魏欣雨 王娟 譚榜云 李子堅(jiān)
摘要:蛋白S活性降低是靜脈血栓栓塞的高危因素之一。遺傳性蛋白S缺乏癥是由PROS1基因突變引起的常染色體顯性遺傳病。本文報(bào)道1例PROS1基因突變的女性患者,測序發(fā)現(xiàn)在PROS1基因第3外顯子中c.292 G>T。譜系分析顯示該突變可能源自于患者的母親。經(jīng)查詢PROS1基因突變數(shù)據(jù)庫及文獻(xiàn)檢索,證實(shí)這個(gè)突變?yōu)閲H首次報(bào)道。
關(guān)鍵詞:突變;PROS1;蛋白S缺乏癥
中圖分類號: R559? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: B? 文章編號:1000-503X(2023)05-0863-04
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15541
PROSI Mutation With Clinical Heterogeneity in Protein S Deficiency:Report of One Case
WEI Xinyu1,WANG Juan1,TAN Bangyun2,LI Zijian1,3
1First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
2Department of Laboratory,3Department of Hematology,The First Hospital of Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
Corresponding author:LI Zijian? Tel:0931-8356912,E-mail:ldyy_lizj@lzu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT:Reduced protein S activity is one of the high-risk factors for venous thromboembolism.Hereditary protein S deficiency is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the PROS1 gene.We reported a female patient with a mutation of c.292 G>T in exon 3 of the PROS1 gene,which was identified by sequencing.The genealogical analysis revealed that the mutation probably originated from the patients mother.After searching against the PROS1 gene mutation database and the relevant literature,we confirmed that this mutation was reported for the first time internationally.
Key words:mutation;PROS1;protein S deficiency
Acta Acad Med Sin,2023,45(5):863-866
蛋白S是由肝細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的維生素K依賴性糖蛋白,在抗凝過程中起重要作用[1]。蛋白S作為活化蛋白C的輔助因子,參與活化凝血因子Ⅴ和Ⅷ的降解途徑,此外,其通過與C4b結(jié)合蛋白結(jié)合在補(bǔ)體途徑中發(fā)揮作用[2]。遺傳性蛋白S缺乏癥(protein S deficiency,PSD)是導(dǎo)致亞洲人群靜脈血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的常見因素[3]。PSD通常是由蛋白S基因PROS1突變引起。PROS1基因位于第3號常染色體長臂(3q11.2),總長度約為101 kbp,由15個(gè)外顯子和14個(gè)內(nèi)含子組成[4]。截至2023年1月,人類基因突變數(shù)據(jù)庫(human gene mutation database,HGMD)收錄505種PROS1基因變異。本文報(bào)道1例深靜脈血栓形成的PSD患者,其PROS1基因存在雜合突變(c.292 G>T),此突變系國際首次報(bào)道。
臨床資料
患者女,20歲,主訴“黑便伴腹痛4 d”,于2021年7月就診于蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院急診科。腹部增強(qiáng)CT示門靜脈主干、腸系膜上靜脈及其分支和脾靜脈內(nèi)血栓形成,伴絞窄性腸梗阻,故行小腸部分切除術(shù)及術(shù)后低分子量肝素抗凝治療,出院后改為口服利伐沙班抗凝預(yù)防血栓形成。易栓癥篩查結(jié)果顯示蛋白S活性0.23(參考值范圍0.76~1.35),蛋白C 1.10,抗凝血酶0.93。
患者行下一代測序和Sanger測序鑒定出1個(gè)新的PROS1基因雜合突變(c.292 G>T)。采用Sanger測序在直系親屬和兄弟中驗(yàn)證突變,結(jié)果顯示在先證者(Ⅱ-1)和母親(Ⅰ-1)中發(fā)現(xiàn)PROS1基因c.292 G>T突變,其父親(Ⅰ-2)和兄弟(Ⅱ-2)中未發(fā)現(xiàn)突變(圖1A)。家族史回顧顯示,患者父母和弟弟均未出現(xiàn)相關(guān)臨床表型(圖1B)?;颊吣赣H蛋白S活性0.475(參考值范圍0.635~1.490),蛋白C 1.02(參考值范圍0.70~1.40)。
先證者在來自chr3:93646132(基因組版本:hg19)的轉(zhuǎn)錄本NM_001314077的第3外顯子中發(fā)現(xiàn)PROS1基因292位點(diǎn)堿基G突變?yōu)門。查詢HGMD專業(yè)版數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.hgmd.org)、Clinvar數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar)、基因組聚集數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org)東亞人群中均無收錄。采用SIFT和Polyphen-2軟件無法預(yù)測該位點(diǎn)蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)。Mutation Taster致病性預(yù)測軟件(http://www.mutationtaster.org)預(yù)測該突變致病性為A級(評分1分)。根據(jù)美國醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)與基因組學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)相關(guān)指南[5],將c.292 G>T評級為可能致病變異(PVS1+PM2_Supporting)。
