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棉織物過度氧化引起破洞的檢測方法

2023-05-21 16:28:54張勁峰姚春嬋張翊翔洪劍寒余國建孫月平
絲綢 2023年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:破洞棉織物

張勁峰 姚春嬋 張翊翔 洪劍寒 余國建 孫月平

摘要: 棉織物在氧漂工序中容易出現(xiàn)破洞現(xiàn)象,為了查清破洞產(chǎn)生的原因,本文將不同破洞的棉織物放入20 mL硫代硫酸銀絡(luò)合物測試溶液中煮沸2 min,用去離子水沖洗后觀察破洞周圍的顏色變化。結(jié)果表明,由機械等外力造成的破洞,破洞口與布面顏色一致;因局部過度氧化引起的破洞,破洞口顏色比布面顏色深。通過X射線衍射儀、掃描電鏡和X射線光電子能譜儀對其進行表征,得出棉織物經(jīng)測試溶液檢測后,表面有銀析出,顏色深的洞口含銀量比其他部位多,表明這類棉織物破洞是因為局部過度氧化造成的。

關(guān)鍵詞: 棉織物;氧漂;破洞;金屬離子;醛基纖維素;銀原子

中圖分類號: TS111.913

文獻標志碼: A

文章編號: 1001-7003(2023)05-0074-06

引用頁碼: 051110

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2023.05.010

作者簡介:

張勁峰(1975),男,工程師,主要從事面料研發(fā)及設(shè)備改造的研究。通信作者:洪劍寒,教授,jhhong@usx.edu.cn。

棉纖維加工成服裝后由于其柔軟舒適的觸感、絲光處理后的光澤度、吸濕透氣性和抗靜電性優(yōu)良而深受消費者的青睞[1-3]。棉花生長環(huán)境復(fù)雜形成眾多天然雜質(zhì),而在紡紗和織造等工序中加入抗靜電劑、潤滑劑、漿料和油劑等,坯布需在高溫、強堿、高濃度的氧化劑條件下進行前處理及漂白,去除棉纖維中的雜質(zhì)、發(fā)色基團和共生物,以增加面料的白度、鮮艷度和毛效,提高面料的染色性能[4-6]。棉織物漂白大多采用無污染、性價比高、漂白效果好及去雜能力強的雙氧水(H2O2)。H2O2在pH值為堿性且高溫時快速釋放HOO-,與色素共軛結(jié)構(gòu)中的羰基和醌基等發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)生成醛基,起到漂白和脫色作用[7-8]。棉纖維在氧化劑存在的條件下羥基很不穩(wěn)定,容易被氧化生成醛基纖維素,過度氧化使棉纖維分子鏈在苷鍵處斷裂,造成纖維強力下降引起破洞。在國家要求高能耗印染企業(yè)節(jié)能減排情況下,大多數(shù)染廠對棉布漂白運用冷軋堆一浴一步的高效短流程工藝。這種工藝所加的H2O2比傳統(tǒng)工藝多3倍以上,粘有金屬離子的棉織物更容易過度氧化而產(chǎn)生破洞[9-11],如何減少棉織物氧漂破洞成為染廠從業(yè)者的目標。崔浩然[12]和李興娜等[13]總結(jié)了鐵離子的主要來源:生產(chǎn)過程中黏附的油污和鐵銹;生產(chǎn)水管中的鐵銹水;生產(chǎn)機械上的鐵銹和鐵屑;設(shè)備維修保養(yǎng)粘上油污、鐵屑和銹漬。提出預(yù)防的措施有:加強坯布檢驗,鐵銹漬用酸清洗;氧漂用過濾水,超過12 h停機,要放掉管道里滯留的水;燒堿高位槽注滿堿液沉淀24 h使用澄清部分;氧漂浸軋槽要定期清洗并用磁鐵吸除槽內(nèi)鐵雜質(zhì);燒毛汽油也要沉淀后才可使用,以防鐵銹粉和鐵屑吸到汽化器中;氧漂時不能使用絲光回收NaOH液,使用飽和蒸汽且不能使用過熱蒸汽;氧漂時加入螯合劑;設(shè)備維修保養(yǎng)做好衛(wèi)生工作,以防金屬離子帶入槽中。

