖和D-果糖。此外,ε-PL、SA和MT對(duì)N. clavispora的體外生長(zhǎng)均有抑制作用,其中以4.000 mg·mL-1 ε-PL的抑制效果最好。研究結(jié)果不僅提高對(duì)N. clavispora、環(huán)斑病的認(rèn)識(shí),還為番石榴果實(shí)采后病害的有效防治提供了有價(jià)值的理論與技術(shù)參考。
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