根據(jù)測序報(bào)告,在美國國家生物技術(shù)信息中心網(wǎng)站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)尋找chr3:93646132位點(diǎn),獲得基因組比對結(jié)果。下載第1個(gè)序列的Genbank文件導(dǎo)入SnapGene軟件分析。雜合突變c.292 G>T對應(yīng)基因編碼序列第65位密碼子從野生型編碼谷氨酸的GAA(圖2A)突變?yōu)門AA(圖2B),而TAA為終止密碼子,突變后的蛋白質(zhì)翻譯提前終止,導(dǎo)致PROS1基因無法編碼正常功能的蛋白質(zhì)。
討論
本研究報(bào)道1例臨床表現(xiàn)為深靜脈血栓并攜帶PROS1基因突變的女性患者。遺傳性易栓癥存在顯著的種族差異,亞洲地區(qū)人群以抗凝蛋白缺陷為主,包括抗凝血酶缺乏癥、蛋白C缺乏癥、PSD等[6]。PROS1基因突變常引起蛋白S活性和功能發(fā)生改變,其基因突變譜在中國、日本和韓國人群中有所差異[7]。一些針對中國PSD家系的研究總結(jié)了中國人群PSD的臨床特征,并報(bào)道了一些新的突變位點(diǎn)。Tang等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)華中地區(qū)40例PSD血栓性疾病患者中的20種不同PROS1基因突變,其中包括15種新突變。Li等[9]研究中國53個(gè)不相關(guān)PSD家系,在48例先證者中檢測到36種PROS1基因突變,包括16種新突變,并首次發(fā)現(xiàn)3個(gè)熱點(diǎn)突變(Glu67Ala、Arg561Trp和Tyr560)。Zhang等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)一種HGMD未收錄的新型PROS1基因突變,提示PROS1基因突變的多樣性。
本例患者及其母親均攜帶PROS1基因突變,且蛋白S活性降低,然而只有患者出現(xiàn)VTE,提示本例為常染色體顯性遺傳病,PROS1基因突變可引起蛋白S活性降低,但不一定發(fā)生易栓癥?;?環(huán)境相互作用學(xué)說解釋了在特定環(huán)境條件下基因與環(huán)境共同影響了特定患者血栓形成的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[11]。目前建議VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估應(yīng)綜合生物標(biāo)志物識別、基因篩選和多種危險(xiǎn)因素分析,而不是簡單地歸因于某種單一因素[12]。
常見引起VTE的危險(xiǎn)因素包括手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、口服避孕藥、激素替代、妊娠、惡性腫瘤、感染和某些炎癥狀態(tài)等[13-15]。本例患者無相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,但體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)為30.9 kg/m2,其母親BMI為22.5 kg/m2。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMI過高不僅是有基礎(chǔ)病患者血栓形成的危險(xiǎn)因素,在正常人群中也會(huì)增加血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-17]。肥胖作為VTE的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,與靜脈淤血、靜脈系統(tǒng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷和血液高凝狀態(tài)等多種因素相關(guān)。對于肥胖癥患者,高腹內(nèi)壓和股靜脈低血流速率會(huì)增加靜脈回流受阻的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而促進(jìn)深靜脈血栓形成[13]。Gregson等[18]研究表明不同的肥胖標(biāo)志物(BMI、腰臀比和腰圍)與血栓發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)。BMI>30 kg/m2者血栓發(fā)病率為2.01/1000[19],顯著高于BMI正常人群[20]。此外,腹型肥胖者(腰圍男性>94 cm,女性>80 cm)與血栓發(fā)生關(guān)系更密切[21],腰圍可作為預(yù)測血栓疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。肥胖人群BMI每增加10 kg/m2,血栓復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加24%[22]。此外,VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素還與性別有關(guān),與男性相比,人體肥胖指數(shù)(包括體重、BMI、腰圍、臀圍、脂肪百分比等)對女性VTE影響更大[23]。本例患者及其母親都有PSD遺傳學(xué)異常及蛋白S活性減低,而肥胖可能誘發(fā)血栓形成,導(dǎo)致不同的臨床表型。
綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明PROS1基因突變譜的多樣性和臨床表型的異質(zhì)性,VTE的發(fā)生受到基因、性別、BMI等多種因素的影響。對于無明顯誘因但蛋白S活性測定異常的VTE患者,建議對患者及親屬進(jìn)行PROS1基因測序,以便及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)可能的致病突變。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Castoldi E,Hackeng TM.Regulation of coagulation by protein S[J].Curr Opin Hematol,2008,15(5):529-536.DOI:10.1097/MOH.0b013e328309ec97.
