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基于雙饋風(fēng)電機(jī)組控制參數(shù)優(yōu)化的電網(wǎng)功角振蕩控制

2023-03-11 09:40:30李生虎張亞海葉劍橋李憶愷陶帝文
電工技術(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2023年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:功角控制參數(shù)阻尼

李生虎 張亞海 葉劍橋 李憶愷 陶帝文

基于雙饋風(fēng)電機(jī)組控制參數(shù)優(yōu)化的電網(wǎng)功角振蕩控制

李生虎 張亞海 葉劍橋 李憶愷 陶帝文

(合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)電氣與自動(dòng)化工程學(xué)院 合肥 230009)

隨著大量風(fēng)電并網(wǎng),雙饋感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)(DFIG)與同步發(fā)電機(jī)(SG)間的動(dòng)態(tài)交互,將加劇SG功角振蕩?;谔卣髦捣治龅目刂茀?shù)優(yōu)化,未考慮非線性元件和大擾動(dòng)場(chǎng)景。該文從抑制功角振蕩出發(fā),以SG轉(zhuǎn)速為DFIG電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定器(PSS)輸入信號(hào),建立風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)電力系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)模型。在微分方程中引入中間變量,以解耦狀態(tài)變量軌跡靈敏度。區(qū)分狀態(tài)變量與代數(shù)變量對(duì)應(yīng)的雅可比矩陣,推導(dǎo)DFIG并網(wǎng)電力系統(tǒng)軌跡靈敏度的解析表達(dá)。設(shè)定目標(biāo)函數(shù)為SG功角偏差相對(duì)值二次方對(duì)時(shí)間積分,按時(shí)間順序累加功角對(duì)控制參數(shù)的軌跡靈敏度,得到目標(biāo)函數(shù)對(duì)控制參數(shù)的梯度信息??紤]DFIG-PSS可能弱化轉(zhuǎn)子側(cè)變流器(RSC)控制效果,提出基于軌跡靈敏度的RSC和DFIG-PSS參數(shù)協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化方法。給出4機(jī)2區(qū)域系統(tǒng)仿真結(jié)果,驗(yàn)證了所提方法對(duì)DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)功角振蕩的阻尼效果。

功角振蕩 參數(shù)優(yōu)化 軌跡靈敏度 雙饋感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī) 電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定器

0 引言

近年來風(fēng)電機(jī)組如雙饋感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)(Doubly-Fed Induction Generator, DFIG)大量并網(wǎng),改變了同步發(fā)電機(jī)(Synchronous Generator, SG)的出力和電網(wǎng)慣性[1-4]。DFIG與SG間的動(dòng)態(tài)交互[5-6],導(dǎo)致SG轉(zhuǎn)速變化更加明顯,降低了系統(tǒng)阻尼振蕩能力[7-8]。

為抑制振蕩、提高系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性,改善阻尼是常見措施[9-10]。文獻(xiàn)[11]考慮時(shí)滯影響,優(yōu)化自抗擾控制器與廣域電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定器(Power System Stabilizer, PSS)參數(shù),得到系統(tǒng)最佳阻尼。文獻(xiàn)[12]在并入PSS前提下,為使系統(tǒng)能夠承受柔性交流輸電設(shè)備嚴(yán)重故障,增加靜態(tài)同步補(bǔ)償器和靜態(tài)無功補(bǔ)償器。通過分析對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性影響及其與PSS相互作用,協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化控制器參數(shù),增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)阻尼。文獻(xiàn)[13]分析DFIG阻抗特性,選擇在轉(zhuǎn)子側(cè)變流器(Rotor Side Converter, RSC)或網(wǎng)側(cè)變流器(Gird Side Converter, GSC)引入高頻共振阻尼器,另一變換器改善電能質(zhì)量。文獻(xiàn)[14]引入功率振蕩阻尼器(Power Oscillation Damper, POD)以降低DFIG并網(wǎng)后的低頻振蕩。對(duì)DFIG和系統(tǒng)其他部分建立開環(huán)子系統(tǒng),采用平衡截?cái)喾ê?jiǎn)化傳遞函數(shù)以量化POD對(duì)DFIG振蕩的影響,將其設(shè)為約束以優(yōu)化控制器參數(shù)。文獻(xiàn)[15-16]研究了DFIG變流器PI參數(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)PI參數(shù)與系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)耦合,修改PI參數(shù)可增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)阻尼[17-18]。位于SG或DFIG的PSS結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,常用于增加阻尼[19]。為研究DFIG對(duì)系統(tǒng)阻尼影響,文獻(xiàn)[20-21]基于阻尼轉(zhuǎn)矩,分析DFIG對(duì)SG軸系影響,認(rèn)為前者可能放大系統(tǒng)振蕩甚至導(dǎo)致失穩(wěn)?;谔卣髦捣治?,文獻(xiàn)[22]提出在RSC電流控制中引入次同步諧振阻尼控制器。文獻(xiàn)[23]提出了PSS阻尼控制的序列二次規(guī)劃優(yōu)化方法,解決了由于特征值函數(shù)非光滑性而無法同時(shí)保證最優(yōu)性和收斂性的問題。文獻(xiàn)[24]推導(dǎo)DFIG-PSS傳遞函數(shù)靈敏度,基于特征值靈敏度優(yōu)化控制器參數(shù)。

