戴健 許鼎龍 孫迎 邱雪琳
摘要: 長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆漢墓出土的329-6直裾式素紗襌衣屬于國(guó)寶級(jí)保護(hù)文物,是中國(guó)古代絲織技藝的杰出代表。本文基于前人研究成果和文物出土報(bào)告相關(guān)資料,深度探討了組成面料的材料規(guī)格和組織結(jié)構(gòu),在有限接觸原文物條件下,分析并補(bǔ)充了素紗襌衣的細(xì)部量化數(shù)據(jù)。經(jīng)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)與校對(duì),還原了素紗襌衣的版型結(jié)構(gòu)、材料規(guī)格、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、織造工藝和復(fù)織過(guò)程,并據(jù)此展開(kāi)復(fù)織工作。通過(guò)實(shí)物對(duì)比,復(fù)織品的外觀造型和質(zhì)感風(fēng)格還原度較高,整體質(zhì)量?jī)H46 g。本文的分析和復(fù)織工作為復(fù)原類似古絲綢文物提供理論與技術(shù)參考。
關(guān)鍵詞: 素紗襌衣;素紗;絨圈錦;版型設(shè)計(jì),組織結(jié)構(gòu);織造工藝;復(fù)織品
中圖分類號(hào): TS145.14文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A文章編號(hào): 10017003(2022)04000108
引用頁(yè)碼: 041101DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2022.04.001(篇序)
長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆一號(hào)漢墓是長(zhǎng)沙國(guó)丞相利蒼的妻子辛追之墓,距今已有二千一百多年歷史,此墓在1972年冬的考古挖掘中出土了一大批真絲織物、真絲服飾和葛麻等多種材料的紡織品[1],是漢代絲織品種的寶庫(kù)。其中最為矚目的是兩件素紗襌衣,其質(zhì)量分別為48 g和49 g,是現(xiàn)存年代較早、保存較完整、制作工藝最精細(xì)、質(zhì)地最輕、最薄、最透明的素紗服飾,被列為禁止出境的國(guó)家一級(jí)文物,現(xiàn)收藏于湖南省博物館。素紗襌衣的素紗是已發(fā)現(xiàn)的最輕薄透的平紋縐織物,其衣袖和領(lǐng)緣所用到的絨圈錦堪稱起絨(圈)織物的鼻祖。
1974年上海紡織科學(xué)研究院高漢玉等專家對(duì)素紗襌衣進(jìn)行了細(xì)致研究,出版了《長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆一號(hào)漢墓出土紡織品的研究》[2]一書(shū)。本文基于此書(shū)研究成果,結(jié)合筆者2017年初夏對(duì)湖南省博物館收藏的器號(hào)為329-6直裾式素紗襌衣原件有限度的觀察測(cè)量拍攝和分析,以及在復(fù)織過(guò)程中遇到的實(shí)際問(wèn)題,綜合分析素紗襌衣所含的三種絲織物——素紗、絨圈錦和絨圈錦背襯材料的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和織造工藝,由此對(duì)素紗襌衣形成了一些新的認(rèn)知。
1素紗襌衣基本信息
1.1款式和面料基本信息
長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆一號(hào)漢墓共發(fā)現(xiàn)兩件素紗襌衣[3],出土?xí)r均存放于329號(hào)竹筒內(nèi),一件質(zhì)量48 g,交領(lǐng)、右衽、曲裾、兩袖無(wú)胡、底邊無(wú)緣,領(lǐng)、袖、襟緣采用蠶絲絹織物。另一件為此次復(fù)織樣本,即329-6直裾式素紗襌衣,原件如圖1所示,款式為交領(lǐng)、右衽、直裾、兩袖無(wú)胡、底邊無(wú)緣、落肩型。衣身主體為薄而透的平紋方孔縐紗,兩袖、領(lǐng)緣(含襟)為相對(duì)厚重的小型幾何紋絨圈錦,如圖2所示,材料均為家蠶絲[2]。絨圈錦背襯材料為平紋絹,與現(xiàn)代的絹絲織物并非一物,而是一種用桑蠶絲織造的經(jīng)緯絲線較細(xì)、密度較高的平紋織物,如圖3所示。基于公開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)[1],獲取素紗襌衣原件基本信息,如表1所示。
1.2版型結(jié)構(gòu)信息
