田昊 王曉剛
摘 ? ? 要|心理疾病污名是指個(gè)體在社會互動中對心理疾病患者存有的負(fù)面評價(jià)、消極情感體驗(yàn)和歧視。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者同樣對心理疾病患者存在污名,這不僅嚴(yán)重影響了患者的治療和康復(fù),還降低了其對從事自身職業(yè)的意愿和信心。本文就心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名進(jìn)行綜述,重點(diǎn)闡述其對患者和從業(yè) 者自身的負(fù)面影響,同時(shí)梳理了三種常用的教育、接觸及教育和接觸結(jié)合的干預(yù)措施并強(qiáng)調(diào)了各自的不足之 處,幫助心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者認(rèn)識和減少自身的心理疾病污名,從而提升服務(wù)效果并促進(jìn)專業(yè)素養(yǎng)的發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞|心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者;心理疾病污名;心理疾病患者
Copyright ? 2022 by author (s) and SciScan Publishing Limited
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
1 引言
據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織統(tǒng)計(jì),世界上約有八分之一的人患有心理疾病,特別在疫情期間,抑郁癥和焦慮癥等疾病的發(fā)病率增加了 25%,心理疾病患者數(shù)目增加了近 10 億人[1]。在我國,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展,人民群眾的心理壓力水平不斷升高,進(jìn)而造成種種心理問題。黃悅勤于 2019 年發(fā)布在《柳葉刀》上的中國精神障礙流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,目前我國精神障礙的終身患病率為 16.6%,這意味著我國民眾一生中有超過六分之一的概率會患精神障礙,然而我國對心理疾病的診斷和治療嚴(yán)重不足,就診率還不到 10%[2]。而心理疾病污名是阻礙人們求助的重要因素。心理疾病污名是指個(gè)體在社會互動中對心理疾病患者存 有的負(fù)面評價(jià)、消極情感體驗(yàn)和歧視[3]。心理疾病污名不僅嚴(yán)重影響了患者的治療和康復(fù),同時(shí)也對 患者身邊的人乃至心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,降低患者生活質(zhì)量,其危害甚至比心理疾病本 身更嚴(yán)重[4,5]。
我國于 2017 年發(fā)布的《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)心理健康服務(wù)的指導(dǎo)意見》中明確要求加強(qiáng)醫(yī)學(xué)、教育、康復(fù)、社工等相關(guān)專業(yè)學(xué)生的心理學(xué)理論教學(xué)和實(shí)踐技能培養(yǎng),同時(shí)加強(qiáng)精神科醫(yī)師、護(hù)士、心理治療師、心理咨詢師、康復(fù)師、醫(yī)務(wù)社會工作者服務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)[6]。雖然在以往關(guān)于心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者的定義中 并不包括社工人員,但近年來,無論是從國家政策還是服務(wù)實(shí)踐都有社工的身影,因此,本文定義的心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者(后文簡稱從業(yè)者)主要是指提供心理健康宣傳教育、心理咨詢、危機(jī)干預(yù)、心理治療等服務(wù)的精神科醫(yī)生、護(hù)士、心理治療師、心理咨詢師、康復(fù)師及社會工作者等專業(yè)從業(yè)者,而在心理健康服務(wù)人才培養(yǎng)上,我國的心理健康服務(wù)人才大多是從學(xué)校里培養(yǎng)出來的,很多是心理學(xué)專業(yè)和醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)。因此醫(yī)學(xué)生及心理學(xué)學(xué)生作為心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者的后備軍也將在本文中分開討論。
目前,關(guān)于心理疾病態(tài)度的大部分研究都集中在公眾的態(tài)度和信念上,而較少關(guān)注從業(yè)者的態(tài)度[7]。盡管如此,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明,從業(yè)者也和公眾一樣對心理疾病患者持有污名態(tài)度,甚至比公眾更認(rèn)同對心理疾病患者的刻板印象[8,9]。而從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度會直接影響到患者的就醫(yī)行為、就醫(yī)質(zhì)量和康復(fù),除此之外還可能會影響到公眾對心理疾病患者的態(tài)度[10,11]。因此,針對從業(yè)者群體污名化嚴(yán)重、影響惡劣、干預(yù)缺乏的情況,本文主要對從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名影響及干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行討論,希望對未來從業(yè)者的人才培養(yǎng)提供參考和幫助。