上述方法都是基于特定斷面線性化,忽略了元件的非線性,不能研究大擾動(dòng)后控制效果[25]。小擾動(dòng)分析只能判斷振蕩衰減特性,不能量化一段時(shí)間內(nèi)參數(shù)偏差,而功角振蕩/失穩(wěn)是基于參數(shù)偏差定義。

軌跡靈敏度可定量描述運(yùn)行參數(shù)或結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化后系統(tǒng)軌跡變化和動(dòng)態(tài)性能[26-27]。基于軌跡靈敏度,文獻(xiàn)[28-30]對(duì)系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)、模型參數(shù)、誤差主導(dǎo)參數(shù)進(jìn)行辨識(shí);文獻(xiàn)[31]分析功角對(duì)故障切除時(shí)間靈敏度與系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系,建立穩(wěn)定評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo);文獻(xiàn)[32]基于軌跡靈敏度優(yōu)化暫態(tài)過電壓和恢復(fù)階段電壓,將非線性控制模型轉(zhuǎn)換為以控制量增量為控制變量的二次規(guī)劃模型。但是上述軌跡靈敏度均采用攝動(dòng)法,需要反復(fù)修改擾動(dòng)量、計(jì)算軌跡,過程繁瑣且計(jì)算量大。文獻(xiàn)[33]基于軌跡靈敏度,優(yōu)化DFIG附加頻率控制中低通濾波器參數(shù),為風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)功角振蕩分析與抑制提供了新思路。

為降低DFIG并網(wǎng)對(duì)系統(tǒng)功角振蕩影響,本文引入DFIG-PSS并借助軌跡靈敏度優(yōu)化其控制參數(shù)以增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)阻尼,其中難點(diǎn)在于:

(1)DFIG與SG的動(dòng)態(tài)交互,不但改變系統(tǒng)阻尼,還增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)參數(shù)耦合,需要對(duì)DFIG進(jìn)行建模并與SG聯(lián)立分析。

(2)微分方程中多狀態(tài)變量的軌跡靈敏度相互耦合,且不能區(qū)分狀態(tài)變量與代數(shù)變量的雅可比矩陣,無法借助其建立軌跡靈敏度的解析表達(dá)。

(3)在轉(zhuǎn)子側(cè)變流器有功外環(huán)引入DFIG-PSS,RSC原有控制參數(shù)控制效果可能被削弱。

針對(duì)上述問題,本文考慮SG與DFIG動(dòng)態(tài)交互,選擇SG轉(zhuǎn)速為DFIG-PSS輸入信號(hào),建立DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)模型。引入中間變量修改微分方程,將狀態(tài)變量軌跡靈敏度解耦,建立DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)軌跡靈敏度的解析表達(dá)。設(shè)定目標(biāo)函數(shù)為SG功角偏差相對(duì)值對(duì)時(shí)間積分,按仿真步長(zhǎng)累加功角對(duì)控制參數(shù)的軌跡靈敏度,得到目標(biāo)函數(shù)對(duì)控制參數(shù)的梯度信息??紤]DFIG-PSS通過RSC有功外環(huán)引入,且積分系數(shù)過大會(huì)削弱比例系數(shù)的控制效果,選擇RSC比例控制參數(shù)為待優(yōu)化變量。最后提出基于軌跡靈敏度優(yōu)化RSC和DFIG-PSS參數(shù),以提高系統(tǒng)阻尼振蕩能力。給出4機(jī)2區(qū)域系統(tǒng)仿真結(jié)果,以驗(yàn)證所提參數(shù)優(yōu)化方法的振蕩抑制效果。

1 DFIG-PSS設(shè)計(jì)思路

1.1 風(fēng)力機(jī)建模與轉(zhuǎn)子側(cè)變流器控制

風(fēng)力機(jī)建模與轉(zhuǎn)子側(cè)變流器控制風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)電力系統(tǒng)控制策略如圖1所示[34]。SG采用模型包括兩階轉(zhuǎn)子運(yùn)動(dòng)方程與三階轉(zhuǎn)子電磁暫態(tài)方程。DFIG風(fēng)力機(jī)捕獲風(fēng)能,驅(qū)動(dòng)感應(yīng)電機(jī)發(fā)電。傳動(dòng)軸采用兩質(zhì)量塊模型。變流環(huán)節(jié)由RSC、GSC和直流電容組成。RSC和GSC的功率外環(huán)與電流內(nèi)環(huán)實(shí)現(xiàn)有功/無功解耦控制。運(yùn)行參數(shù)包括電壓、電流、功率等,控制參數(shù)包括DFIG出力參考值、時(shí)間常數(shù)、PI參數(shù)等。

