向曉玲，陳松鶴，楊洪坤，楊永恒，樊高瓊

秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)丘陵旱地小麥產(chǎn)量和磷素吸收利用效應(yīng)的影響

向曉玲，陳松鶴，楊洪坤，楊永恒，樊高瓊

四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/農(nóng)業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/西南作物基因資源發(fā)掘與利用國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，成都 611130

【目的】冬干春旱、土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和速效磷缺乏是四川丘陵旱地冬小麥生產(chǎn)的主要限制因素，通過(guò)研究休閑期秸稈覆蓋還田和施磷對(duì)旱地冬小麥產(chǎn)量和磷素吸收利用的影響，以期為四川丘陵旱地小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)及磷素高效利用提供技術(shù)方案。【方法】試驗(yàn)于2018—2020年在四川仁壽進(jìn)行，采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，以秸稈覆蓋（SM）和不覆蓋（NSM）為主區(qū)；3個(gè)磷水平0（P0）、75 kg·hm-2（P75）和120（P120）kg·hm-2為副區(qū)。分析秸稈覆蓋和施磷下小麥干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、產(chǎn)量性狀及磷素吸收利用的差異?！窘Y(jié)果】秸稈覆蓋的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)高于施磷效應(yīng)。2018—2019和2019—2020年度秸稈覆蓋處理較不覆蓋處理小麥有效穗分別增加17.7%和8.48%，穗粒數(shù)增加15.6%和11.2%，產(chǎn)量提高18.6%和13.5%；兩年度施磷75 kg·hm-2較不施磷處理小麥有效穗分別增加18.2%和8.79%，穗粒數(shù)增加21.1%和6.09%，產(chǎn)量提高30.2%和16.1%；施磷120 kg·hm-2比不施磷處理有效穗分別增加21.2%和9.53%，穗粒數(shù)增加20.2%和4.03%，產(chǎn)量提高31.8%和17.9%。秸稈覆蓋顯著提高了小麥開(kāi)花期和成熟期的干物質(zhì)、磷素積累量，且均隨施磷量的增加而增加；同時(shí)秸稈覆蓋與施磷均可顯著提高小麥花前干物質(zhì)和磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、花后干物質(zhì)和磷素積累能力。秸稈覆蓋顯著提高花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率，但降低了花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率，而施磷顯著提高了花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率和花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率。秋閑季秸稈覆蓋還田促進(jìn)了磷的吸收利用，磷肥吸收效率2年分別提高27.3%和23.7%，磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力提高17.8%和14.7%?！窘Y(jié)論】秸稈覆蓋更有利于促進(jìn)花前干物質(zhì)和磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，同時(shí)促進(jìn)花后磷素積累和提高磷肥吸收利用效率，通過(guò)增加有效穗和穗粒數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)。在本試驗(yàn)條件下，秸稈覆蓋+75 kg·hm-2磷肥是適用于四川丘陵旱地小麥高產(chǎn)高效的耕作栽培措施和磷肥管理方案。

