*本文系南京市教學(xué)研究第十三期課題 “群文閱讀影響下的初中英語(yǔ)模塊教學(xué)的實(shí)踐研究”(課題編號(hào):2019NJJK13-L33)的階段性研究成果。
【設(shè)計(jì)理念】
產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法提倡學(xué)用一體,利用輸出驅(qū)動(dòng)、輸入促成、選擇學(xué)習(xí)和以評(píng)為學(xué)四個(gè)教學(xué)假設(shè),創(chuàng)設(shè)以教師主動(dòng)和師生共建為前提的教學(xué)流程。譯林版英語(yǔ)教材中每個(gè)單元以輸出任務(wù)為驅(qū)動(dòng),經(jīng)過(guò)單元內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言和話語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的輸入促成,最終通過(guò)Task板塊達(dá)成寫作輸出。在Task板塊教學(xué)中,教師可以利用產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法的“驅(qū)動(dòng)—促成—評(píng)價(jià)”循環(huán)鏈設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué),通過(guò)加強(qiáng)輸入性語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和產(chǎn)出性語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用之間的聯(lián)系,克服寫作課中常見(jiàn)的學(xué)用分離問(wèn)題,提高學(xué)生的寫作能力,進(jìn)而提升學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力、思維品質(zhì)等學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
【教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析】
本節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容是譯林版初中英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 5 Wild animals的Task板塊,主要任務(wù)是用英文完成一篇關(guān)于瀕危動(dòng)物的報(bào)告。本單元屬于本冊(cè)教材的第二大模塊,該模塊主題為“Nature and the environment”,旨在通過(guò)帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生了解野生動(dòng)物的習(xí)性與生存現(xiàn)狀,培養(yǎng)其保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物、關(guān)心生態(tài)環(huán)境的意識(shí)。
本課以Task板塊中Simon撰寫的一篇關(guān)于熊的報(bào)告為示范案例,通過(guò)“Simon的寫前構(gòu)思筆記”“依據(jù)寫前構(gòu)思筆記完成的報(bào)告”和“同伴討論,自由創(chuàng)作”三部分內(nèi)容幫助學(xué)生達(dá)成寫作目標(biāo)。
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】
經(jīng)過(guò)本節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能夠:
1. 利用寫前構(gòu)思筆記整理思路,完成一篇關(guān)于瀕危動(dòng)物的報(bào)告。
2. 理解構(gòu)思要點(diǎn)的內(nèi)部拓展以及要點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián),并用合適的語(yǔ)言形式進(jìn)行報(bào)告類文體寫作。
3. 在了解瀕危動(dòng)物的基礎(chǔ)上,思考保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物與生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)人類社會(huì)生活的影響,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)環(huán)保責(zé)任意識(shí)。
【教學(xué)過(guò)程】
一、呈現(xiàn)任務(wù),輸出驅(qū)動(dòng)
驅(qū)動(dòng)是產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法的首要環(huán)節(jié),包括呈現(xiàn)交際場(chǎng)景、提出產(chǎn)出任務(wù)和學(xué)生嘗試產(chǎn)出,其目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生的產(chǎn)出欲望,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
上課伊始,教師呈現(xiàn)一些瀕危動(dòng)物的圖片,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論其現(xiàn)狀。隨后,教師呈現(xiàn)寫作任務(wù),利用輸出任務(wù)激發(fā)學(xué)生產(chǎn)出的欲望。師生對(duì)話如下:
師:There are many wild animals in danger. (出示瀕危動(dòng)物圖片)Do you know them?
(學(xué)生討論瀕危動(dòng)物現(xiàn)狀)
師:Wild Animals Club newsletter calls for reports on animals in danger. This will let more people know the animals situations and help save them. Can you write such a report to help? Do you know how to finish a report on animals in danger?
生:We need to introduce the animal, about its name, looks and living environment.