圖1 并網(wǎng)DFIG控制策略

風(fēng)力機(jī)捕獲功率為

式中,為空氣密度;t為風(fēng)機(jī)半徑;w為風(fēng)速;p為風(fēng)能捕捉系數(shù),p通常由風(fēng)機(jī)制造商給出,由葉尖速比和槳距角決定;1~9為擬合系數(shù);i為中間變量;t和tB分別為風(fēng)力機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速及其基準(zhǔn)值。

將風(fēng)力機(jī)與低速軸作為一質(zhì)量塊,齒輪箱與高速軸作為另一質(zhì)量塊,軸系方程為

以下基于DFIG簡(jiǎn)化模型推導(dǎo)定子出力與RSC間的關(guān)系,從而得到DFIG-PSS設(shè)計(jì)思路。第2節(jié)中DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá)和控制參數(shù)優(yōu)化,均采用詳細(xì)DFIG模型。DFIG出力包括定子出力和GSC出力。取定子電壓定向d軸,不計(jì)定子磁鏈暫態(tài)和定子電阻。聯(lián)立定子磁鏈,定子出力為

式中,為有功功率;為無功功率;為電壓;為電流;為轉(zhuǎn)速;下標(biāo)d和q分別表示d軸和q軸;下標(biāo)s、r分別表示定子和轉(zhuǎn)子參數(shù);s為定子電感,s=sσ+m;sσ為定子漏感;m為勵(lì)磁電感。

文獻(xiàn)[35]表明,在RSC有功/無功控制環(huán)并入PSS,均可改善系統(tǒng)阻尼。但是無功調(diào)制可能惡化DFIG定子暫態(tài),有功調(diào)制更為有效。轉(zhuǎn)子電流影響DFIG定子出力,可調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)子電壓以控制轉(zhuǎn)子電流。直流電壓較為穩(wěn)定,對(duì)DFIG出力影響較小。變流器控制參數(shù)不同程度地影響系統(tǒng)阻尼振蕩能力,增大GSC電流內(nèi)環(huán)比例參數(shù)和RSC有功功率外環(huán)積分參數(shù)時(shí)系統(tǒng)更容易失穩(wěn)[36]。

1.2 DFIG-PSS設(shè)計(jì)思路

DFIG與SG動(dòng)態(tài)交互邏輯如圖2所示。在大擾動(dòng)后,SG機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)矩與電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩不平衡,轉(zhuǎn)速變化,吸收或釋放動(dòng)能以維持穩(wěn)定性。而DFIG沒有功角穩(wěn)定概念;采用變流器控制,導(dǎo)致DFIG與系統(tǒng)解耦,不能主動(dòng)響應(yīng)外部擾動(dòng)。因此大規(guī)模風(fēng)電接入可能導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)阻尼降低。為此在RSC有功外環(huán)引入DFIG-PSS,增加有功調(diào)制信號(hào)wpss以吸收或釋放DFIG轉(zhuǎn)子動(dòng)能[37],提高系統(tǒng)抑制功角振蕩的能力。

圖2 DFIG與SG間動(dòng)態(tài)交互邏輯

參考SG-PSS,DFIG-PSS包括:增益環(huán)節(jié),增加阻尼;隔直環(huán)節(jié),維持信號(hào)恒定四個(gè)部分[38];兩個(gè)超前滯后環(huán)節(jié),用于相位補(bǔ)償??紤]SG轉(zhuǎn)速變化是功角振蕩主要原因,取前者為DFIG-PSS輸入,通過調(diào)節(jié)DFIG轉(zhuǎn)子電流,改變有功輸出以阻尼功角振蕩。

2 DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá)

含DFIG電力系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)特性描述為

式中,、、、分別為系統(tǒng)微分方程、代數(shù)方程、狀態(tài)變量和代數(shù)變量;w為RSC控制參數(shù);wpss為DFIG-PSS控制參數(shù);為時(shí)間;下標(biāo)0表示初值。區(qū)分狀態(tài)變量和代數(shù)變量,以控制參數(shù)描述系統(tǒng)參數(shù)軌跡為

式中,=[wwpss]。在=0處泰勒展開并忽略高階項(xiàng),得到

式中,x()和y()分別為()和()對(duì)的軌跡靈敏度。當(dāng)D足夠小時(shí),式(7)近似為式(8),該軌跡靈敏度求解方法稱為攝動(dòng)法,其缺點(diǎn)是在計(jì)算多個(gè)軌跡靈敏度時(shí),過程繁瑣,計(jì)算量較大。