冬小麥；秸稈覆蓋；施磷；產(chǎn)量；磷素吸收與利用

0 引言

【研究意義】西南麥區(qū)是我國(guó)第三大麥區(qū)，約70%的小麥分布在丘陵旱地[1]。西南丘陵旱地土壤成土母質(zhì)為石灰性紫色土，土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和速效磷含量較為缺乏[2]，加之冬干春旱嚴(yán)重，小麥產(chǎn)量低而不穩(wěn)[3]。休閑期秸稈覆蓋和合理施用磷肥可改善土壤水分和養(yǎng)分狀況，是提高旱地作物生產(chǎn)力的重要措施，對(duì)旱地小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)具有重要意義?！厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】磷是最常見(jiàn)的限制植物生長(zhǎng)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一，缺磷嚴(yán)重限制作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育，直接影響植株光合效率和產(chǎn)量[4-5]。合理施用磷肥有利于促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量的增加。劉沖等[6]在沙壤土研究表明，磷肥施用量為120 kg·hm-2，可有效促進(jìn)單位面積穗數(shù)和千粒重的提高，進(jìn)而獲得高產(chǎn)。惠曉麗等[7]在黃土研究認(rèn)為，長(zhǎng)期單施磷肥100 kg·hm-2，小麥穗數(shù)和籽粒產(chǎn)量分別增加18%和15%。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，施磷增加了土壤供磷能力和籽粒磷素積累[8]，但過(guò)量施磷導(dǎo)致磷肥利用率降低，且化肥施用量的增加幅度遠(yuǎn)高于糧食產(chǎn)量的提高[9]。秸稈還田不僅是農(nóng)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)的一項(xiàng)有效的耕作措施[10]，而且可有效緩解長(zhǎng)期施用化肥造成的土壤退化[11]，提高土壤含水量和土壤保水能力[12-13]，促進(jìn)土壤磷形態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化及提高土壤速效磷的含量[14]，為作物生長(zhǎng)提供了可以直接吸收利用的磷源[15]，進(jìn)而增加作物磷素吸收和提高作物產(chǎn)量[16]。也有研究表明，秸稈還田配施化肥是提高西南地區(qū)土壤肥力和作物產(chǎn)量的重要栽培措施[17-18]?！颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】前人研究多集中在秸稈還田、施磷及其二者配施改善土壤養(yǎng)分狀況、提高作物產(chǎn)量和養(yǎng)分吸收，但丘陵旱地雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)休閑季秸稈覆蓋和施磷對(duì)缺磷土壤小麥產(chǎn)量及磷素吸收利用的效應(yīng)尚不清楚?！緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】本研究針對(duì)西南丘陵旱地紫色土速效磷嚴(yán)重缺乏問(wèn)題，分析休閑期玉米秸稈覆蓋與不同施磷量條件對(duì)旱地小麥產(chǎn)量形成、磷素吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及其利用差異，以期明確秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)旱地小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)及磷素高效利用的效應(yīng)，為丘陵旱地小麥高產(chǎn)栽培提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)地概況

試驗(yàn)于2018—2020年在四川省眉山市仁壽縣珠嘉鎮(zhèn)踏水村（30°04′ N，104°13′ E）進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)地屬亞熱帶季風(fēng)濕潤(rùn)氣候，丘陵地貌，土壤類型為石灰性紫色土，前茬作物為夏玉米。海拔482 m，年均降雨量1 009.4 mm，年均氣溫17.4°C，小麥生育期氣象條件見(jiàn)圖1，供試土壤（0—20 cm）基礎(chǔ)理化性狀見(jiàn)表1。

表1 供試土壤基礎(chǔ)理化性狀

氣象數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于四川省農(nóng)業(yè)氣象中心

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

本試驗(yàn)采用二因素裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)。主因素為秸稈處理方式，分無(wú)秸稈覆蓋（NSM）和玉米秸稈粉碎覆蓋（SM），覆蓋量為8 000 kg·hm-2（干重）；副因素為施磷量，分別為0（P0）、75 kg P2O5·hm-2（P75）和120 kg P2O5·hm-2（P120），共6個(gè)處理，每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3次。8月底夏玉米收獲后將秸稈粉碎覆蓋在各試驗(yàn)小區(qū)。供試氮肥為普通尿素（N 46.2 %），磷肥為過(guò)磷酸鈣（P2O512.5%），鉀肥為氯化鉀（K2O 60%），氮肥和鉀肥用量分別為150和75 kg·hm-2。60%氮肥和全部磷、鉀肥作為基肥，另于拔節(jié)期追施剩余40%氮肥。小麥品種為川麥104，是當(dāng)?shù)刂魍破贩N之一，由四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院選育。分別于2018年11月6日和2019年10月31日播種，2019年5月9日和2020年4月29日收獲。小麥采用免耕開(kāi)溝點(diǎn)播，行距20 cm，穴距10 cm，小區(qū)面積為10.2 m2（3 m×3.4 m），每穴播種6粒，基本苗為2.25×106株/hm2。其他田間管理措施同當(dāng)?shù)卮筇铩?/p>

1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法

1.3.1 植株干物質(zhì)量測(cè)定 于小麥開(kāi)花期和成熟期，按照平均數(shù)取樣法，每小區(qū)取15株小麥植株樣品，沿根莖結(jié)合處剪掉根系，開(kāi)花期分為葉片、莖稈+葉鞘、穗3部分，成熟期分為葉片、莖稈+葉鞘、穗軸+穎殼、籽粒4部分，分器官裝袋放入鼓風(fēng)干燥箱，于105℃殺青30 min，并在85℃烘至恒重，稱量后粉碎用于后續(xù)養(yǎng)分測(cè)定。

1.3.2 植株養(yǎng)分測(cè)定 將開(kāi)花期和成熟期粉碎的植株樣品過(guò)0.25 mm篩，采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮，釩鉬黃比色法測(cè)定植株全磷[19]，根據(jù)干物質(zhì)量計(jì)算植株磷素（P）積累量。

