王利利 劉軼蕾 虞瑩 吳玉苗 杭晶卿 華志佳 朱捷 胡承偉 張?jiān)气P
摘 要 目的:通過(guò)了解長(zhǎng)征鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)慢性阻塞性肺疾?。璺危┗颊邔?duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知情況,分析影響肺康復(fù)治療相關(guān)因素。方法:2019年12月31日至2020年12月31日,采用分層隨機(jī)抽樣法抽取在上海普陀區(qū)長(zhǎng)征鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心門診就診的慢阻肺患者284例,其中男性186例(65.4%),女性98例(34.6%),平均年齡為(69.78±8.59)歲。采用自行設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)卷對(duì)入選患者進(jìn)行調(diào)查,問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容包括患者的基本情況、肺康復(fù)治療的知曉情況及知曉途徑、肺康復(fù)治療內(nèi)容的認(rèn)知、肺康復(fù)治療場(chǎng)所的認(rèn)知、肺康復(fù)治療療效的認(rèn)知。結(jié)果:在284例慢阻肺患者中,29.2%(83/284)知曉肺康復(fù)治療,知曉運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、呼吸訓(xùn)練、健康教育、心理干預(yù)、戒煙分別為49.3%(41/83)、67.4%(56/83)、34.9%(29/83)、16.8%(14/83)、39.7%(33/83)。62.0%(176/284)的患者不知道肺康復(fù)治療療效,15.4%(44/284)的患者認(rèn)為肺康復(fù)治療沒(méi)有幫助,僅13.4%(57/284)的患者表示肺康復(fù)治療有效。多因素Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)文化程度、個(gè)人收入、是否參與“1+1+1”簽約、就診時(shí)醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù)是影響患者肺康復(fù)認(rèn)知的影響因素(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論:社區(qū)慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知情況低,文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)收入、醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù)治療以及是否參與“1+1+1”簽約是主要影響因素。
關(guān)鍵詞 慢性阻塞性肺疾??;肺康復(fù);認(rèn)知;影響因素
中圖分類號(hào):R563 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2023)10-0039-04
引用本文 王利利, 劉軼蕾, 虞瑩, 等. 上海長(zhǎng)征社區(qū)慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知及影響因素分析[J].上海醫(yī)藥, 2023, 44(10): 39-42; 57.
基金項(xiàng)目:上海市普陀區(qū)衛(wèi)生健康系統(tǒng)科技創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(ptkwws202027);上海市衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)科研項(xiàng)目(202140197);上海市普陀區(qū)臨床特色專病項(xiàng)目(2020tszb05)
Analysis of cognition and influencing factors of pulmonary rehabilitation treatment in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Changzheng Community of Shanghai
WANG Lili1, LIU Yilei1, YU Ying2, WU Yumiao3, HANG Jingqing4, HUA Zhijia1, ZHU Jie1, HU Chengwei1, ZHANG Yunfeng5
(1. Department of General Practice of Changzheng Community Health Service Center of Putuo District, Shanghai 200333, China; 2. Department of General Practice of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 3. Department of General Practice of Liqun Hospital, Putuo District, Shanghai 200333, China; 4. Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine of Peoples Hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai 200060, China; 5.Department of Respirstory and Critical Medicine of Liqun Hospital, Putuo District, Shanghai 200333, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: By understanding the cognition of pulmonary rehabilitation treatment in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in Changzheng Community, to analyze the relevant factors affecting pulmonary rehabilitation treatment. Methods: From December 31, 2019, to December 31, 2020, using stratified random sampling 284 cases of COPD were extracted from the Outpatient Clinic of Changzheng Community Health Service Center of Putuo District,Shanghai, among them, there were 186 male cases(65.4%), and 98 female cases(34.6%), and the average age was (69.78±8.59) years. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the selected patients, and questionnaire contents included the basic condition of the patients, pulmonary rehabilitation awareness and the way, and cognitions of pulmonary rehabilitation contents, places, and efficacy. Results: Among 284 COPD patients, 29.2%(83/284) knew pulmonary rehabilitation treatment, and 49.3%(41/83), 67.4%(56/83), 34.9%(29/83), 16.8%(14/83) and 39.7%(33/83) knew sports training, respiratory training, health education, psychological intervention and smoking cessation, respectively. 62.0% of the patients(176/284) did not know the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation treatment, 15.4% of the patients(44/284) thought that pulmonary rehabilitation treatment was not helpful, and only 13.4% of patients(57/284) considered that pulmonary rehabilitation treatment was effective. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis found that the educational level, individual income, whether they participated in the “1+1+1” contract, and whether the medical staff recommended pulmonary rehabilitation when they visited a doctor were the influence factors(P<0.05). Conclusion: Community COPD patients have a low cognition of pulmonary rehabilitation treatment, their education level, economic income, whether medical staff recommend pulmonary rehabilitation treatment and whether they participate in the “1+1+1” contract are the main influencing factors.