2 從業(yè)者心理疾病污名對患者和自身的影響
對患者的影響
對患者求助和依從性的影響
心理健康服務(wù)依從性(Adherence of Mental Health Services)是指心理健康服務(wù)對象對職業(yè)康復(fù)、社會技能訓(xùn)練、家庭干預(yù)和個(gè)人成長等心理健康服務(wù)的參與程度[12,13]。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),由于患者可能預(yù)料到將在醫(yī)務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)受到歧視和偏見,所以很多心理疾病患者都選擇不接受治療,即便是治療中的患者其依從性也很差,提前終止治療的狀況也屢見不鮮[14,15]。即使是在治療中,從業(yè)者對待心理疾病的消極態(tài)度還是會對患者及其家人產(chǎn)生消極影響,阻礙患者接受治療,甚至影響到患者的治療信心、治療依從性, 以及能否正??祻?fù)[16-19]。
對患者接受治療和護(hù)理的影響
一般來說,進(jìn)入醫(yī)務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的第一步就是要進(jìn)行心理疾病的診斷,但不幸的是,心理疾病診斷會通過貼標(biāo)簽的方式給患者增加污名[20]。并且在診斷時(shí),心理疾病污名可能會使從業(yè)者對評估患者的健康狀 況產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)影響:首先,從業(yè)者可能無法與患者充分接觸以更深入地了解其問題所在;其次,心理疾病污名還會影響到臨床治療,比如影響臨床決策[21]、負(fù)面預(yù)測患者預(yù)后[22]和過度診斷[23],使情況惡化。除了醫(yī)生對其的污名影響外,在護(hù)理方面,患者也常常遭受污名[24],這就導(dǎo)致患者常常無法獲得與其 他疾病患者相等同的護(hù)理措施[25]。
這些研究表明不論是醫(yī)務(wù)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的精神科醫(yī)生還是護(hù)士,都對心理疾病患者存在污名態(tài)度,這種負(fù)面的態(tài)度嚴(yán)重影響了患者在醫(yī)務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的就診和治療,造成了患者依從性差、時(shí)常提前終止治療的情況發(fā)生。
對從業(yè)者自身的影響
對從業(yè)者服務(wù)工作的影響
目前關(guān)于從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名研究較少,但仍有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)精神科醫(yī)生、醫(yī)學(xué)生等心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者都對心理疾病患者存在污名態(tài)度,并且比預(yù)期要高得多[9,26]。另外,與全科醫(yī)生、臨床心理學(xué)家 和心理健康護(hù)士相比,精神科醫(yī)生對心理疾病更為悲觀[27,28],即使是專業(yè)的精神科醫(yī)生也可能對心理 疾病患者懷有刻板印象并歧視“精神病”人[16,29,30]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一些從業(yè)者對患者的康復(fù)并不抱有 期待[31],他們也更不愿意跟心理疾病患者接觸[32],就算是那些對心理疾病患者持有積極態(tài)度的從業(yè)者, 仍希望與心理疾病患者保持一定的社交距離[8,33,34]。特別是當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)復(fù)雜、多維問題的時(shí)候,這種 影響更為強(qiáng)烈[28]。
對心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者社會功能的影響
受到污名的影響,從業(yè)者常常不被視為真正的衛(wèi)生人員,這大大增加了他們對心理疾病的污名態(tài)度, 降低了他們從事該行業(yè)的意愿和信心[16,35]。不僅如此,從業(yè)者還要飽受種種負(fù)面評價(jià):公眾認(rèn)為心理 治療毫無作用甚至可能有害,認(rèn)為精神科醫(yī)生是過度依賴藥物的低級醫(yī)生;醫(yī)學(xué)生則認(rèn)為精神科醫(yī)生地位低下,也可能“不正常”;患者及其家屬認(rèn)為從業(yè)者是污名的根源;而媒體則認(rèn)為其沒有真正的學(xué)術(shù)水準(zhǔn)[36]。這些負(fù)面評價(jià)對從業(yè)者產(chǎn)生了連帶污名,無論是從業(yè)者對心理疾病的污名還是其本身受到的 連帶污名都會阻礙從業(yè)者為患者提供更好的服務(wù),加深他們的職業(yè)倦?。?7],進(jìn)而增加其對心理疾病污 名的認(rèn)可。反過來,從業(yè)者受到的污名會惡化他們服務(wù)的患者的自我污名及治療滿意度[38]。