為此推導(dǎo)軌跡靈敏度的解析表達(dá)。對(duì)式(5)微分方程進(jìn)行積分,并對(duì)求偏導(dǎo)得

本文控制參數(shù)w和wpss均不影響穩(wěn)態(tài)初值,因此軌跡靈敏度初值為零。系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)變量為和的連續(xù)函數(shù),對(duì)參數(shù)與時(shí)間求導(dǎo)可交換順序,可得

類似對(duì)代數(shù)方程進(jìn)行積分、求導(dǎo),最后得DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá)為

式(11)第一行左端含有多個(gè)狀態(tài)變量且為非線性方程,各變量軌跡靈敏度耦合,不易直接計(jì)算。為此引入中間變量,使?fàn)顟B(tài)變量和狀態(tài)方程解耦,以便后續(xù)建立軌跡靈敏度的解析表達(dá)。針對(duì)本文研究對(duì)象(DFIG-PSS與RSC控制參數(shù)),以下給出解耦過程。定義中間變量1、2、3、4、1、2、3為

根據(jù)式(12),聯(lián)立RSC功率外環(huán)和電流內(nèi)環(huán)控制方程,轉(zhuǎn)換微分方程中狀態(tài)變量,可得

式中,s*和s*分別為定子有功功率和無功功率參考值。

根據(jù)式(13),聯(lián)立DFIG-PSS方程并轉(zhuǎn)換為

式(16)~式(18)左端僅有一個(gè)狀態(tài)變量,系統(tǒng)所有狀態(tài)變量(包括新增中間變量)在左端行成一個(gè)對(duì)角矩陣,狀態(tài)變量軌跡靈敏度解耦。狀態(tài)變量與代數(shù)變量的雅可比矩陣分別在矩陣上層與下層。

本文待優(yōu)化控制參數(shù)僅出現(xiàn)在式(12)和式(13),因此f=0,ga=0。對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)換后式(11)進(jìn)行差分,得到對(duì)軌跡靈敏度為

式中,D為時(shí)域仿真步長(zhǎng);為單位矩陣;和+1分別表示前后時(shí)刻。

3 基于軌跡靈敏度的參數(shù)優(yōu)化

3.1 目標(biāo)函數(shù)、約束條件及檢驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的設(shè)計(jì)

為抑制SG功角振蕩,以暫態(tài)過程中SG功角差與其穩(wěn)態(tài)值比值二次方的積分,作為性能指標(biāo)。為消除功角初值大小影響,取功角偏差相對(duì)值,建立目標(biāo)函數(shù)為

式中,δ()為第臺(tái)SG在時(shí)刻的功角值;f為時(shí)域仿真結(jié)束時(shí)刻;SG為SG數(shù)量。

按仿真步長(zhǎng)劃分暫態(tài)過程時(shí)間段,累加各時(shí)段功角對(duì)的軌跡靈敏度,得對(duì)的梯度信息為

式中,為時(shí)域仿真步長(zhǎng)數(shù);δ,a(t)為第個(gè)SG功角對(duì)控制參數(shù)在t時(shí)刻的軌跡靈敏度。

由圖2得DFIG-PSS傳遞函數(shù)式為

將DFIG-PSS輸入比較點(diǎn)和d軸轉(zhuǎn)子電流比較點(diǎn)后移,得到RSC等效有功控制如圖3所示。

忽略定子有功擾動(dòng),得DFIG-PSS參數(shù)與RSC有功控制間關(guān)系式為

式中,2和3為PI環(huán)節(jié)傳遞函數(shù)。由此可見DFIG-PSS影響RSC控制參數(shù),需要協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化兩者參數(shù)。

DFIG-PSS參數(shù)中,s、2、4慣性較強(qiáng),對(duì)控制效果影響不大,依據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)取s=5s,2=4= 0.2s[9,25]。wpss、1、3對(duì)控制效果影響較大。DFIG-PSS輸出是RSC功率外環(huán)的輸入,可能降低后者控制效果,且RSC積分系數(shù)較小,否則將削弱比例系數(shù)控制效果和系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性[16,36]。因此建立約束條件式為

式中,上標(biāo)min與max分別表示下限和上限。

考慮SG與DFIG動(dòng)態(tài)交互,借助軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá),統(tǒng)一優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù),增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)阻尼,改善系統(tǒng)功角穩(wěn)定,抑制DFIG振蕩?;谲壽E靈敏度的DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù)優(yōu)化流程如圖4所示,其中加粗字體為重點(diǎn)和創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。相比文獻(xiàn)[35]只對(duì)風(fēng)力機(jī)控制參數(shù)優(yōu)化,本文關(guān)注問題不同,且協(xié)調(diào)范圍更大一些??紤]目標(biāo)函數(shù)非線性,采用內(nèi)點(diǎn)法求解,后者需要目標(biāo)函數(shù)和約束條件的一階和二階梯度。為減小計(jì)算量,采用BFGS算法得到海森矩陣。