KEY WORDS chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; pulmonary rehabilitation; cognition; influencing factor
慢性阻塞性肺疾?。ê?jiǎn)稱慢阻肺)是呼吸系統(tǒng)常見(jiàn)慢性疾病。世界衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2017數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球慢阻肺患者有3.84億,每年高達(dá)317萬(wàn)的患者死于慢阻肺[1]。中國(guó)慢阻肺死亡例數(shù)占全球的31.1%,并已經(jīng)躍居為城市第四位,農(nóng)村第三位的死亡原因[2]。英國(guó)國(guó)家優(yōu)化衛(wèi)生與保健研究所(national institute for health and care excellence,NICE)建議,穩(wěn)定期以及由于呼吸困難導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)受限的慢阻肺患者都應(yīng)接受肺康復(fù)治療[3]。綜合性肺康復(fù)成為慢阻肺非藥物治療的重要策略,其項(xiàng)目包括運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、教育、心理和/或行為干預(yù)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療、結(jié)果評(píng)估和提高長(zhǎng)期康復(fù)治療的依從性等。肺康復(fù)已被證實(shí)可延緩慢阻肺患者肺功能下降,改善呼吸困難,提高生活質(zhì)量。然而,慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療的認(rèn)知程度是影響其參與或完成肺康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的重要因素。本研究旨在通過(guò)了解長(zhǎng)征鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知情況,分析影響肺康復(fù)治療相關(guān)因素,為提高社區(qū)慢阻肺簽約患者肺康復(fù)參與度與完成率提供參考。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 對(duì)象
于2019年12月31日至2020年12月31日采用分層隨機(jī)抽樣法抽取就診于普陀區(qū)長(zhǎng)征鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心門診的慢阻肺患者300例。慢阻肺患者納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合2020年“慢性阻塞性肺病的診斷、管理和預(yù)防全球戰(zhàn)略”中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4];(2)愿意配合調(diào)查的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)在嚴(yán)重認(rèn)知障礙的患者;(2)不能配合或不愿意配合調(diào)查的患者。
共發(fā)放問(wèn)卷300份,得到有效問(wèn)卷284份,問(wèn)卷有效回收率94.6%。284例患者中,男性186例(65.4%),女性98例(34.6%);年齡59~93歲,平均年齡為(69.78±8.59)歲。慢阻肺患者的一般資料見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 方法
根據(jù)《慢性阻塞性肺疾病的康復(fù)醫(yī)療:評(píng)估與實(shí)施》設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷[5]。問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容包括:(1)患者的基本情況,包括姓名、年齡、性別、婚姻、民族、職業(yè)、文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、吸煙史、飲酒史、患病年限、住院次數(shù)、是否合并其他疾病、是否參與“1+1+1”簽約、就診時(shí)醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù);(2)肺康復(fù)治療的知曉率及知曉途徑;(3)肺康復(fù)治療內(nèi)容的認(rèn)知;(4)肺康復(fù)治療場(chǎng)所的認(rèn)知;(5)肺康復(fù)治療療效的認(rèn)知。
調(diào)查成員經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn),向患者說(shuō)明研究目的和意義,在征得患者知情同意后發(fā)放問(wèn)卷,面對(duì)面的進(jìn)行調(diào)查,填完后當(dāng)場(chǎng)回收問(wèn)卷。剔除漏答較多和填寫有規(guī)律性的問(wèn)卷。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
所有數(shù)據(jù)均使用SPSS 23統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料采用x±s表示。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用構(gòu)成比和百分率(%)描述,單因素分析采用χ2檢驗(yàn),多因素分析采用Logistic回歸分析法,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1.4 質(zhì)量控制
設(shè)立調(diào)查組對(duì)課題調(diào)查成員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),規(guī)范統(tǒng)一調(diào)查方法,調(diào)查成員進(jìn)行預(yù)調(diào)查,最終課題調(diào)查組成員對(duì)預(yù)調(diào)查中出現(xiàn)的偏差內(nèi)容進(jìn)行討論與糾正。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療的知曉率及知曉途徑