綜上所述,從業(yè)者所持有的心理疾病污名對患者的求助、治療依從性、治療、護(hù)理、預(yù)后,甚至是自身的服務(wù)工作和社會功能都受到了不同程度的影響。即使是再積極的服務(wù)從業(yè)者也難逃污名,對心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者的污名干預(yù)已經(jīng)走到了刻不容緩的境地。
3 對從業(yè)者心理疾病污名的干預(yù)
心理疾病污名對從業(yè)者和患者的危害巨大,因此,需要對從業(yè)者采取干預(yù)措施,以促使他們反思和認(rèn)識自己對待心理疾病患者的污名態(tài)度[39]。目前心理學(xué)家們開發(fā)了各種干預(yù)措施,其中,抗議、教育和接觸是三種常用的去污名手段,而針對從業(yè)者的常用干預(yù)措施主要為教育、接觸以及教育和接觸相結(jié)合的方法,但這三種策略又都有他們各自的局限性。
教育干預(yù)
教育干預(yù)的主旨是向公眾宣傳和普及關(guān)于心理疾病的信息,樹立正確的心理疾病態(tài)度,從而消除誤解、降低偏見[40]。對從業(yè)者進(jìn)行教育,使他們了解污名態(tài)度和污名行為,以及這種態(tài)度和行為將對患者的信任、希望、康復(fù)機(jī)會和生活質(zhì)量可能造成的損害,這對于減少污名至關(guān)重要。
在職群體的教育干預(yù)
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心理學(xué)家或精神科專家可以舉辦課程及教育培訓(xùn)活動幫助從業(yè)者提高心理疾病相關(guān)知識, 為患者提供更好的心理健康服務(wù),減少公眾及從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名[41]。例如,斯圖爾(Stull)的一項(xiàng)研究表明,接受過高級心理健康培訓(xùn)的從業(yè)者對心理疾病患者表現(xiàn)出較少的污名態(tài)度[42],這得到了很多證實(shí)[42-45]。除國外的研究外,我國研究者李潔對廣州 8 個(gè)地區(qū)的 99 名社區(qū)心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者進(jìn)行為期一天的課程培訓(xùn),并在開始前后調(diào)查其相關(guān)知識及污名態(tài)度,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)課程培訓(xùn)顯著提高了從業(yè)者對心理疾病患者的態(tài)度,拉近了雙方之間的社會距離[46]。與此同時(shí),線上教育干預(yù)的有效性也在專家的考慮范圍之內(nèi),有學(xué)者調(diào)查了針對從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育培訓(xùn)的有效性[47],結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)向精神病學(xué)家和精神科住院醫(yī)生傳遞的反污名運(yùn)動也可以有效地減少對心理疾病患者的污名。雖然不同類型的教育培訓(xùn)都可以有效降低從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度,但目前包括醫(yī)生及護(hù)理人員在內(nèi)的心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者都普遍缺乏針對心理疾病污名方面的教育培訓(xùn)[41,48,49],并且只有少數(shù)的研究檢查了教育干預(yù)在減少醫(yī)務(wù)服務(wù)從業(yè)者心理疾病污名方面的功效[50]。
學(xué)生群體的教育干預(yù)
傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)歷教育也是教育干預(yù)的一種常見方法。雖然有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[51],隨著精神病學(xué)教育水平的提升, 污名程度會隨著降低,但一項(xiàng)針對中國 1372 名醫(yī)學(xué)生的橫斷面調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)教育在對去污名方 面作用不大[52,53]。對心理疾病患者的污名態(tài)度甚至可能隨著年級的提升而增加。在另一項(xiàng)測量醫(yī)學(xué)生 對待心理疾病的態(tài)度的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)高年級醫(yī)學(xué)生的心理疾病污名高于低年級學(xué)生,具體表現(xiàn)為高年級的醫(yī)學(xué)生更愿意對患有心理疾病的患者使用貶義詞,并且更不愿意透露已有的患心理疾病經(jīng)歷[54,55]。 與此同時(shí),我國大部分醫(yī)學(xué)院校也沒有進(jìn)行足夠的醫(yī)學(xué)人文教育,這就導(dǎo)致醫(yī)學(xué)生的醫(yī)術(shù)和移情能力發(fā)展不平衡,從而可能影響醫(yī)學(xué)生和患者之間的關(guān)系[56]。
教育干預(yù)的不足