生:We can use some pictures to make the report vivid, but I think a report is difficult to write.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖:?jiǎn)卧跏及鍓K已經(jīng)提出了產(chǎn)出驅(qū)動(dòng)任務(wù),但是距離本節(jié)課時(shí)間已久且交際場(chǎng)景不夠明確。因此,教師通過(guò)提問(wèn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)瀕危動(dòng)物的圖片,呈現(xiàn)本節(jié)課的交際場(chǎng)景,明確寫作任務(wù),激發(fā)學(xué)生進(jìn)行產(chǎn)出的積極性和主動(dòng)性。]
二、分層指導(dǎo),促成產(chǎn)出
促成環(huán)節(jié)是產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法的核心。教師需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生選擇性學(xué)習(xí)書面語(yǔ)篇、視頻等輸入性材料,從中選擇產(chǎn)出任務(wù)所需的文章結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言和觀點(diǎn)。
(一)結(jié)構(gòu)促成
為幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)使用筆記構(gòu)思文章結(jié)構(gòu),教師呈現(xiàn)Simon為寫好一份瀕危動(dòng)物報(bào)告而準(zhǔn)備的構(gòu)思筆記,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握?qǐng)?bào)告類文體常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)。接著,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)筆記內(nèi)容,分析報(bào)告中除了looks、food、abilities、qualities、danger,還能增加哪些要點(diǎn)。師生對(duì)話如下:
師:What do you find in Simons notes? How many parts are there?
生:There are 5 parts. They are looks, food, abilities, qualities and danger.
師:Whats the function of these points?
生:They can help Simon write a report.
師:Yes, maybe. Can you organize one paragraph about the first point — looks?
生:Bears are big and heavy. They have large bodies, short and strong legs. They also have large paws and short tails.
師:Excellent! You use the details to describe one point of the bears. Can you guess how many paragraphs are there in Simons report?
生:Five.
師:You are right. Each point can become an independent paragraph. What do you think of Simons notes? Are they perfect? If not, can we make them better?
生:I think we can add one more point, protection, and talk about what we can do to protect bears.
師:You can put this wonderful point into your own report.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖:結(jié)構(gòu)促成聚焦文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)促成的訓(xùn)練能夠幫助學(xué)生提升謀篇布局的能力。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)思筆記的功能、組成部分等,學(xué)生能夠掌握構(gòu)思筆記對(duì)于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)劃作用。在此基礎(chǔ)之上,教師倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)筆記內(nèi)容,以評(píng)為學(xué),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考能力和批判性思維。]
(二)語(yǔ)言促成
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)構(gòu)思筆記的內(nèi)容,完成Simon的報(bào)告。接著,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語(yǔ)篇情境中理解和識(shí)記報(bào)告中的新單詞。最后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析和評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告中語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的邏輯性、連貫性、豐富性及說(shuō)服力。師生對(duì)話如下:
師:Please help Simon finish his report with the information in the notes. There may be some new words. Have a guess of their meanings in the context.
(呈現(xiàn)單詞paw、tail、insect及相應(yīng)圖片)
師:Its good to learn some new words about the bears. Now, please read Simons report carefully again, and find out the meaningful words and phrases that you like best. Lets begin with the first paragraph.
(學(xué)生細(xì)讀報(bào)告第一段)
生:I think the words are simple, but the writer talks about the bear in whole and then in details.
師:You mean the logic order — from general to specific?
生:Yes.
師:Actually this order makes a report very logical, which is very necessary when you are writing a report.
師:How about the second paragraph? Any word or phrase that you think is perfect?
(學(xué)生細(xì)讀報(bào)告第二段)
生:I think “but” is good. It tells us there are different kinds of bears and they like different things.
師:Yes. “But” is a very typical conjunction. It can compare or contrast two things and also make the writing cohesive. We should try to use some conjunctions in our writing.
師:Anything special in Paragraphs 3 and 4?