有38例(13.4%)慢阻肺患者了解肺康復(fù)治療;45例(15.8%)不了解,但聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò);201例(70.8%)患者不知道肺康復(fù)。在83例知曉肺康復(fù)患者中,通過(guò)醫(yī)務(wù)人員健康宣教、社區(qū)宣傳、報(bào)紙或書刊、電子信息產(chǎn)品(收音機(jī)、電視、手機(jī))知曉的分別為51例(61.4%)、8例(9.6%)、11例(13.2%)、13例(15.8%)。
2.2 慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療內(nèi)容的認(rèn)知
在了解或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)肺康復(fù)治療的83例患者中,知曉運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、呼吸訓(xùn)練、健康教育、心理干預(yù)、戒煙分別為41例(49.3%)、56例(67.4%)、29例(34.9%)、14例(16.8%)、33例(39.7%)。
2.3 慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療場(chǎng)所的認(rèn)知
284例患者中,認(rèn)為肺康復(fù)治療場(chǎng)所在醫(yī)院、社區(qū)、家中分別為193例(67.9%)、85例(29.9%)、21例(7.3%)。
2.4 慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療療效的認(rèn)知
在了解或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)肺康復(fù)治療的83例患者中,26例(31.3%)患者不知道肺康復(fù)治療療效,20例(24%)患者認(rèn)為肺康復(fù)治療沒(méi)有幫助,37例(44.7%)患者表示了解或未聽(tīng)說(shuō)肺康復(fù)治療有效。201例不知道肺康復(fù)患者中,176例(87.5%)患者不知道肺康復(fù)治療療效,22例(10.9%)患者認(rèn)為肺康復(fù)治療沒(méi)有幫助,3例(1.6%)患者表示肺康復(fù)治療有效。
2.5 影響慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知的單因素分析
不同文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、患病年限、近一年住院次數(shù)以及是否參與“1+1+1”簽約、就診時(shí)醫(yī)生推薦肺康復(fù)的患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)認(rèn)知的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表2)。
2.6 影響慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知的多因素回歸分析
以是否了解或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)肺康復(fù)治療設(shè)為因變量,把單因素中具有顯著性差異的因素作為自變量進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)收入、是否參與“1+1+1”簽約、就診時(shí)醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù)治療對(duì)肺康復(fù)的認(rèn)知起到正向影響作用。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
有指南提出對(duì)于進(jìn)行性氣流受限、嚴(yán)重呼吸困難而很少活動(dòng)的慢阻肺患者,康復(fù)治療可以改善其活動(dòng)能力,提高生存質(zhì)量[4]。肺康復(fù)在慢阻肺患者管理中的有效性得到廣泛共識(shí),通過(guò)肺康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,不同分期的慢阻肺患者均能獲益[6-7]。而認(rèn)知是影響肺康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的主要因素。
本次研究顯示,29.2%的慢阻肺患者知曉肺康復(fù)治療,主要知曉途徑是醫(yī)務(wù)人員健康宣教,其次為電子信息產(chǎn)品。知曉運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的比例低于呼吸訓(xùn)練。有研究顯示慢阻肺不僅影響肺功能,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致肌肉強(qiáng)度減弱,肌肉線粒體減少,功能紊亂[8]。慢阻肺患者肌肉功能狀況與住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、生存密切相關(guān)。而運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練是肺康復(fù)治療的核心[5],可以改善患者運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力,提高生活質(zhì)量,應(yīng)強(qiáng)化相關(guān)宣教內(nèi)容。本次調(diào)查中,僅有少部分患者認(rèn)為健康教育、心理干預(yù)、戒煙屬于肺康復(fù)治療。Cox等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)慢阻肺患者進(jìn)行肺康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的依從性及參與度受到患者所在的社會(huì)環(huán)境,文化程度及肺康復(fù)的認(rèn)可程度的影響,因此對(duì)慢阻肺的健康教育也不容小覷。67.9%的患者認(rèn)為肺康復(fù)治療場(chǎng)所在醫(yī)院,其次為社區(qū)(29.9%),僅有7.3%的患者認(rèn)為肺康復(fù)治療可以在家中開(kāi)展,提示慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療場(chǎng)所認(rèn)知存在局限性。僅13.4%的患者表示肺康復(fù)治療有效,慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)療效認(rèn)知不足可影響肺康復(fù)參與率。