教育干預(yù)也有種種缺點(diǎn):第一,有效期較短。近期有研究調(diào)查了以去污名為主題的教育干預(yù)(研討會) 對大三心理學(xué)學(xué)生污名態(tài)度的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)教育干預(yù)只帶來短期的成效,而沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)長期的效益[64]。第二,歸因方式可能會起到反效果。通過將心理疾病定義為生物遺傳因素來減少污名的教育方式反而會加劇污名[60]。第三,傳統(tǒng)學(xué)歷教育作用不大,同時(shí)還缺少對教育環(huán)境的重視。除了教育本身的作用外, 良好的教育環(huán)境對改善心理疾病污名極為重要,有研究表明當(dāng)教授表現(xiàn)較少的污名態(tài)度時(shí),學(xué)生對心理疾病患者的消極態(tài)度也會得到改善[65]。
綜上所述,教育干預(yù)的應(yīng)用群體十分廣泛,對醫(yī)學(xué)生、心理學(xué)學(xué)生、醫(yī)務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)人員、社會工作者等從業(yè)者都可以起到明顯的效果,其范圍也并不局限于是學(xué)歷教育或是在職培訓(xùn)。同時(shí),教育干預(yù)的規(guī)??纱罂尚?,既有幾十人的課程培訓(xùn),也有上百人的研討會;教育干預(yù)的時(shí)長也可長可短,從不足一天到長達(dá)幾年都可實(shí)行。此外,由于線上的教育培訓(xùn)并不會影響干預(yù)的效果,因此也并不局限于時(shí)間地域的限制。所以教育干預(yù)是一種十分優(yōu)良的針對從業(yè)者心理疾病污名的干預(yù)措施。但是考慮到教育干預(yù)的不足,針對從業(yè)者的教育干預(yù)(無論是學(xué)歷教育或是在職培訓(xùn))要謹(jǐn)慎考慮內(nèi)容和方向的重要性,同時(shí)提高從業(yè)者對所處環(huán)境中污名化行為和做法的有害影響認(rèn)識,這樣才能最大限度發(fā)揮教育干預(yù)的作用,減少污名。
接觸干預(yù)
接觸干預(yù)是指增加人們與心理疾病患者的人際聯(lián)系[66]。接觸是影響污名的一個(gè)重要因素,同時(shí)接觸干預(yù)也是改善態(tài)度和增加與心理疾病患者交流興趣的最有效方式[67]。但是這并不代表著接觸一定會帶來污名態(tài)度的改善,關(guān)于接觸干預(yù)對從業(yè)者的作用,目前存在相互矛盾的看法[68]。
在職群體的接觸干預(yù)
一些研究確定了從業(yè)者與心理疾病患者之間的接觸對減少偏見和刻板印象具有積極的作用,是減少自我報(bào)告的外顯污名的有效方法,建議將與心理疾病患者的接觸作為減少污名的關(guān)鍵策略[69-73]。這是 因?yàn)槿绻訌?qiáng)和心理疾病患者的接觸,人們可以更好地了解患者,從而降低他們的污名程度。相反,如果沒有和心理疾病患者接觸過,或者接觸的經(jīng)驗(yàn)很少的人可能持有較多的污名態(tài)度[74-77]。佩里斯(Peris) 等人從業(yè)者中不同群體的內(nèi)隱和外顯態(tài)度進(jìn)行了比較,結(jié)果顯示臨床心理學(xué)家具有較少的污名態(tài)度,這可能就是與他們經(jīng)常和與心理疾病患者接觸有關(guān)[73]。在我國,對綿竹的 395 名基層從業(yè)者進(jìn)行測量后發(fā)現(xiàn),村醫(yī)并沒有呈現(xiàn)出比鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)醫(yī)生更多的污名態(tài)度,這可能是因?yàn)榇蟛糠执遽t(yī)都在他們生長的地方工作,在多年的生活中已經(jīng)和同村的患者發(fā)生了密切接觸,建立了穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系,所以他們的污名程度偏低。因此,對在職群體進(jìn)行接觸干預(yù)、增加他們對心理疾病患者的接觸經(jīng)驗(yàn)可能會減少心理疾病污名[78]。
學(xué)生群體的接觸干預(yù)
接觸在學(xué)校教育中常常以實(shí)習(xí)的形式發(fā)起,通過醫(yī)院和社區(qū)的心理健康實(shí)踐減少心理疾病污名。心理疾病實(shí)習(xí)是獲得心理疾病接觸經(jīng)驗(yàn)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,也是減少污名的有效措施[79,80]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),醫(yī)學(xué)生在經(jīng)歷了心理健康實(shí)習(xí)后其外顯污名顯著減低,并且隨訪一個(gè)月后,醫(yī)學(xué)本科生對心理疾病的外顯污名也顯著低于非醫(yī)學(xué)本科生[79]。心理健康專業(yè)實(shí)踐也可以有效地減少護(hù)理專業(yè)學(xué)生對患有心理疾病的人的污名[81]。此外,臨床模擬也可以支持心理健康實(shí)踐,降低從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度,這一點(diǎn)得到了相關(guān)的研究證實(shí)[82]。
接觸干預(yù)的不足