通過(guò)對(duì)素紗襌衣原件的測(cè)量得知,其素紗門(mén)幅為49.00 cm,共由8塊裁片構(gòu)成。上衣部分前胸與后背相連,無(wú)肩縫,左右裁片各一片,采用斜裁方法[4],以利衣襟和領(lǐng)緣的三角形交領(lǐng)形成,同時(shí)也利于腋下的斜直線形成。落肩袖與前片配伍縫制起來(lái),背縫從后領(lǐng)直至腰線。左右二袖較寬,受織物門(mén)幅限制,排料時(shí)袖長(zhǎng)方向?yàn)榭椢锞曄颍?9.00 cm),袖寬方向?yàn)榭椢锝?jīng)向(76.00 cm)。下裳正裁4塊,均不足一個(gè)門(mén)幅,有3個(gè)側(cè)縫,前面分為左右兩塊并有部分重疊,后面由兩塊對(duì)稱裁片組成。研究人員為了更好地還原素紗襌衣的結(jié)構(gòu),反復(fù)觀測(cè)復(fù)原裁片結(jié)構(gòu),修正了兩處數(shù)據(jù):一處是腰寬,出土報(bào)告標(biāo)注4900 cm,實(shí)際測(cè)量值為46.00 cm;另一處是領(lǐng)緣寬度,報(bào)告顯示5.50 cm,實(shí)際測(cè)量值為5.25 cm?;趯?shí)際測(cè)量數(shù)值,繪制了素紗襌衣的結(jié)構(gòu)凈樣(素紗縫份1.00 cm、絨圈錦縫份025 cm),如圖4所示。其中前片、袖片、后片和袖緣均需裁剪兩片,且互為左右對(duì)稱片。經(jīng)計(jì)算素紗裁片總面積2.74 m左右(包括縫邊和縫合疊邊部分),絨圈錦總面積0.15 m左右。
2素紗襌衣面料結(jié)構(gòu)分析
2.1材料規(guī)格分析
2.1.1絨圈錦規(guī)格和質(zhì)量
測(cè)得袖緣絨圈錦寬度為5.50 cm,實(shí)際絨圈錦用料寬度6.00 cm(含縫制用兩側(cè)縫份約0.25 cm),用料長(zhǎng)為每袖6000 cm,兩袖120.00 cm,領(lǐng)緣絨圈錦平均寬度5.25 cm,實(shí)際領(lǐng)緣用料寬度5.75 cm,實(shí)測(cè)長(zhǎng)度為130.00 cm,一邊有斜向收縮,如圖4所示。由于文物的不可觸碰性,研究人員參照與329-6素紗襌衣絨圈錦規(guī)格和圖案一致的N6-2絨圈錦資料[2],結(jié)合對(duì)放大圖片的反復(fù)對(duì)比校驗(yàn),確定329-6素紗襌衣的絨圈錦經(jīng)、緯均采用桑蠶絲,絲線規(guī)格分別為地紋經(jīng)Ⅰ2.20 tex,地經(jīng)1.87 tex,絨圈經(jīng)8.70 tex,地紋經(jīng)Ⅱ3.02 tex,地緯3.42 tex。平均經(jīng)密200 根/cm,平均緯密41 根/cm。據(jù)此數(shù)據(jù)得出,領(lǐng)緣和袖緣用絨圈錦質(zhì)量在13.50 g左右。
2.1.2絨圈錦背襯絹規(guī)格和質(zhì)量
研究人員對(duì)實(shí)物和照片進(jìn)行了觀測(cè)和分析認(rèn)為,背襯料為平紋組織,經(jīng)、緯用料均為桑蠶絲,經(jīng)密100 根/cm,緯密40 根/cm,經(jīng)絲規(guī)格約1.22 tex,緯絲規(guī)格約2.44 tex。袖緣用料寬6.00 cm,長(zhǎng)120.00 cm,領(lǐng)緣(含襟)用料寬5.75 cm,長(zhǎng)130.00 cm。經(jīng)計(jì)算,絨圈錦背襯用絹的質(zhì)量為3.20 g左右。
2.1.3素紗材料規(guī)格和捻度捻向
素紗的絲線規(guī)格可由兩種方法獲得,一是由已知的面料質(zhì)量和經(jīng)緯密度計(jì)算得到,二是借助線密度和絲線直徑公式計(jì)算獲得。
已知絨圈錦和背襯絹的克重分別為13.50 g和3.20 g,素紗襌衣總體質(zhì)量為49 g,推算出素紗部分質(zhì)量?jī)H為32.30 g,與文獻(xiàn)[2]和[5]給出的素紗質(zhì)量40.20 g與25.00 g不一致。參照素紗襌衣原件照片(圖1)和版型結(jié)構(gòu)(圖4),測(cè)得素紗面積約為2.74 m,得到素紗平方米質(zhì)量為11.79 g/m,經(jīng)計(jì)算得出素紗經(jīng)、緯絲線規(guī)格為8.6 D(0.95 tex)。
通過(guò)樣本高倍圖,測(cè)得素紗經(jīng)、緯絲線的平均直徑d約為0.035 8 mm,根據(jù)紗線線密度與直徑的關(guān)系公式:
式中:絲質(zhì)材料δ取0.925,得到絲線的線密度為8.4 D(0.93 tex)。
綜合兩種方法的測(cè)量結(jié)果,最終確定素紗經(jīng)、緯絲的線密度的理論值為8.5 D(0.94 tex)左右,比文獻(xiàn)[4]顯示的1.13~1.25 tex細(xì)很多。
結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)[2]和觀察圖5素紗原件的局部放大圖片,可以得出素紗經(jīng)、緯絲捻向不一,捻度為20~30 捻/cm,經(jīng)、緯向平均密度均為62 根/cm。
綜合各部分面料規(guī)格,匯總素紗襌衣面料構(gòu)成參數(shù),如表2所示。