(學(xué)生細(xì)讀報(bào)告第三與第四段)
生:Simon uses “can do” “be good at” to talk about bears abilities.
師:Thats right. We can use different expressions to make our sentences more colourful. Any other expressions can you think of?
生:Be able to. Bears are able to run very fast.
師:In our daily learning, we can collect the synonyms so we will have more choices in writing. Many of you like the last paragraph best. Which word do you prefer?
(學(xué)生細(xì)讀報(bào)告最后一段)
生:Sadly, should, otherwise, there may be no left ...
師:What can you feel from these words?
生:The writers strong feelings and opinions.
師:Thats right. We can easily feel the writers emotions about the wild animals in danger. That makes the report more persuasive.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖:語(yǔ)言促成的重點(diǎn)是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注具體的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。詞、句的使用分析不能與文本割裂。教師通過(guò)提問(wèn)、對(duì)比、評(píng)價(jià)等方式,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語(yǔ)篇情境中學(xué)習(xí)新單詞的意義及用法,賞析不同的語(yǔ)言表達(dá),體會(huì)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物話題的報(bào)告類文體的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)。]
(三)觀點(diǎn)促成
寫作不僅要求語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確,注重行文內(nèi)在邏輯,還要體現(xiàn)思維含量,關(guān)注學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。
教師通過(guò)之前鋪墊的新增觀點(diǎn)protection,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生結(jié)合文本內(nèi)容,整合本單元觀點(diǎn),提出保護(hù)瀕危動(dòng)物的具體行為人和相應(yīng)做法。隨后,教師根據(jù)報(bào)告內(nèi)容和動(dòng)物愛(ài)護(hù)者為金絲猴發(fā)聲的一段留言,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考人類和自然的關(guān)系。師生對(duì)話如下:
師:Still in the last paragraph, the writer mentions that we should take action to stop this. Maybe we can think further and deeper in this direction. So, who will take action? What actions will they take?
生:The government can make more laws to protect bears.
生:Buyers should refuse to buy things from their fur or bodies.
生:We students can write more reports to tell others about the situation of bears.
師:Wonderful. Maybe you can think more and write them in your reports. Looking at the last sentence of the report, have you ever imagined the world without bears or other wild animals? What will the world without wild animals be like?
生:Humans will feel very lonely.
生:The world will not be colourful as now.
師:Thats right. Maybe we should hear more voices(出示為金絲猴發(fā)聲的動(dòng)物愛(ài)護(hù)者留言).
師:What other thoughts do you get from the animal lovers words?
生:More animals are in danger too because of humans behaviours.
生:Humans will hurt themselves if they continue to kill or eat animals.
師:I like your ideas! Can you further explain them?
生:We should protect wild animals not only because they are in danger or may disappear, but also because protecting them is also protecting humans as well. We, the animals, the environment, are as a whole.