圖4 基于軌跡靈敏度的DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù)優(yōu)化

定義功角差振幅最大優(yōu)化比例wa,即最大優(yōu)化量Dmax與優(yōu)化前的最大振蕩幅值max的比值,以檢驗(yàn)參數(shù)優(yōu)化效果。以功角差初值±5%為基準(zhǔn),定義功角差最大收斂提前比例cr,為優(yōu)化后收斂時(shí)間craf與優(yōu)化前收斂時(shí)間cr的比值。定義DFIG功率振蕩幅值最大優(yōu)化比例po,為最大功率優(yōu)化量Dmax與優(yōu)化前的最大功率max的比值。wa、cr、po表達(dá)式為

3.2 算法適用性討論

風(fēng)力機(jī)捕捉風(fēng)能與風(fēng)速大小有關(guān)。當(dāng)風(fēng)速低于額定風(fēng)速時(shí),槳距角不啟動(dòng),風(fēng)機(jī)運(yùn)行于最大功率點(diǎn)跟蹤方式,風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速隨風(fēng)速變化,得到最佳葉尖速比和最大捕獲功率。當(dāng)風(fēng)速繼續(xù)增加,風(fēng)力機(jī)將處于恒轉(zhuǎn)速方式(轉(zhuǎn)速上限)。當(dāng)風(fēng)速繼續(xù)增加,風(fēng)力機(jī)通過增加槳距角或者降低轉(zhuǎn)速,處于恒功率方式(額定功率)。當(dāng)風(fēng)速稍高于切入風(fēng)速時(shí),風(fēng)力機(jī)處于恒轉(zhuǎn)速方式(轉(zhuǎn)速下限),可類似建模。上述風(fēng)速和風(fēng)力機(jī)運(yùn)行方式變化,影響轉(zhuǎn)速和槳距角取值,但是不影響本文控制參數(shù)優(yōu)化算法。

實(shí)際風(fēng)電場(chǎng)內(nèi)各DFIG風(fēng)速、集電線路阻抗不同,對(duì)于電網(wǎng)影響和貢獻(xiàn)也存在一定差異。將風(fēng)電場(chǎng)等效為一臺(tái)DFIG[39-40],可以減小計(jì)算規(guī)模、改善收斂性,適合電場(chǎng)內(nèi)風(fēng)速變化不大、集電阻抗很小的場(chǎng)景。一般來說,如果研究對(duì)象只是風(fēng)電場(chǎng),應(yīng)對(duì)每臺(tái)DFIG進(jìn)行建模;如果是電力系統(tǒng),可以適當(dāng)?shù)戎碉L(fēng)電場(chǎng)。本文研究對(duì)象是風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)后電力系統(tǒng)功角穩(wěn)定性,風(fēng)電場(chǎng)等值處理對(duì)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定影響較為有限,因此可以等值風(fēng)電場(chǎng)。如果需要考慮風(fēng)速差異,可以將同一饋線上一串DFIG等值為一臺(tái),從而用有限幾臺(tái)DFIG來等效風(fēng)電場(chǎng)。風(fēng)電場(chǎng)或DFIG數(shù)量,不影響本文算法適用性。

本文所提基于軌跡靈敏度的風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)控制優(yōu)化算法,適用于不同運(yùn)行場(chǎng)景、故障模式、電網(wǎng)安全問題、待優(yōu)化參數(shù)。從實(shí)際運(yùn)行角度考慮,控制參數(shù)設(shè)置應(yīng)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。因此所設(shè)定控制參數(shù)應(yīng)該對(duì)其他運(yùn)行方式和故障模式具有一定適應(yīng)能力。一般來說,控制優(yōu)化很難界定適用范圍,但是通過設(shè)置不同擾動(dòng)/故障模式,可以檢驗(yàn)算法應(yīng)用效果。

4 仿真驗(yàn)證

針對(duì)所提算法編寫Matlab程序。計(jì)算機(jī)配置:Intel(R) Core(TM)i5-3470 CPU,3.20 GHz,4GB內(nèi)存。完成一次時(shí)域仿真時(shí)間約為12.64s。計(jì)算軌跡靈敏度時(shí)間21.05s。優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS時(shí)間218.29s,優(yōu)化RSC時(shí)間263.64s,統(tǒng)一優(yōu)化時(shí)間為396.59s。