但復(fù)織素紗面料所用紗線原料的線密度并非0.94 tex,因?yàn)樵趯?shí)際復(fù)制過(guò)程中,紗線規(guī)格還受三個(gè)因素影響:一是絲線的捻縮和織縮;二是煉縮(加捻材料經(jīng)洗煉等處理工序后,因捻度釋放而出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)、緯絲線屈曲現(xiàn)象稱為煉縮);三是在絲織物后處理中絲膠的脫膠程度。通過(guò)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)校驗(yàn)對(duì)比,最終確定用手織機(jī)織造的素紗織縮率2%左右,煉縮率8%左右。桑蠶絲的脫膠研究較為復(fù)雜,目前對(duì)原件的脫膠程度沒(méi)有參考數(shù)值,但經(jīng)二千多年的棺液浸泡,推測(cè)蠶絲脫膠應(yīng)該比較充分。經(jīng)多次試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)脫膠率控制在20%~25%時(shí),獲得的起縐效果和原件較為一致(圖5)。最終確定采用1.04 tex(對(duì)應(yīng)脫膠率20%)或1.08 tex(對(duì)應(yīng)脫膠率25%)左右的生絲,經(jīng)過(guò)著色、加捻、定形、牽經(jīng)、織造、脫膠、微染等工藝加工,最終織物所呈現(xiàn)的效果較佳。
2.2組織結(jié)構(gòu)分析
2.2.1素紗和背襯材料組織
素紗襌衣的方孔縐紗和絨圈錦背襯用料均為平紋,組織結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。從圖5的素紗結(jié)構(gòu)放大可以看出,平紋結(jié)構(gòu)的素紗經(jīng)、緯絲線較細(xì),方孔孔隙較大、透光率高[6],但均勻度較差,其中經(jīng)向密度較均勻(筘的質(zhì)量水平較高),緯向密度不太均勻(手動(dòng)的打緯力度不便控制)。由于絲線加了不同捻向的強(qiáng)捻(20~30 捻/cm),素紗絲線混織后,經(jīng)、緯絲線屈曲收縮產(chǎn)生縐效應(yīng)[7],不僅能改善真絲織物柔塌的手感,也具備更好的透光性。因此素紗非常輕薄、通透,將其疊起10層置于報(bào)紙上,仍能看清報(bào)紙上的小號(hào)文字,在漢代這樣的縐紗品種被稱為縠[8]。背襯絹料(圖3)經(jīng)絲較細(xì)、經(jīng)密較大,緯絲相對(duì)較粗、緯密較稀,雖為平紋織造但雙向差異很大,在古代可歸屬于紈的品種[8]。
2.2.2絨圈錦組織
領(lǐng)、袖、襟緣所用的絨圈錦也稱起絨錦,組織結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,需借助樣本的結(jié)構(gòu)放大圖加以分析,具體構(gòu)成如圖6和圖7所示。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),素紗襌衣所用的絨圈錦與后期的起絨織物漳緞?wù)慕q的組織結(jié)構(gòu)完全不同,它含有四組經(jīng)線:一組地經(jīng)(咖啡色)與地緯平紋交織,沉于起紋地緯和假織緯下,不起花紋相當(dāng)于夾經(jīng);二組紋經(jīng)(淺黃色和淺黑色)起出經(jīng)錦花紋;還有一組絨圈經(jīng)(紅色較粗),與假織緯交織出絨圈。
借助結(jié)構(gòu)放大圖,得到此絨圈錦的組織結(jié)構(gòu):在三重平紋經(jīng)錦的基礎(chǔ)上增加一重起絨經(jīng),構(gòu)成平紋經(jīng)錦插合起絨經(jīng)的復(fù)合組織。經(jīng)絲排列為:紋經(jīng)Ⅰ、地經(jīng)、起絨經(jīng)、紋經(jīng)Ⅱ,四經(jīng)一組;緯絲排列為:平紋地緯、起紋地緯、起絨(假織)緯,三緯一組(平紋地緯和起紋地緯相同規(guī)格相同色彩應(yīng)該使用同一把梭子)。對(duì)應(yīng)的起絨圈部分和不起絨圈部分的組織圖如圖8和圖9所示。在已發(fā)現(xiàn)的絲綢文物品種中絨圈錦在織造工藝上首次采用了假織緯起圈技術(shù)。
3復(fù)織工藝
3.1復(fù)織絨圈錦的紋樣表現(xiàn)
素紗襌衣所用的絨圈錦紋樣是一種組合幾何紋,復(fù)織時(shí)需根據(jù)其特殊的顯花效果繪制意匠圖,進(jìn)行挑花結(jié)本。由于絨圈錦的絨圈經(jīng)規(guī)格較粗(8.7 tex),而紋經(jīng)規(guī)格較細(xì)(2.2 tex和1.87 tex),使得紋經(jīng)無(wú)法很好地覆蓋地層經(jīng)線,加上年代久遠(yuǎn)導(dǎo)致絲線變色,因此無(wú)法通過(guò)目測(cè)辨別原件中不同紋經(jīng)的顯花紋樣。為達(dá)到較高還原度,復(fù)織時(shí)參考文獻(xiàn)[2],利用局部放大照片,采用復(fù)合意匠法繪制絨圈錦的意匠圖,每一條縱向意匠格分別代表紋經(jīng)Ⅰ、紋經(jīng)Ⅱ和一根起絨經(jīng),緯向意匠格代表起紋地緯。由此獲得意匠經(jīng)密為50 組/cm(織物經(jīng)密/每組根數(shù),即200/4);意匠緯密為20.5 根/cm(織物緯密-平紋地緯密/2,即41-41/2);意匠比為8︰19.5;意匠經(jīng)格為300格(意匠經(jīng)密×花幅,即50×6);意匠緯格數(shù)為24格(意匠緯密×花高,即20.5×1.17)。絨圈錦局部意匠圖如圖10所示,其中紅色為小幾何形紋絨圈顯花圖案,藍(lán)色和白色構(gòu)成平紋經(jīng)錦紋。