[2]Teraz-Orosz A,Gierula M,Petri A,et al.Laminin G1 residues of protein S mediate its TFPI cofactor function and are competitively regulated by C4BP[J].Blood Adv,2022,6(2):704-715.DOI:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005382.
[3]Jin X,Kinoshita S,Kuma H,et al.Reduced activity of protein S in plasma:a risk factor for venous thromboembolism in the Japanese population[J].Clin Appl Thromb Hemost,2021,27:10760296211033908.DOI:10.1177/10760296211033908.
[4]García de Frutos P,F(xiàn)uentes-Prior P,Hurtado B,et al.Molecular basis of protein S deficiency[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(3):543-556.
[5]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)血液學(xué)分會(huì)血栓與止血學(xué)組.易栓癥診斷與防治中國指南(2021年版)[J].中華血液學(xué)雜志,2021,42(11):881-888.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.11.001.
[6]Richards S,Aziz N,Bale S,et al.Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants:a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology[J].Genet Med,2015,17(5):405-424.DOI:10.1038/gim.2015.30.
[7]Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population.Results of the Chinese hemostasis investigation on natural anticoagulants study I group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.DOI:10.3324/haematol.2010.037515.
[8]Tang L,Jian XR,Hamasaki N,et al.Molecular basis of protein S deficiency in China[J].Am J Hematol,2013,88(10):899-905.DOI:10.1002/ajh.23525.
[9]Li L,Wu X,Wu W,et al.Clinical manifestation and mutation spectrum of 53 unrelated pedigrees with protein S deficiency in China[J].Thromb Haemost,2019,119(3):449-460.DOI:10.1055/s-0038-1677031.
[10]Zhang Y,Yang H,Chen Q,et al.A novel PROS1 mutation,c.74dupA,was identified in a protein S deficiency family[J].Thromb Res,2016,148:125-127.DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2016.11.003.
[11]Rosendaal FR.Venous thrombosis:a multicausal disease[J].Lancet,1999,353(9159):1167-1173.DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)10266-0.
[12]Albertsen IE,Piazza G,Goldhaber SZ.Lets stop dichotomizing venous thromboembolism as provoked or unprovoked[J].Circulation,2018,138(23):2591-2593.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036548.
[13]Vilahur G,Ben-Aicha S,Badimon L.New insights into the role of adipose tissue in thrombosis[J].Cardiovasc Res,2017,113(9):1046-1054.DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvx086.
[14]Barcellona D,Marongiu F,Grandone E.Contraceptives and thrombosis:an intertwined revolutionary road[J].Semin Thromb Hemost,2023.DOI:10.1055/s-0043-1764382.
[15]Pastori D,Cormaci VM,Marucci S,et al.A comprehensive review of risk factors for venous thromboembolism:from epidemiology to pathophysiology[J].Int J Mol Sci,2023,24(4):3169.DOI:10.3390/ijms24043169.
[16]Morange PE,Alessi MC.Thrombosis in central obesity and metabolic syndrome:mechanisms and epidemiology[J].Thromb Haemost,2013,110(4):669-680.DOI:10.1160/TH13-01-0075.
[17]Iglesias Morcillo M,F(xiàn)reuer D,Peters A,et al.Body mass index and waist circumference as determinants of hemostatic factors in participants of a population-based study[J].Medicina(Kaunas),2023,59(2):228.DOI:10.3390/medicina59020228.
[18]Gregson J,Kaptoge S,Bolton T,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism[J].JAMA Cardiol,2019,4(2):163-173.DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.4537.
[19]Tsai AW,Cushman M,Rosamond WD,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence:the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology[J].Arch Intern Med,2002,162(10):1182-1189.DOI:10.1001/archinte.162.10.1182.
[20]Caiano LM,Costanzo S,Panzera T,et al.Association between body mass index,waist circumference,and relative fat mass with the risk of first unprovoked venous thromboembolism[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2021,31(11):3122-3130.DOI:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.07.018.
[21]Yuan S,Bruzelius M,Xiong Y,et al.Overall and abdominal obesity in relation to venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2021,19(2):460-469.DOI:10.1111/jth.15168.
[22]Kernan WN,Inzucchi SE,Sawan C,et al.Obesity:a stubbornly obvious target for stroke prevention[J].Stroke,2013,44(1):278-286.DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639922.
[23]Brink A,Elf J,Svensson PJ,et al.Sex-specific risk factors for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a population-based historical cohort study of middle-aged and older individuals[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2023,12(5):e027502.DOI:10.1161/JAHA.122.027502.
(收稿日期:2023-02-23)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2023年5期