李興娜等[13]提出了兩種方法檢驗破洞原因是鐵離子造成的,一種是亞鐵氰化鉀和鹽酸溶液,如果布面顏色變成普魯士藍則證明含有鐵離子,反應(yīng)式如下:

另一種是菲啰啉鐵試劑,如果溶液顏色變紅色,則說明棉織物中含有鐵離子。但這兩種方法只是證明布中或氧漂處理液中含有鐵離子,如果是其他金屬離子,則不能檢測出來,更不能實際反映出布面上黏附情況,如果氧漂處理時溶液中恰好有微量的金屬離子,且分布均勻,不會過度氧化引起破洞。而燒毛、勾掛、紗線強力差、受潮發(fā)霉、粘上其他化學(xué)助劑等產(chǎn)生的這類破洞會被誤認為過度氧化引起的,很難追查產(chǎn)生的原因。

本試驗主要探討棉織物實際黏附鐵離子的表現(xiàn)情況,棉織物經(jīng)雙氧水漂白處理后生成的醛基纖維素,容易被氧化成含有相同碳原子數(shù)的羧酸。如Fehling(斐林)和Tollens(多倫)等弱氧化試劑可以使醛基氧化,利用這個特性,讓金屬銀原子直接在布面上析出,根據(jù)布面和破洞口析出量的多少形成顏色深淺,判斷雙氧水分解激烈程度,從側(cè)面證明棉織物上的破洞是否因過度氧化引起的?如果證明破洞是過度氧化引起的,對于尚未進入生產(chǎn)流程的坯布則可以根據(jù)文獻[12-13]提出的措施去預(yù)防,甚至加多一道酸洗工序提前去除棉布上的金屬離子。

1 試 驗

1.1 材料與設(shè)備儀器

試驗材料:9.8 tex×9.8 tex、433根/10 cm×433根/10 cm、平方米質(zhì)量105 g/m2的全棉府綢(紹興孚亨紡織科技有限公司),8%硝酸銀(實驗室自制),螯合分散劑ST121、多功能精煉劑ST233(四川益欣科技有限責(zé)任公司),雙氧水(omf 30%)、冰醋酸、高錳酸鉀、硫酸、硫代硫酸鈉(大蘇打)、燒堿、FeCl3(上海國藥集團化學(xué)試劑有限公司)。

設(shè)備儀器:SU8010場發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡(日本日立公司),Gemini S Ultra X射線衍射儀(英國牛津衍射有限公司),K-Alpha型X射線光電子能譜儀、Nicolet IS20傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀(美國賽默飛公司),DHG-9123A電熱恒溫鼓風(fēng)干燥箱(上海儀電科學(xué)儀器股份有限公司),AS-24恒溫水浴振蕩器(溫州方圓儀器有限公司),標準光源燈箱(深圳市天友利標準光源有限公司)。

1.2 工藝流程

1.2.1 冷堆工藝

全棉府綢坯布→二浸二軋漂白(軋余率125%)→打卷→堆置→熱水清洗→醋酸中和水洗→冷水清洗→烘干。工藝配方:燒堿35 g/L,雙氧水30 g/L,多功能精煉劑ST233 25 g/L,螯合分散劑ST121 3 g/L,堆置溫度40 ℃,堆置時間22 h。

1.2.2 破洞檢測工藝

將含量為8%的硝酸銀溶液1 mL,20%硫代硫酸鈉(大蘇打)和20%燒堿混合溶液2 mL,加入17 mL去離子水中,迅速搖勻后,放入待測的破洞布片5 g,在100 ℃煮2 min后用清水沖洗,觀察面料破洞口周圍變色情況?;瘜W(xué)反應(yīng)方程如下:

1.3 測試與表征

1.3.1 測H2O2的分解率

配制測試液A:H2O2 30 g/L,50 mL;測試液B:H2O2 30 g/L,NaOH 2 g/L,50 mL。

將測試液A、B分別放入兩個錐形瓶內(nèi),在水浴振蕩鍋中煮沸30 min,然后從中取出5 mL的氧漂處理液移入100 mL錐形瓶,再加入6 mol/L的H2SO4溶液10 mL并搖勻,然后用0.1 mol/L的KMnO4溶液進行滴定試驗,當?shù)味y試液顏色放置30 s后仍呈現(xiàn)紅色即為終點。記錄此時KMnO4溶液的體積,滴定5次并算出平均值。由下式計算出H2O2的分解率:

式中:V0為處理前消耗的KMnO4體積,mL;V為氧漂試樣30 min消耗的KMnO4體積,mL。

1.3.2 紅外光譜分析

采用傅里葉紅外光譜儀對面料上析出的Ag進行衰減全反射檢測,掃描頻率32 s-1,光譜范圍為4 000~400 cm-1,分辨率4 cm-1。

1.3.3 X射線衍射(XRD)測試

采用X射線衍射(XRD)對棉織物上所粘的材料在管電壓40 kV、管電流100 mA、掃描速率10 °/min、2θ為5°~80°條件下進行表征及分析。

1.3.4 X射線(XPS)分析

采用X射線光電子能譜儀(配備有Al-Kα X射線源1 486.6 eV)對棉織物上所粘的材料通過壓片法進行表征,分辨率0.5 eV,靈敏度80 KCPS。

1.3.5 掃描電鏡觀察

采用掃描電鏡(SEM)對棉織物上所粘的材料進行形貌觀察及分析,放大倍數(shù)1 500倍,工作電壓1.0 kV。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 鐵離子和燒堿對雙氧水分解率的影響

根據(jù)1.3.1測試方法,分別在去離子水、自來水及含鐵離子(FeCl3)10 mg/L的溶液中加入測試液A與B,在100 ℃水浴鍋中處理30 min后測試雙氧水的分解率,同時在測試液B中加入5 g坯布進行氧漂測試,得到如表1所示的數(shù)據(jù)。

由表1測試液A試驗結(jié)果可知,在去離子水中H2O2的分解速度很慢,只有3.3%;當水溶液中含有鐵等金屬離子時,盡管含量只有10 mg/L,H2O2的分解速度都在加快。這與梁海波等[14-15]水中含Cu2+的試驗結(jié)果大致相同,同時又提出生物酶、機器壁、極小或有棱角的物體和膠體等表面粗糙的物體都有加速催化H2O2氧化的作用。測試液B由于加了燒堿,在煮沸條件下能大幅加快H2O2的分解率。但在相同條件下與坯布同浴,H2O2的分解率下降了近一半,原因可能是坯布中含有共生物、油劑、潤滑劑、漿料及抗靜電劑等,對H2O2分解有抑制作用。

2.2 不同破洞檢測后銀原子在棉布上析出情況

先用滴管在棉織物上滴上2滴含量為10 mg/L的FeCl3溶液放置24 h后,跟正常的棉織物一起進行氧漂處理,取鐵離子氧漂后破洞棉織物,再分別取燒毛、勾掛、紗線強力差、受潮發(fā)霉引起的破洞經(jīng)正常工藝的雙氧水漂白后的5 g棉織物,一起由1.2.2破洞檢測工藝得到如圖1所示的對比照片。圖1各小圖中,左邊是各種破洞氧漂后的布面情況,右邊是經(jīng)破洞檢測后的布面情況。

由圖1可知,由燒毛、勾掛、紗線強力差、受潮發(fā)霉引起的破洞經(jīng)破洞檢測工藝測試后,破洞洞口四周與整體棉布顏色一致,說明破洞受到氧漂的程度與整體棉布一樣;反觀由鐵離子氧漂后引起的破洞棉布經(jīng)破洞檢測工藝測試后,破洞洞口四周明顯比與整體棉布顏色要深很多,說明在洞口周圍氧化纖維素與Ag+反應(yīng)劇烈,從而析出更多的銀原子,進一步說明破洞是由于過度氧化引起的。