依據(jù)上述意匠圖,采用傳統(tǒng)挑花工藝可以得到提花花本,從對(duì)應(yīng)的每個(gè)意匠縱格引出三根腳子線,分別是紋經(jīng)Ⅰ和紋經(jīng)Ⅱ及起絨經(jīng)。每一緯線挑2次,第一次挑出經(jīng)錦圖案,即對(duì)應(yīng)紋經(jīng)Ⅰ顯花或紋經(jīng)Ⅱ顯花挑出相應(yīng)的腳子線(根據(jù)經(jīng)錦的特點(diǎn),每個(gè)意匠格內(nèi)紋Ⅰ和紋II中必挑且只能挑一個(gè)),同時(shí)挑出絨圈位置的腳子線。第二次僅挑出起絨花紋的絨經(jīng)腳子線,即一個(gè)經(jīng)格分出3根腳子線,意匠經(jīng)格數(shù)900(300×3),與裝造時(shí)的大纖數(shù)相同,一個(gè)緯格分2次提花,根據(jù)花紋圖案,意匠緯格48(24×2),形成規(guī)格900×48的單位圖案小花本。
3.3織機(jī)裝造
3.3.1素紗
復(fù)織過(guò)程中素紗選用水平木架織機(jī)手工織造??紤]到經(jīng)密較大(成品62 根/cm),受到線綜密度的限制,因此采用四片線綜,一順穿經(jīng),按照1、3和2、4規(guī)律提升綜片起出平紋組織。觀察到文物原件的經(jīng)緯線是不規(guī)律的左右捻線排列,復(fù)織過(guò)程中很難再現(xiàn)不規(guī)律的排列,因此選用一左一右捻有規(guī)律的經(jīng)線排列方法,緯向的絲線同樣一左一右捻安裝在二把梭子內(nèi),并按照1︰1規(guī)律投緯。經(jīng)密由筘密來(lái)控制,考慮到織縮和較高的煉縮,在機(jī)經(jīng)密定為56 根/cm,緯密則憑借織手的打緯力度來(lái)控制(機(jī)上緯密也要求在56 根/cm左右)。觀察到原件素紗門(mén)幅49.00 cm,素紗復(fù)織品在機(jī)門(mén)幅定為55.00 cm(含每邊0.50 cm)。復(fù)織品局部放大如圖11所示。
查閱絨圈錦發(fā)展史,推測(cè)漢代絨圈錦的織造機(jī)具可能采用了成都老官山漢墓出土的漢織機(jī)模型展示的織機(jī)[9],也可能是多綜多躡織機(jī)[10]和花樓織機(jī)[11]。考慮到絨圈錦織物地經(jīng)、地紋經(jīng)與絨圈經(jīng)的用經(jīng)量不一致[12]的問(wèn)題,復(fù)織時(shí)需要雙經(jīng)軸送經(jīng),織造時(shí)需分甲、乙二個(gè)經(jīng)軸牽經(jīng),甲經(jīng)軸按照紋經(jīng)Ⅰ、地經(jīng)、紋經(jīng)Ⅱ的排列混牽,乙經(jīng)軸專牽起絨經(jīng),故選用雙經(jīng)軸花樓提花織機(jī)進(jìn)行復(fù)織,面料正面向上織造較易操作??棛C(jī)設(shè)起綜四片,綜線密度為12.5 綜/cm(經(jīng)密/每綜穿入數(shù)/綜片數(shù),即200/4/4),采用順穿法,每個(gè)線綜內(nèi)穿入一組(四根)經(jīng)線。織平紋緯時(shí)按綜片1、3和綜片2、4起平紋開(kāi)口。紋經(jīng)和絨圈經(jīng)的開(kāi)口由纖線一一對(duì)應(yīng)控制,6 cm寬度的絨圈錦需要引纖數(shù)為900根[(經(jīng)密-地經(jīng)密)×幅寬,即(200-50)×6]。經(jīng)軸甲的送經(jīng)和織軸卷取相互配合,由人工控制調(diào)整,經(jīng)軸乙采用被動(dòng)送經(jīng)的方法,以利于形成絨圈結(jié)構(gòu)。
除了采用假織緯起絨圈工藝,起圈起絨織物還要解決牢固絨圈的問(wèn)題?,F(xiàn)代絨圈織造時(shí),多在假織點(diǎn)的上下均設(shè)計(jì)為緯點(diǎn),即絨圈經(jīng)起絨圈時(shí)為單個(gè)經(jīng)點(diǎn),不在織物表面跨相鄰緯線。而素紗襌衣中絨圈錦的絨圈是跨了相鄰的緯線,和經(jīng)錦組織一樣,絨圈最大跨度為3根緯,同時(shí)受圖案邊緣的影響,也存在絨圈跨2根緯和1根緯的現(xiàn)象。因此在單數(shù)橫格內(nèi)是否延續(xù)上下絨圈的經(jīng)點(diǎn)是根據(jù)圖案構(gòu)成和邊緣的位置要求來(lái)確定的,這也是絨圈錦的絨圈跨度不一致的原因。
