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激光驅(qū)動(dòng)拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生閾下諧波中拉比振蕩特征的取向依賴(lài)

2024-04-04 14:06:55張紅牛龔雪魏盼趙松峰

張紅?!↓徰∥号巍≮w松峰

摘要:通過(guò)數(shù)值求解二維模型分子在強(qiáng)激光場(chǎng)中的含時(shí)薛定諤方程,研究了拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生閾下諧波中拉比振蕩特征的取向依賴(lài).結(jié)果表明,三次諧波附近展現(xiàn)出精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu),借助于兩態(tài)模型,將這些次峰結(jié)構(gòu)歸因于基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)之間強(qiáng)耦合引起的拉比振蕩.文中還發(fā)現(xiàn)這些次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)分子取向角有很強(qiáng)的依賴(lài),且次峰結(jié)構(gòu)隨著取向角(0°~90°)的增大而逐漸消失,這是由兩態(tài)間的耦合強(qiáng)度隨取向角增大而減小所引起.

關(guān)鍵詞:拉伸氫分子;精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu);拉比振蕩;取向依賴(lài)

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):O 562.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號(hào):1001-988Ⅹ(2024)02-0037-06

Alignment dependence of Rabi-flopping signatures in the below-threshold harmonics from the stretched H2 driven by lasers

ZHANG Hong-niu,GONG Xue,WEI Pan,ZHAO Song-feng

Abstract:We investigated the alignment dependence of Rabi-flopping signatures in the below-threshold harmonic generation from the stretched hydrogen molecules by numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrdinger equation of molecules in laser fields.We found that fine sub-peaks near the third order harmonic and these fine sub-peaks can be attributed to Rabi oscillations originated from the strong-coupling between the ground state and the first excited state by using the two-state model.We also found that these fine sub-peaks strongly depend on alignment angles of molecules and gradually disappear as the alignment angle(0°~90°) increases because the coupling strength between these two states decreases with the alignment angle increasing.

Key words:stretched hydrogen molecules;fine sub-peak structures;Rabi-flopping;alignment dependence

物質(zhì)在強(qiáng)激光場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)生的高次諧波是超快科學(xué)領(lǐng)域最熱門(mén)的研究課題,主要因?yàn)楦叽沃C波在產(chǎn)生超短阿秒脈沖上取得了巨大成功[1-2],使得人們有能力實(shí)時(shí)觀測(cè)阿秒量級(jí)的電子動(dòng)力學(xué),也為物理、化學(xué)、生物、材料、信息、能源等領(lǐng)域提供了全新的研究手段,因而2023年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予了發(fā)展產(chǎn)生阿秒超短脈沖實(shí)驗(yàn)方法的3位科學(xué)家.

高次諧波的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制可用“三步模型”[3]或“四步模型”[4]來(lái)解釋.低次諧波起初被簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)為是微擾響應(yīng)[5],因而沒(méi)有引起研究者的廣泛關(guān)注.然而,用重散射圖像無(wú)法對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)中近閾值諧波的反常橢偏依賴(lài)給出合理的解釋?zhuān)?-8],對(duì)近閾值和閾下諧波產(chǎn)生機(jī)制的研究重新引起了人們的關(guān)注[9],當(dāng)然也和低階諧波在產(chǎn)生高重頻真空紫外光源上的重要應(yīng)用密不可分[10-11].Yost等[12]在Xe原子在強(qiáng)激光場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)生的閾值附近及閾下諧波中觀測(cè)到了量子路徑干涉.次年,Power等[13]在中紅外激光驅(qū)動(dòng)的Cs原子中觀測(cè)到了負(fù)群速度色散現(xiàn)象.這兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)觀測(cè)表明,用微擾理論無(wú)法解釋低階諧波的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制.理論方面,研究者分別采用求解含時(shí)薛定諤方程(TDSE)[14-19]和經(jīng)典蒙特卡羅方法(CTMC)[20]對(duì)原子閾下諧波的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制進(jìn)行了探索.

分子閾下諧波也同樣引起了實(shí)驗(yàn)和理論研究者的關(guān)注.早在2010年,Soifer等[21]用泵浦-探測(cè)方案觀測(cè)到氧分子諧波的反常橢偏依賴(lài),這種反常的橢偏依賴(lài)在氮分子中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn).最近,陸培祥等[22]研究了多軌道對(duì)氮分子產(chǎn)生諧波的貢獻(xiàn).理論方面,研究者分別用含時(shí)密度泛函理論(TDDFT)[23-24]和數(shù)值求解TDSE[25-30]研究了雙原子分子在激光場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波.在我們課題組之前的工作中,通過(guò)數(shù)值求解單電子TDSE[29],發(fā)現(xiàn)大核間距的氫分子離子在激光場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波具有精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu),并將次峰結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)歸因于周期間的干涉效應(yīng).之后,魏盼等[30]在拉伸的氫分子和氮分子在激光場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波中也發(fā)現(xiàn)存在類(lèi)似的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu),并將這些精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)解釋為兩態(tài)間的強(qiáng)耦合拉比振蕩.

文中將通過(guò)數(shù)值求解二維模型分子在激光場(chǎng)中的TDSE,證實(shí)在拉伸的二維模型氫分子中同樣也能發(fā)生強(qiáng)耦合拉比振蕩,在三次諧波附近發(fā)現(xiàn)精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu);然后,通過(guò)將分子旋轉(zhuǎn)不同角度(即取向角),研究了精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)分子取向角的依賴(lài).文中除特別說(shuō)明外,均采用原子單位.