也有一些研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了接觸的負(fù)面影響,例如如果出現(xiàn)預(yù)后不良和康復(fù)困難的情況都會加劇服務(wù)從業(yè)者的污名。有四項(xiàng)研究[43,83-85]證明了接觸不一定帶來污名的改善,甚至還有人沒有檢測出二者任何的 關(guān)系[43,73,86]。
對于醫(yī)務(wù)人員而言,似乎治療效果才是他們所看中的,如果患者經(jīng)過治療后病情有所好轉(zhuǎn),醫(yī)務(wù)人員的污名程度可能就會降低,反之,如果治療效果不明顯,那么污名程度就會增加[74,87]。例如,心理疾病患者在心臟內(nèi)科和內(nèi)科診室的就診率更高,但醫(yī)生反而擁有較高的污名態(tài)度[88,89],這可能就是因?yàn)樾睦砑膊』颊咴诜切睦砜圃\室沒有得到應(yīng)有的治療所以治療效果并不明顯。
學(xué)生群體似乎不太關(guān)注治療效果,對他們而言,和心理疾病患者的接觸質(zhì)量往往影響更大。雖然梅 塔(Mehta)等人的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),與患有嚴(yán)重、慢性和難治疾病的人接觸較多可能會惡化心理疾病污名[90],但從業(yè)者不可避免地需要在患者發(fā)病時(shí)(癥狀明顯且迫切需要治療)與之接觸,因此他們的接觸質(zhì)量往往較低,從而導(dǎo)致對心理疾病患者的污名增加[34,91,92]。學(xué)生群體也常常因?qū)嵙?xí)的需要入駐到精神科病房, 所以他們的接觸質(zhì)量往往不高,污名態(tài)度也沒有顯著降低[91]。因此,接觸要滿足一定的條件才能起到 降低污名的作用,只有那些經(jīng)驗(yàn)更豐富、接觸體驗(yàn)更好、有親身經(jīng)歷的、對患者更有同理心的從業(yè)者在與患者接觸時(shí)才更安心,更容易降低污名,也更愿意和患者保持交往[93-95]。
綜上所述,雖然接觸干預(yù)往往可以取到比教育干預(yù)更有效的結(jié)果[96],但從業(yè)者和心理疾病患者之間的接觸和互動是十分復(fù)雜的過程,其結(jié)果可能會受到治療效果、接觸質(zhì)量、患病程度等多種因素的影響。所以,僅僅增加接觸的頻率是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,從業(yè)者還要注重接觸的質(zhì)量、合理看待治療預(yù)期及對患者充分的尊重和共情,這樣才能更好地利用接觸干預(yù)減輕對心理疾病患者的污名。
教育和接觸結(jié)合干預(yù)
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),教育和接觸相結(jié)合的方法可以有效減少污名態(tài)度,而且效果是長期持續(xù)的,這種方法已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的認(rèn)可[97-101]。
在職群體的教育和接觸干預(yù)
利恩(Lien)等人對 9 個(gè)國家的醫(yī)務(wù)人員去污名干預(yù)研究進(jìn)行 Meta 分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)“間接接觸 + 講座”的干預(yù)模式使用率最高,達(dá)到了 81.5%,而排名第二的則是“直接接觸 + 學(xué)習(xí)工作坊”的干預(yù)模式, 使用率達(dá)到了 77.4%[102],這說明教育和接觸相結(jié)合的干預(yù)策略在各國都得到了廣泛的認(rèn)可和使用。此外,加拿大的一項(xiàng)研究比較了學(xué)生群體和精神科醫(yī)生的污名態(tài)度是否和教育水平及接觸相關(guān),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)醫(yī)生群體顯著低于學(xué)生群體,確認(rèn)了增加對心理疾病的教育和接觸經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以顯著減少心理疾病污名[95]。在我國,有研究調(diào)查了以接觸為基礎(chǔ)的教育干預(yù)對 121 名社區(qū)工作人員心理疾病污名的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)教育和接觸相結(jié)合的干預(yù)組其態(tài)度和行為比單一教育組改善更為顯著,在三個(gè)月的回訪后其污名程度改善仍較為明顯[103]。
學(xué)生群體的教育和接觸結(jié)合干預(yù)
雖然目前對學(xué)生群體的教育和接觸結(jié)合干預(yù)研究較少,但最近有專家團(tuán)隊(duì)開發(fā)了一套名叫德爾菲 法的手段用以減少醫(yī)學(xué)生群體對患者的心理疾病污名,它包括一組四個(gè)連續(xù)的互動干預(yù),同樣包含了 教育和接觸的方式:放映電影并討論、精神科培訓(xùn)、與精神障礙患者接觸、與精神障礙患者的社會交流、定義污名和個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的小組討論,也被證明十分有效[51]。雖然有很多研究證實(shí)了教育和接觸相結(jié)合 的干預(yù)方式可以有效地降低心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者的污名態(tài)度,但也有一些研究從業(yè)者持有相反態(tài)度, 認(rèn)為該方式在行為改變方面效果并不理想,同時(shí)干預(yù)效果往往只在短時(shí)間內(nèi)有效,而在長時(shí)間內(nèi)效果 不佳[91,104-107]。