選擇4機(jī)2區(qū)域系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,四機(jī)兩區(qū)域測(cè)試系統(tǒng)如圖5所示。SG參數(shù)見文獻(xiàn)[33],取SG1為平衡機(jī)組,負(fù)荷采用恒阻抗模型。在節(jié)點(diǎn)7連接一個(gè)風(fēng)電場(chǎng),其由2串組成,各有25臺(tái)DFIG,風(fēng)速分別為9m/s和11m/s。DFIG單機(jī)參數(shù)見附表1和附表2[14]??紤]風(fēng)速間的差異,將每串等值為一臺(tái),共有兩臺(tái)DFIG。

圖5 四機(jī)兩區(qū)域測(cè)試系統(tǒng)

4.1 DFIG并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)

設(shè)9號(hào)節(jié)點(diǎn)0.5s時(shí)三相短路,0.1s后故障清除。有無DFIG時(shí)的SG有功功率如圖6所示,DFIG并網(wǎng)影響系統(tǒng)潮流,改變節(jié)點(diǎn)電壓和相位、SG出力,SG振蕩振幅及持續(xù)時(shí)間增加。有無DFIG-PSS時(shí)的DFIG1轉(zhuǎn)子電流如圖7所示,其振蕩幅值與持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯增加。引入DFIG-PSS后,增加有功調(diào)制信號(hào),在增加電網(wǎng)阻尼能力的同時(shí),削弱了RSC控制效果。

圖6 有無DFIG時(shí)的SG有功功率

圖7 有無DFIG-PSS時(shí)的DFIG1轉(zhuǎn)子電流

取攝動(dòng)值10–5(pu),采用攝動(dòng)法計(jì)算軌跡靈敏度,檢驗(yàn)本文解析表達(dá)精度。兩種方式下,SG1和SG3功角對(duì)DFIG1參數(shù)1和p4的軌跡靈敏度基本重合,如圖8所示。軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá)的誤差見表1,最大誤差0.783 69 %,驗(yàn)證了所提解析表達(dá)的正確性。

圖8 SG功角對(duì)控制參數(shù)的軌跡靈敏度

Fig.8 Trajectory sensitivity of power angle of SG to control parameter

表1 軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá)的誤差

Tab.1 Error of analytical expression of trajectory sensitivity

(續(xù))

保持RSC比例參數(shù)不變,增加積分參數(shù),見表2,設(shè)計(jì)a、b、c三個(gè)方案,兩臺(tái)SG間功角差仿真結(jié)果如圖9所示。隨i增加,SG功角振蕩峰值增加。當(dāng)i3和i4取10-1數(shù)量級(jí),系統(tǒng)功角失穩(wěn)。

表2 RSC積分控制參數(shù)的取值

Tab.2 Values of the RSC integral control parameters

圖9 RSC不同ki下SG功角差

4.2 優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS控制參數(shù)

保持RSC控制參數(shù)不變,DFIG-PSS1和DFIG-PSS2的控制參數(shù)wpss、1、3均分別為-1.85、0.65s、0.65s??烧{(diào)范圍均分別為[–2.5, 15]、[0.527s,0.85s]、[0.527s,0.85s]。取收斂精度為10–6,優(yōu)化上述參數(shù),20次迭代后收斂。最優(yōu)值wpss1=14.95,wpss2=14.75,11=31=0.75s,12=32=0.723s。優(yōu)化前后SG功角差如圖10所示。優(yōu)化前,系統(tǒng)對(duì)振蕩阻尼能力較弱,23和23振幅較大且長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不能平穩(wěn)。優(yōu)化后,系統(tǒng)阻尼能力增強(qiáng),功角振幅降低,持續(xù)時(shí)間減小,收斂時(shí)間提前。優(yōu)化后SG功角差的最大優(yōu)化比例wa和最大收斂提前比例cr見表3。23的wa最大為47.88%。cr最大為83.23%(32.518s),23在6.551s時(shí)開始收斂。以上結(jié)果證明了所提DFIG-PSS參數(shù)優(yōu)化方法對(duì)提高系統(tǒng)抑制功角振蕩的能力具有積極作用。

圖10 優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS參數(shù)前后SG功角差

表3 優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS后SGs功角差的wa和cr

Tab.3 Mwa and Mcr of power angle difference between SGs after optimization to DFIG-PSS

4.3 優(yōu)化RSC控制參數(shù)

DFIG1和DFIG2控制參數(shù)p1~p4初值分別為0.57、0.65、0.02、0.047 5,可調(diào)范圍[0.52,0.75]、[0.51,0.67 5]、[0.018 5,0.068 5]、[0.01,0.057]。經(jīng)14次迭代后優(yōu)化收斂,DFIG1最優(yōu)值為0.725、0.52、0.065、0.012 5,DFIG2最優(yōu)值為0.717、0.54、0.063 2、0.013 6。DFIG出力和SG功角差如圖11所示。優(yōu)化前,SG功角振幅大,持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。優(yōu)化后,SG功角振幅和持續(xù)時(shí)間減小,阻尼振蕩能力加強(qiáng)。