絨圈錦織造時(shí),第一梭平紋開(kāi)口,由織手踏起1、3綜框,織入平紋地緯;第二梭起紋開(kāi)口,由拽手提起第一根耳子對(duì)應(yīng)的纖線(包含紋經(jīng)Ⅰ或紋經(jīng)Ⅱ及部分絨圈經(jīng))織入起紋地緯;第三梭絨圈開(kāi)口,由拽手提起起絨經(jīng),織入假織緯(假織緯選用馬鬃或尼龍長(zhǎng)絲等,方便后期從織物中抽離);第四梭由織手踏起2、4綜框,織入平紋地緯;第五梭織起紋緯與第二梭一致,第六梭與第三梭一致,自此完成一個(gè)組織循環(huán)。復(fù)織品絨圈錦局部如圖12所示,復(fù)織的經(jīng)錦部分不僅能清晰看到絨圈的小幾何紋圖案,還能隱約看出二色紋經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出的紋樣,呈現(xiàn)一上一下、一明一暗兩個(gè)層次,頗有錦上添花的效果[8]。
4復(fù)織成品呈現(xiàn)
由圖4可知,上衣素紗部分斜裁正身二塊,袖二塊,寬各一幅49.00 cm,下裳部分正裁四片,寬各36.00 cm,兩袖無(wú)胡,底邊無(wú)緣。素紗之間的縫合和素紗與絨圈錦及絹料之間的縫合勻用平針?lè)āK丶喴R衣的復(fù)織流程如圖13所示。
復(fù)織品整體版型與原件基本相同,質(zhì)感輕薄、透亮,如圖14所示。整件復(fù)織品的總體質(zhì)量為46 g,總體的復(fù)原效果較佳。圖13素紗襌衣復(fù)織流程
5結(jié)語(yǔ)
本文基于《長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆一號(hào)漢墓出土紡織品的研究》等相關(guān)資料和實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)素紗襌衣的素紗材料、服裝版型、絨圈錦組織結(jié)構(gòu)、織造工藝和復(fù)織過(guò)程進(jìn)行了研究探討,并補(bǔ)充了一部分相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。素紗襌衣由8塊裁片構(gòu)成,腰寬修正為4600 cm,領(lǐng)緣寬度修正為5.25 cm。借助局部放大圖,確定素紗為平紋方孔縐紗組織;絨圈錦是在三重平紋經(jīng)錦的基礎(chǔ)上增加一重起絨經(jīng),構(gòu)成平紋經(jīng)錦插合起絨經(jīng)的復(fù)合組織;絨圈錦背襯料為平紋絹組織。推算出素紗經(jīng)、緯絲的規(guī)格約為0.94 tex,并非1.13~1.25 tex。實(shí)際復(fù)織過(guò)程中,為獲得與原件較為貼近起皺效果,經(jīng)、緯向可采用線密度1.04 tex、脫膠率20%左右或線密度1.08 tex、脫膠率25%左右的絲線,絲線捻度為20~30 捻/cm、織縮為2%左右,煉縮為8%左右。絨圈錦及其背襯絹的質(zhì)量分別為13.5 g和3.2 g,素紗用料質(zhì)量修正為32.3 g。通過(guò)裝造水平木架織機(jī)和雙經(jīng)軸花樓提花織機(jī),完成了素紗和絨圈錦的復(fù)織。復(fù)織品整體衣質(zhì)量為46 g,面料輕薄、飄逸,較好地還原了素紗襌衣原件特征,是對(duì)漢代絲織工藝技術(shù)的一次試驗(yàn)型考古。
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[12]高漢玉, 王任曹, 黃善華, 等. 長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆一號(hào)漢墓出土的絨圈錦[J]. 考古學(xué)報(bào), 1974(1): 175-187.GAO Hanyu, WANG Rencao, HUANG Shanhua, et al. Crocade unearthed from No.1 tomb of the Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha[J]. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 1974(1): 175-187.Fabric composition analysis and reweaving of the gauze gown in plain colorDAI Jian1, XU Dinglong2, SUN Ying3a, b, QIU Xuelin3a(1.Nanjing Jinxiu Shengshi Brocade Weaving Limited Company, Nanjing 210049, China; 2.Hangzhou Wensli Silk Culture Limited Company,
Hangzhou 310021, China; 3a.School of Fashion Design & Engineering; 3b.Key Laboratory of Silk Culture Inheriting and Products Design