2 結(jié)果與討論

在我們前期的工作中[29-30],在拉伸的三維氫分子離子、氫分子和氮分子閾下諧波中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu).對(duì)于二維模型分子,計(jì)算的能級(jí)和三維真實(shí)分子能級(jí)存在差別,但是只要選擇合適的核間距和激光波長(zhǎng),使得兩個(gè)孤立的分子態(tài)(即電荷共振態(tài))之間能發(fā)生強(qiáng)耦合的拉比振蕩,我們預(yù)期能在閾下諧波中看到類(lèi)似的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu),并進(jìn)一步研究這些精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)分子取向角的依賴(lài).文中選擇激光的偏振方向沿x軸,通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)分子來(lái)研究三次諧波附近的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)分子取向角的依賴(lài).

圖1給出了拉伸氫分子沿線偏振激光場(chǎng)時(shí)(即取向角為0°)的諧波譜.計(jì)算中,采用的半高全寬為24 fs,激光強(qiáng)度為1×1013W·cm-2,波長(zhǎng)為2 000 nm,核間距R=8 a.u..從放大的插圖中很清晰地觀察到了三次諧波附近的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu).這說(shuō)明在拉伸的二維模型氫分子中同樣能產(chǎn)生類(lèi)似于三維拉伸分子中閾下諧波的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)[29,30,38].

圖2分別展示了用求解二維含時(shí)薛定諤方程和兩態(tài)模型所得的基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)布局隨時(shí)間的變化.從圖中可以看出,拉伸氫分子的基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)之間發(fā)生了強(qiáng)耦合的拉比振蕩.當(dāng)分子取向角為0°時(shí),我們計(jì)算的躍遷偶極矩x21為3.82,因而拉比頻率 ΩR=x21E0為0.065 a.u,對(duì)應(yīng)的耦合參數(shù)δ=2ΩR/ω=5.7,表明滿足強(qiáng)耦合條件δ1[37].在大核間距下,二維模型氫分子的波函數(shù)可近似用基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)描述,原因在于其他激發(fā)態(tài)與這兩個(gè)態(tài)的能級(jí)間隔太大.在激光場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)下,基態(tài)中的活性電子首先通過(guò)偶極躍遷被激發(fā)到場(chǎng)綴飾的第一激發(fā)態(tài),然后從激光場(chǎng)中獲得能量,最后復(fù)合到場(chǎng)綴飾的基態(tài)而發(fā)射出低能光子.

圖3a分別比較了采用求解TDSE和兩態(tài)模型得到的拉伸氫分子的閾下諧波譜和含時(shí)誘導(dǎo)偶極矩.可以看出,用兩種方法計(jì)算的閾下諧波譜以及含時(shí)誘導(dǎo)偶極矩都吻合得很好,這表明分子閾下諧波譜中這些精細(xì)的次峰結(jié)構(gòu)可歸因于兩個(gè)強(qiáng)耦合分子態(tài)之間的拉比振蕩.另外,相鄰子峰之間的間距約為0.25ω,對(duì)應(yīng)于ΩR/12.

圖4給出了不同取向角下拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生的閾下諧波譜.隨著取向角的增大,體系的柱對(duì)稱(chēng)性被破壞,從而出現(xiàn)了偶次諧波.另外,三次諧波附近的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)隨著取向角的增大逐漸消失,我們認(rèn)為這是兩態(tài)之間的耦合強(qiáng)度逐漸變?nèi)跻鸬?從圖4a到4g,不同取向角下躍遷偶極矩依次為3.82,3.69,3.31,2.70,1.91,0.99,0,而相應(yīng)的耦合參數(shù)依次為5.7,5.5,4.9,4.0,2.8,1.5,0.以取向角90°為例,圖4h和4i分別展示了拉伸氫分子的基態(tài)和第一激發(fā)態(tài)的波函數(shù),可以看出,在激光偏振方向(x軸)上第一激發(fā)態(tài)存在波節(jié)面,因而躍遷偶極矩為零,則相應(yīng)的耦合參數(shù)也為零.

3 結(jié)束語(yǔ)

文中通過(guò)數(shù)值求解二維模型分子在線偏振激光場(chǎng)中的含時(shí)薛定諤方程,研究了拉伸氫分子產(chǎn)生的三次諧波附近精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)取向角的依賴(lài).結(jié)果表明,拉伸的二維模型氫分子中也能產(chǎn)生諧波的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu),結(jié)合兩態(tài)模型可以確認(rèn)這些次峰結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生的原因是兩態(tài)之間發(fā)生了強(qiáng)耦合拉比振蕩.另外,三次諧波附近的精細(xì)次峰結(jié)構(gòu)敏感地依賴(lài)于分子取向角,我們認(rèn)為這是兩態(tài)間的躍遷偶極矩和耦合強(qiáng)度隨取向角逐漸變小引起的.

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(責(zé)任編輯 孫對(duì)兄)

收稿日期:2023-07-05;修改稿收到日期:2023-11-25

基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(12164044)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:張紅牛(1997—),男,甘肅白銀人,碩士研究生.主要研究方向?yàn)閺?qiáng)激光場(chǎng)中的原子分子物理.E-mail:17393154807@163.com

*通信聯(lián)系人,教授,博士,博士研究生導(dǎo)師.主要研究方向?yàn)閺?qiáng)激光場(chǎng)中的原子分子物理.E-mail:zhaosf@nwnu.edu.cn

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