優(yōu)化RSC參數(shù)后DFIG出力的po和cr及SGs 功角差的wa和cr見表4。功率振幅最大優(yōu)化比例po達(dá)9.19 %,提前2.797s(24.28 %)收斂。SG功角差wa最大達(dá)6.67 %,14最大提前5.127s(13.15 %)收斂。

表4 優(yōu)化RSC參數(shù)后DFIG出力的po和cr及SGs功角差的wa和cr

Tab.4 Mpo and Mcr of the DFIG output and Mwa and Mcr of power angle difference betweensGs after optimization to RSC parameters

4.4 優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS和RSC控制參數(shù)

保持DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù)初值和取值范圍、優(yōu)化收斂精度不變。同時(shí)優(yōu)化兩者,經(jīng)過25次迭代后收斂。僅優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS和同時(shí)優(yōu)化兩者參數(shù)的SG功角差如圖12所示,其振蕩幅值及持續(xù)時(shí)間均明顯減小。

圖12 優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù)后SGs功角差

優(yōu)化兩參數(shù)后功角差的wa和cr見表5,振蕩幅值最大優(yōu)化比例為20.45%,最大提前2.761s(39.19 %)收斂。同時(shí)優(yōu)化兩者,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)了系統(tǒng)阻尼振蕩的能力,證明了本文所提DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù)優(yōu)化方法對(duì)于提高系統(tǒng)抑制DFIG并網(wǎng)振蕩的能力起積極作用。

表5 優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS和RSC參數(shù)后功角差的wa和cr

Tab.5 Mwa and Mcr of power angle difference between SGs after optimization DFIG-PSS and RSC parameters

為檢驗(yàn)所提算法適應(yīng)性,新增以下仿真場(chǎng)景:

場(chǎng)景一:將三相短路地點(diǎn)由節(jié)點(diǎn)9改為節(jié)點(diǎn)5,0.5s時(shí)故障發(fā)生,0.1s后故障切除。

場(chǎng)景二:兩臺(tái)DFIG風(fēng)速分別由9m/s和11m/s改為11m/s和13m/s,0.5s時(shí)節(jié)點(diǎn)9三相短路,0.1s后故障切除。

場(chǎng)景三:0.5s時(shí),節(jié)點(diǎn)4突增100MW負(fù)荷。

附圖1、附圖2和附圖3分別給出三個(gè)場(chǎng)景的仿真結(jié)果。相比優(yōu)化前,優(yōu)化后功角振蕩幅值和持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯降低。由于增益系數(shù)較大,有功負(fù)荷突増后功角振蕩幅值較大,但是收斂時(shí)間顯著減少,控制參數(shù)優(yōu)化依然有效。

5 結(jié)論

本文以SG轉(zhuǎn)速為DFIG-PSS輸入信號(hào),得到DFIG并網(wǎng)電力系統(tǒng)擾動(dòng)后軌跡靈敏度的解析表達(dá)。為抑制SG功角振蕩,取目標(biāo)函數(shù)為SG功角差相對(duì)值二次方的積分,基于軌跡靈敏度提供的梯度信息,優(yōu)化DFIG控制參數(shù)。考慮DFIG-PSS可能弱化RSC控制效果,協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化兩者控制參數(shù)。仿真結(jié)果表明:

1)所建立軌跡靈敏度解析表達(dá)誤差較小,可準(zhǔn)確量化控制參數(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)功角振蕩的影響。

2)相比于僅優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS參數(shù),同時(shí)優(yōu)化DFIG-PSS參數(shù)與RSC比例系數(shù),在減緩DFIG振蕩的同時(shí),可增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)阻尼,減小SG間功角差振幅。

3)RSC功率外環(huán)比例系數(shù)增大,電流內(nèi)環(huán)比例系數(shù)減小,可有效調(diào)節(jié)DFIG輸出功率,降低系統(tǒng)振蕩風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

實(shí)際電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行中穩(wěn)定控制的設(shè)備很多。從實(shí)際應(yīng)用考慮,下一步可以研究SG與DFIG控制參數(shù)的協(xié)調(diào)優(yōu)化。

附表1 2 MW雙饋風(fēng)電機(jī)組結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)

App.Tab.1 Configurational parameters of 2MW DFIG

參數(shù)數(shù)值參數(shù)數(shù)值 額定電壓/V690直流電容/F0.02 額定功率/MW2直流電壓/V1 200 葉片半徑Rt/m34c10.73 定子電阻(pu)0.032 88c2151 轉(zhuǎn)子電阻(pu)0.044 9c30.58 勵(lì)磁電感Lm(pu)6.552 7c40.002 定子漏感Lsσ(pu)0.442 41c52.14 轉(zhuǎn)子漏感(pu)0.449 55c613.2 轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量Hr/s0.7c718.4 風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量Ht/s3c8-0.02 阻尼系數(shù)D(pu)2.4c9-0.003