[設(shè)計(jì)意圖:觀點(diǎn)促成關(guān)注學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析和揣摩文字和圖片中傳遞的信息、觀點(diǎn)、情感和態(tài)度,一方面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生“看”的技能,另一方面促進(jìn)其發(fā)散思維,提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。]
三、以評(píng)促學(xué),產(chǎn)出評(píng)價(jià)
評(píng)價(jià)旨在了解學(xué)生的任務(wù)完成情況,檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成果,就疑難點(diǎn)和普遍出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救性教學(xué),同時(shí)也為下一步教學(xué)方案的制訂和調(diào)整提供參考。
以動(dòng)物愛(ài)護(hù)者的留言為鋪墊,教師播放《我們誕生在中國(guó)》紀(jì)錄片中金絲猴淘淘的一段英文視頻,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生搜集、記錄并整理信息,依據(jù)筆記和本課所學(xué)知識(shí),完成一篇關(guān)于金絲猴的報(bào)告。
在產(chǎn)出任務(wù)展示階段,教師首先組織學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)寫作能力綜合評(píng)價(jià)表(見(jiàn)表1),完成自評(píng)。接著,學(xué)生在小組內(nèi)部交換作品,開展組內(nèi)評(píng)價(jià)。每個(gè)小組選出一名代表,展示評(píng)價(jià)表,指出一篇習(xí)作的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),并給出改進(jìn)建議。教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的發(fā)言,就一些常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救性教學(xué),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)建議自主修改作文。最后,教師以一篇學(xué)生作品為例,從內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言和結(jié)構(gòu)層面進(jìn)行師生共評(píng)。
[ 設(shè)計(jì)意圖:《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》提出,要突出學(xué)生在評(píng)價(jià)中的主體地位,提倡學(xué)生開展自評(píng)和互評(píng),加強(qiáng)學(xué)生之間、師生之間評(píng)價(jià)信息的互動(dòng)交流。運(yùn)用綜合評(píng)價(jià)表進(jìn)行自評(píng)與互評(píng),既能檢測(cè)學(xué)生寫作任務(wù)的達(dá)成程度,又能促進(jìn)學(xué)生互相交流學(xué)習(xí),在同伴學(xué)習(xí)中取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短,提升寫作能力。]
【教學(xué)反思】
一、精選材料,提升促成效果
寫作課實(shí)施產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法具有一定難度,其中促成環(huán)節(jié)的效率至關(guān)重要。時(shí)長(zhǎng)控制不好,會(huì)縮短學(xué)生自主寫作時(shí)間,影響寫作產(chǎn)出;促成環(huán)節(jié)質(zhì)量也將影響學(xué)生產(chǎn)出任務(wù)的質(zhì)量。因此,教師要以教材文本為基礎(chǔ),選取合適、精準(zhǔn)的輸入性材料。例如,本課構(gòu)思筆記能夠幫助學(xué)生掌握寫作結(jié)構(gòu),連詞、同義詞組的表達(dá)有助于學(xué)生理解語(yǔ)言形式等。同時(shí),除了教材文本,教師也要拓展延續(xù)性的輸入材料。例如,為金絲猴發(fā)聲的動(dòng)物愛(ài)護(hù)者的留言以及相關(guān)紀(jì)錄片為學(xué)生自主產(chǎn)出搭設(shè)了情境與素材的腳手架。
二、以評(píng)促學(xué),關(guān)注學(xué)用一體
產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法提倡以評(píng)促學(xué),主張?jiān)诮處煂I(yè)引領(lǐng)下,學(xué)生邊評(píng)邊學(xué),邊學(xué)邊評(píng),打破“學(xué)”與“評(píng)”的界限,將評(píng)價(jià)作為學(xué)習(xí)的強(qiáng)化、深入階段。以評(píng)促學(xué),不應(yīng)只停留在最后的評(píng)價(jià)階段,而應(yīng)貫穿整節(jié)課。例如,在結(jié)構(gòu)促成環(huán)節(jié),教師有意識(shí)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)Simon的構(gòu)思筆記;在語(yǔ)言促成環(huán)節(jié),教師以學(xué)生點(diǎn)評(píng)報(bào)告語(yǔ)言為主要形式,開展語(yǔ)言賞析活動(dòng)。學(xué)生在評(píng)價(jià)中學(xué)習(xí)、分析與欣賞,思維品質(zhì)與寫作綜合能力不斷提升。產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法倡導(dǎo)學(xué)用一體,輸入性學(xué)習(xí)和產(chǎn)出性運(yùn)用緊密結(jié)合,兩者有機(jī)聯(lián)動(dòng)。本節(jié)課促成階段的學(xué)習(xí)促使學(xué)生邊學(xué)邊評(píng),為寫作產(chǎn)出服務(wù),體現(xiàn)了學(xué)中用、用中學(xué)、學(xué)用結(jié)合的思想。
(鐘潔,江蘇省南京市第一中學(xué)初中部,郵編:210002)