2.3 棉布的紅外圖譜分析

分別對退漿后的棉坯布、雙氧水漂白和金屬引起氧漂破洞檢測后的棉織物,在4 000~400 cm-1進行紅外光譜測試,如圖2所示。

通過分析圖2中退漿后的棉坯布與雙氧水漂白棉織物的紅外特征吸收峰可知,經(jīng)過雙氧水漂白后的棉織物在1 743 cm-1出現(xiàn)了新的特征吸收峰,即CO典型伸縮振動峰,說明棉織物經(jīng)過雙氧水氧化后有醛基生成;氧漂布與破洞檢測后的棉織物對比紅外光譜可知,氧漂布在1 743 cm-1出現(xiàn)了新的特征吸收峰經(jīng)破洞檢測后消失,說明醛基與銀離子發(fā)生了氧化還原反應(yīng)后,醛基消失,1 743 cm-1吸收峰也隨之消失。對比退漿后的棉坯布與雙氧水漂白棉織物紅外光譜,在1 107 cm-1處消失紅外吸收峰值,棉纖維分子伯醇基、仲醇基內(nèi)—OH鍵吸收峰,表明分子內(nèi)—OH在氧化過程中發(fā)生了反應(yīng)。這是棉纖維C6原子上的伯醇基(—OH)氧化為醛基和羧基;C2、C3原子上的兩個仲醇基氧化成二醛基纖維素。對比退漿后的棉坯布與雙氧水漂白棉織物紅外光譜,2 850 cm-1處為—CH2非對稱伸縮吸收峰,此處的峰強度稍有增強,這可能是在雙氧水在漂白過程中棉纖維的C6原子處使—CH2OH先氧化生成醛基,如果氧化劑足夠多,那么再氧化生成了羧基。氧漂布與破洞檢測后的棉織物對比紅外光譜可知,在2 850 cm-1生成峰消失,說明生成和醛基與銀離子發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng),2 850 cm-1處的峰也隨之消失。對比退漿后的棉坯布與雙氧水漂白棉織物紅外光譜,棉坯布紅外光譜圖中983 cm-1和1 459 cm-1處消失的紅外吸收峰是吡喃環(huán)上C2、C3原子上的—OH不對稱伸縮振動峰,說明棉纖維素在氧化過程中C2、C3原子處的兩個仲醇基氧化成二醛基纖維素,在堿性環(huán)境下再生成二羧基纖維素,使葡萄糖剩基環(huán)進行了開環(huán)反應(yīng)從而發(fā)生破裂。

2.4 棉布的表征

2.4.1 棉布的X射線衍射分析(XRD)

對經(jīng)過氧漂和破洞測試的樣品進行XRD分析,結(jié)果如圖3所示。與氧漂棉布相比,破洞檢測的樣品在2θ為38.2°、44.5°、64.8°和77.9°處都出現(xiàn)了特征衍射峰,分別對應(yīng)著在棉布上析出的黑色銀原子(111)、(200)、(220)和(311)晶面[16-18]。由于檢測液中的銀離子含量遠少于棉布中的氧化纖維素含量,全部以銀原子形式析出,故沒有氧化銀或其他銀的化合物衍射峰出現(xiàn)。

2.4.2 棉布的X射線光電子分析(XPS)

由圖4(a)可知,氧漂棉布在285.7 eV處的峰對應(yīng)的是C1s,在531.3 eV處的峰對應(yīng)的是O1s;經(jīng)破洞檢測后的棉布除了上述的C1s峰和O1s峰外,還在370 eV左右處出現(xiàn)新的峰,對應(yīng)的是Ag3d峰,表明Ag原子成功在棉布表面析出。利用高分辨XPS譜圖(4(b)),分析棉布中Ag3d的化學(xué)態(tài),破洞檢測后的棉布367.7 eV處的峰是Ag3d5/2,373.6 eV處的峰是Ag3d3/2,兩個分峰結(jié)果表明銀離子被還原成單質(zhì)銀附著在棉布表面[17-18]。

2.4.3 棉布的掃描電鏡分析(SEM)

由圖5可知,氧漂后的棉纖維表面非常光潔干凈,無凸起顆粒,但經(jīng)破洞檢測后的棉纖維表面出現(xiàn)了細微的黑色顆粒物,這是析出的銀原子在纖維表面發(fā)生了團聚。

對滴FeCl3的棉布進行氧漂破洞檢測,分別對破洞口(顏色深)和其他部位(顏色較淺)進行SEM,得到棉布的主要元素為C、O和Ag,如表2所示。

由表2可知,棉布顏色較深的破洞口處金屬銀含量較多,說明棉布在局部含較多Fe3+時進行氧漂,纖維受氧化程度較其他地方激烈,易產(chǎn)生破洞。

3 結(jié) 論

對燒毛破洞、勾掛破洞、紗線強力差破洞、受潮發(fā)霉破洞和過度氧化破洞用自制試劑分別進行破洞檢測,并對各自破洞口的顏色與整體棉布顏色進行對比,根據(jù)顏色深淺得出氧化程度的差別,可得出如下結(jié)論:

1) 棉織物表面金屬離子的存在,導(dǎo)致雙氧水加速分解,堿性時分解更快,坯布中含有共生物、油劑、潤滑劑、漿料及抗靜電劑等對H2O2分解有抑制作用。

2) 棉織物金屬離子團聚導(dǎo)致過度氧化,破洞口有更多的黑色銀原子析出,出現(xiàn)破洞口顏色較布面深;而燒毛破洞、勾掛破洞、紗線強力差破洞、受潮發(fā)霉破洞與布面顏色一樣,說明氧化程度一致。

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Abstract: In recent years, cotton fabrics, especially summer clothing, have been increasingly favored by young people in domestic market for their mercerization, moisture absorption, breathability and soft touch, and the market potential demanding for cotton cloth has been huge. Under the requirement of energy saving and emission reduction for high energy-consumption printing and dyeing enterprises by the Chinese government, most dyeing plants have adopted the more efficient short process of one-bath one-step cold pad-batch for cotton cloth bleaching. The hydrogen peroxide added in this process is over three times more than that of the traditional process. After oxygen bleaching mercerization of the cotton cloth, local excessive oxidation occurs and oxygen bleaching holes are more likely to occur. In the production process of cotton cloth, the selection process of different cotton cloth specifications is different, resulting in complex reasons for holes. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the causes of holes in the production process and formulate corresponding preventive measures and technological processes. In this experiment, aldehyde cellulose produced by bleaching cotton cloth with hydrogen peroxide was oxidized by a self-made weak oxidation reagent, so that metal silver atoms could be directly precipitated on the cloth surface. According to the number of silver atoms precipitated from the cloth surface and the hole opening, the color depth was formed, the intensity of hydrogen peroxide decomposition was judged, and whether the hole on cotton cloth was caused by excessive oxidation was proved from the side. Then, 1 mL of 8% silver nitrate solution, and 2 mL of mixed solution of 20% sodium bicarbonate and 20% caustic soda were added into 17 mL of deionized water. Then, the mixed solution was shaken up quickly. Subsequently, 5g of cloth with holes was boiled in the solution for 2 min under 100 ℃, and then it was washed with deionized water. The color difference around the hole of that fabric was observed. The cotton cloth with holes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The test results of the self-made solution show that the holes caused by mechanical and other external forces have the same color as the holes on the cloth surface, indicating that the silver content precipitated is basically the same. As for holes caused by local overoxidation, the color of the opening is darker than the cloth surface, and the silver content of the hole area is obviously higher than that of other parts. During the test, it is found that the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide is affected by temperatures, pH values and metal ions, and the symbionts and textile auxiliaries in gray cloth can inhibit the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows that the structure of most cotton fiber polysaccharides changes into dialdehyde cellulose after oxygen bleaching. After treatment with the self-made hole breaking detection reagent, the aldehyde group and silver ions have oxidation-reduction reaction, and the aldehyde group disappears. Through characterizing the cotton cloth tested by the self-made hole detection reagent, it is concluded that the black particulate matters on the cotton cloth surface are silver atoms. The hole areas such as burnt holes, hook holes, weak yarn strength holes and damp mildew holes are of the same shade as the cloth surface. Nevertheless, compared with the main elements of the cloth surface, there are more black silver atoms in the hole than in other places, which makes the color darker than in other places.

As the demand for oxygen bleached mercerized cotton cloth is gradually increasing in domestic market, it is significant to determine the causes of holes for production prevention, which will be beneficial to cost saving and energy conservation and emission reduction. For the cotton cloth with holes during the production process, the semi-finished cotton cloth can be treated through lower tension process on the machines, increase the friction between yarns by adding adhesives, or even be changed to the overflow or air cylinder with low tension for dyeing, so as to reduce the probability of holes as much as possible and minimize the loss. In the future, the weaving mill will equip the magnetic metal cloth inspection machine in the gray cloth inspection. As long as the fabric has more than a certain amount of metal ions, the metal alarm device on the cloth inspection machine will raise the alarm to prevent the problematic gray cloth flowing into the next process, which guarantees the good quality.

Key words: cotton fabric; oxygen bleaching; hole; metal ion; aldocellulose; silver atom

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