附表2 DFIG PI控制參數(shù)

App.Tab.2 PI control parameters of the DFIG

控制器位置控制參數(shù) kpki 槳距角62.546 4×10-4 RSC功率環(huán)外環(huán)0.570.042 0 內(nèi)環(huán)0.520.055 4 電流環(huán)外環(huán)0.047 52.100 9×10-4 內(nèi)環(huán)0.047 52.100 9×10-4 GSC功率環(huán)外環(huán)1.649.549 3×10-4 內(nèi)環(huán)1.649.549 3×10-4 電流環(huán)外環(huán)0.46.047 9×10-4 內(nèi)環(huán)0.46.047 9×10-4

附圖1 節(jié)點(diǎn)5三相短路后參數(shù)優(yōu)化效果

App.Fig.1Effect of parameter optimization after 3-phase fault at bus 5

附圖2 風(fēng)速突變后參數(shù)優(yōu)化效果

App.Fig.2Effect of parameter optimization after sudden change of wind speed

附圖3 負(fù)荷突增后參數(shù)優(yōu)化效果

App.Fig.3Effect of parameter optimization after sudden change of load

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Power Angle Oscillation Control of Power Grid Based on Control Parameter Optimization of Doubly-Fed Wind Turbine Generator

Li Shenghu Zhang Yahai Ye Jianqiao Li Yikai Tao Diwen

(School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China)

With the increasing wind turbine generators integrated partially or completely through the converters, the damping capability of the power system is decreased, which will intensify the dynamic interaction among the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) and the synchronous generators (SGs), and yield the power angle oscillation among the SGs. The angular oscillation is usually suppressed by the power system stabilizer (PSS) installed at the SGs. It may also be suppressed by the PSS at the DFIGs, i.e. DFIG-PSS, or by adjusting the control parameters of the DFIGs. The DFIG-PSS is often installed at the outer loop of the rotor-side converter (RSC). The control effect of the RSC may be weakened by the DFIG-PSS. Hence the control parameters of the DFIG-PSS and the RSC are to be optimized together. The parameter optimization based on the eigenvalue analysis is for small disturbances. It does not consider the system nonlinearity and large disturbance, hence is incompetent to suppress the oscillation which is usually quantified by a period of dynamic process.

In this paper, a coordinated optimization model to the parameters of the DFIG-PSS and the RSC based on the trajectory sensitivity is newly proposed. The DFIG-PSS is designed to suppress the power angle oscillation by controlling the DFIGs to absorb or release the energy. The dynamic model of power system with the control strategy of the DFIG including the DFIG-PSS is derived. The intermediate variables are introduced to the differential equations to decouple the trajectory sensitivities. The Jacobian matrices of the state variables and the algebraic variables are distinguished to derive the analytical expression of the trajectory sensitivities, which is computationally efficient than deriving the trajectory sensitivities from the parameter perturbation method. Then the gradient information of the objective function with respect to the control parameters is obtained. Based on the location of the DFIG-PSS and the relation of the PI parameters, the control parameters to be optimized are decided. With the gradients, the interior-point method is applied to optimize the parameters of both the DFIG-PSS and the RSC.

Based on above algorithm, the Matlab program for the dynamic control and the angular oscillation of the power system with the DFIGs is written by the authors. The simulation results on the 4-SG 2-area test system are given to verify the control effect. It is shown that the relation between the control parameters and the power angle oscillation is quantified by the gradient derived from the analytical expression of the trajectory sensitivity with desirable accuracy. After the optimization, the gain of the outer active power loop of the RSC increases, and the gain of the inner current loop decreases, which help to regulate the output of the DFIG and reduce the risk of the angular oscillation. It is also found that the parameter optimization to both the DFIG-PSS and the RSC has better effect on reducing the amplitude of the power angle difference and accelerating the convergence than optimizing the DFIG-PSS only.

The proposed algorithm is beneficial to the wind turbine generators, e.g. the DFIGs, functioning similarly as the SGs and participating into the system stability control. With more and more SGs displaced by the wind turbine generators, the proposed algorithm may be applied to improve the angular and oscillational stability of the power systems.

Power angle oscillation, parameter optimization, trajectory sensitivity, doubly-fed induction generator, power system stabilizer

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51877061)。

2021-10-21

2022-01-21

10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.211662

TM712; TM614

李生虎 男,1974年生,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)電力系統(tǒng)分析與控制、電力系統(tǒng)可靠性與概率仿真、高壓直流和柔性交流輸電技術(shù)。E-mail:shenghuli@hfut.edu.cn(通信作者)

張亞海 男,1994年生,碩士研究生,研究方向風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)電力系統(tǒng)分析與控制。E-mail:2019110363@mail.hfut.edu.cn

(編輯 赫蕾)

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