Digital Technology, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China)
Abstract: In the early 1970s, Mawangdui No.1 Han tomb beside Liuyang River in the eastern suburb of Changsha was successfully excavated, and the gauze gowns in plain color unearthed from it attracted extensive attention from people inside and outside the industry. The 329-6 gauze gown in plain color with straight style, cross collar and right lapel weighs only 49 grams in total. Except that the collar and cuffs are made of looped brocade with lining, the whole garment is woven from a plain square hole crepe that is thin and transparent. The gauze gown in plain color is as light as mist, and as thin as a cicada’s wings, and its exquisite manufacturing skills represent the highest level of sericulture, silk reeling and weaving technique in the early Western Han Dynasty. In 2002, the gauze gown in plain color was included in the "First List of Cultural Relics Prohibited from Going Abroad (Border)" by the National Cultural Heritage Administration, and it is collected by Hunan Museum now. However, in the past 50 years, the research on its pattern design, material specification, fabric weave and weaving technique has not been in-depth and complete.
It is of great significance to deeply study the fabric composition and weaving process of the gauze gown in plain color to inherit the thousand-year-old silk weaving culture. This paper discusses its current information based on the related reports and relevant research books and documents. Through the limited observation and measurement of cultural relics, the patterns of the garment are drawn. According to the above research, the grammage and material specifications of the three fabrics that constituting the gauze gown in plain color-silk organdy, looped brocade, and the lining of looped brocade are calculated and analyzed. The weaves of the three fabrics are studied and drawn with the help of the partial enlarged pictures of cultural relics. This paper expounds in detail from the pattern grid drawing, the cross-stitch and plain-knit procedure, and the weaving process on account of the looped brocade with complex combined geometric patterns. In addition, the weaving process of