4 展望與啟示
本文梳理了心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者的心理疾病污名對患者及自身的影響,同時(shí)也簡述了三種目前針對該群體常用的去污名措施,希望可以幫助心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者認(rèn)識、反思自己對心理疾病患者的污名態(tài)度,改善污名所造成的危害。綜上所述,本文就目前我國心理健康服務(wù)從業(yè)者污名化嚴(yán)重、干預(yù)措施缺乏的情況,為從業(yè)者的人才培養(yǎng)提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議。
首先,以往的研究都主要在外顯態(tài)度進(jìn)行測量和干預(yù),而內(nèi)隱態(tài)度的研究較少,特別是干預(yù)的效果層面。但目前的幾種針對從業(yè)者的干預(yù)措施對內(nèi)隱態(tài)度的改善效果都不明顯,未來應(yīng)針對如何改善從業(yè)者的內(nèi)隱污名進(jìn)行更多的研究和探索,以更好地服務(wù)心理疾病患者,提升治療效果。
其次,鑒于文化與污名之間的關(guān)系,反污名干預(yù)措施的發(fā)展應(yīng)適應(yīng)我國本土文化,特別是要重視“面子”文化對從業(yè)者的影響。未來的研究開發(fā)針對中國文化的干預(yù)措施,以減少中國心理健康專業(yè)學(xué)生及其他醫(yī)學(xué)生從業(yè)者對心理疾病的相關(guān)污名。
最后,在教育干預(yù)方面,由于醫(yī)學(xué)生的態(tài)度受到包括實(shí)習(xí)及與其他臨床醫(yī)生互動的醫(yī)學(xué)院經(jīng)歷的極大影響,因此在干預(yù)中要特別注重教師、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及前輩的榜樣作用,注重學(xué)院教育及培訓(xùn)環(huán)境中的風(fēng)氣建設(shè),以確保下一代從業(yè)者(醫(yī)學(xué)生、心理學(xué)研究生等)不會產(chǎn)生這些負(fù)面態(tài)度。另外,在接觸干預(yù)方面, 研究證明了接觸質(zhì)量比接觸頻率更為重要,那么如何提高從業(yè)者和心理疾病患者之間的接觸質(zhì)量可能也是未來研究的一個(gè)方向,尤其是怎樣減輕從業(yè)者對重型心理疾病發(fā)病期的刻板印象,這些對未來心理服務(wù)領(lǐng)域的人才培養(yǎng)至關(guān)重要。
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A Study of Mental Illness Stigma Intervention for Mental Health Service Practitioners
Tian Hao Wang Xiaogang
College of Education and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu
Abstract: Mental illness stigma refers to the negative evaluations, negative emotional experiences, and discrimination that individuals have toward people with mental illness during social interactions. It has been found that mental health service practitioners also have a stigma against patients with mental illness, which not only seriously affects the treatment and recovery of patients, but also reduces their willingness and confidence to engage in their own profession. This paper provides a review of mental illness stigma among mental health service practitioners, focusing on its negative effects on patients and practitioners themselves. It also identifies three common interventions of education, contact, and a combination of education and contact, and highlights the shortcomings of each, to help mental health service practitioners recognize and reduce their own mental illness stigma, thereby improving service outcomes and promoting professionalism.
Key words: Mental health service practitioners; Mental illness stigma; People with mental illness