本研究Logistic多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況、醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù)治療、是否參與“1+1+1”簽約可能是影響慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知的因素。其中,醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù)治療是影響慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知的主要因素?;颊呶幕潭仍礁?,學(xué)習(xí)或理解能力越高,對(duì)肺康復(fù)認(rèn)知程度越高;經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況越好,患者承擔(dān)肺康復(fù)治療的費(fèi)用能力越高,接觸肺康復(fù)治療機(jī)會(huì)越多。醫(yī)務(wù)人員的宣教具有指導(dǎo)性及專業(yè)性,對(duì)慢阻肺患者的肺康復(fù)認(rèn)知起到直接影響作用。慢阻肺患者是“1+1+1”家庭醫(yī)生簽約的重點(diǎn)人群,通過(guò)家庭醫(yī)生-??漆t(yī)生的“全專結(jié)合”和雙向轉(zhuǎn)診,簽約的慢阻肺患者接受到規(guī)范化、連續(xù)性肺康復(fù)治療,從而提高了對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療的認(rèn)知。
慢阻肺的有效管理已成為我國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生慢病管理中的重點(diǎn)防治工作之一。目前,社區(qū)慢阻肺患者對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療認(rèn)知情況低,多因素影響其對(duì)肺康復(fù)治療的認(rèn)知,其中,文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)收入、醫(yī)務(wù)人員是否推薦肺康復(fù)治療以及是否參與“1+1+1”簽約是主要影響因素。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021 report)[EB/OL].[2020-11-18]. https://goldcopd.org/gold reports/.
[2] Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J]. Lancet, 2019, 94(10204): 1145-1158.
[3] National Institule for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. NICE quality standard QS10[EB/OL]. [2017-02-21]. www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/qs10.
[4] Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 report[EB/ OL]. (2019-11-05) [2019-11-30]. https://goldcopd.org/goldreports/.
[5] 趙紅梅, 王辰. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的康復(fù)醫(yī)療: 評(píng)估與實(shí)施[J]. 中華結(jié)核和呼吸雜志, 2018, 41(7): 561-566.
[6] Tselebis A, Bratis D, Pachi A, et al. A pulmonary rehabilitation program reduces levels of anxiety and depression in COPD patients[J]. Multidiscip Respir Med, 2013, 8(1): 41.
[7] Jácome C, Marques A. Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation in subjects with mild COPD[J]. Respir Care, 2014, 59(10): 1577-1582.
[8] Bowen JM, Campbell K, Sutherl S, et al. Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Ontario: A Cross-Sectional Survey[J]. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser, 2015, 15(8): 1-67.
[9] Cox NS, Oliveira CC, Lahham A, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation referral and participation are commonly influenced by environment, knowledge, and beliefs about consequences: a systematic review using the Theoretical Domains Framework[J]. J Physiother, 2017, 63(2): 84-93.