silk organdy is supplemented. Finally, the replica is compared with the original. The pattern design, material specification, fabric weave, reweaving technique and process of three fabrics of the gauze gown in plain color are proposed through profound research and quantitative analysis, and the garment has been successfully rewoven. It is found that the gauze gown in plain color is composed of eight pieces, in which the waist width is corrected to be 46.00 cm, and the collar edge width is corrected to be 5.25 cm. The silk organdy is a of plain weave and square hole crepe weave. Looped brocade is a composite structure of plain weave warp brocade inserted with pile warp, a layer of which is based on triple plain weave warp brocade. The lining of the looped brocade is plain weave silk. The actual fineness of the warp and weft yarn of silk organdy is corrected to be 0.94 tex. In order to obtain the wrinkle effect resembling to the original, the silk thread with a linear density of 1.04 tex, degumming rate of about 20%, linear density of 1.08 tex and degumming rate of about 25% can be used in the warp and weft directions. The twist of the silk thread is 20-30 twists/cm, the weaving shrinkage is about 2%, and the refining shrinkage is about 8%. The gram weight of looped brocade and its silk lining is 13.5 g and 3.2 g, respectively, and the gram weight of silk organdy is corrected to be 32.3 g. The silk organdy and looped brocade should be woven by hand with horizontal wooden frame loom and the beam jacquard loom, respectively. The final replica well reproduces the unearthed original, with a gram weight of only 46 g.
The profound study of the gauze gown in plain color in this paper is the reproduction of silk weaving technique in the Western Han Dynasty and the inheritance and protection of the ancient silk weaving culture. The relevant analysis and reweaving work can provide help for the research of garment pattern design and fabric composition in the Han Dynasty and provide theoretical and technical references for the restoration of similar ancient silk relics.
Key words: the gauze gown in plain color; silk organdy; looped brocade; pattern design; fabric weave; weaving process; replica