1.3.3 產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成 小麥?zhǔn)斋@前調(diào)查有效穗，連續(xù)取30穗調(diào)查小麥結(jié)實(shí)小穗、不實(shí)小穗和穗粒數(shù)，每小區(qū)連續(xù)收獲3.6 m2測(cè)產(chǎn)，同時(shí)調(diào)查千粒重。

1.4 相關(guān)參數(shù)計(jì)算

參照仝錦等[20]方法計(jì)算植株干物質(zhì)量及磷素積累量，具體公式如下：

花后干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量（kg·hm-2）=成熟期干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量-開(kāi)花期干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量；

營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)（磷）轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量（kg·hm-2）=開(kāi)花期干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量-成熟期營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量；

營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)（磷）轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率（%）=營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)（磷）轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量/開(kāi)花期干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量×100；

干物質(zhì)（磷）轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒貢獻(xiàn)率（%）=營(yíng)養(yǎng)器

官干物質(zhì)（磷）轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量/成熟期籽粒干重（磷吸收量）×100；

花后干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量對(duì)籽粒貢獻(xiàn)率（%）=花后干物質(zhì)（磷）積累量/成熟期籽粒干重（吸收量）×100；

磷吸收效率（kg·kg-1）=植株地上部磷積累量/施磷量；

磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力（kg·kg-1）=籽粒產(chǎn)量/施磷量。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析

所有試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用Microsoft Excel 2016進(jìn)行整理計(jì)算，用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行方差分析及相關(guān)性分析，Origin 2017作圖。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)旱地小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響

由表2可見(jiàn)，秸稈覆蓋（SM）顯著增加了兩年度小麥結(jié)實(shí)小穗數(shù)，降低了不實(shí)小穗數(shù)；施磷增加了結(jié)實(shí)小穗。秸稈覆蓋與施磷均對(duì)小麥的有效穗、穗粒數(shù)和產(chǎn)量有顯著影響（＜0.05），對(duì)千粒重的影響不顯著。2018—2019和2019—2020年度，SM相較NSM有效穗分別增加17.7%和8.48%，穗粒數(shù)增加15.6%和11.2%，產(chǎn)量提高18.6%和13.5%。與P0相比，P75兩年度有效穗分別增加18.2%和8.79%，穗粒數(shù)增加21.1%和6.09%，產(chǎn)量提高30.2%和16.1%；P120則分別為21.2%和9.53%，20.2%和4.03%，31.8%和17.9%。2018—2019年度，秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)產(chǎn)量性狀的互作效應(yīng)不顯著，但2019—2020年度對(duì)有效穗和穗粒數(shù)有極顯著影響（＜0.01），表現(xiàn)為SM下P120的有效穗最多，P75的穗粒數(shù)最高；而NSM下P75的有效穗最多，P120的穗粒數(shù)最高。進(jìn)一步分析表明，秸稈覆蓋是提高小麥產(chǎn)量的主要因素（值），產(chǎn)量以SM+P120處理最高，但與SM+P75處理差異不顯著。

表2 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成的影響

M和P分別表示玉米秸稈覆蓋和施磷水平；不同小寫字母表示處理間存在顯著差異（＜0.05）；*和**表示處理間在5%和1%上存在顯著差異；ns表示處理間無(wú)顯著差異。下同

M and P represent the maize straw mulching and phosphorus application level, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant under different treatments at<0.05. *, ** indicate significance at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. ns indicate no significance under different treatments. The same as below

2.2 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)旱地小麥干物質(zhì)積累和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響

由圖2可知，秸稈覆蓋和施磷處理對(duì)小麥干物質(zhì)積累量均有極顯著影響，兩者的交互作用僅在2019—2020年度的干物質(zhì)積累上表現(xiàn)極顯著（＜0.01）。SM下兩個(gè)年度小麥開(kāi)花期干物質(zhì)積累量較NSM分別提高了18.5%和15.3%，成熟期分別提高17.6%和11.9%。地上部干物質(zhì)積累量隨施磷量的增加而增加，與P0相比，2018—2019年度P75和P120開(kāi)花期干物質(zhì)積累量分別增加12.6%和19.0%；成熟期分別增加12.3%和17.6%；在2019—2020年度開(kāi)花期分別增加16.4%和20.3%，成熟期分別增加12.3%和15.9%。相比增施磷肥，秸稈覆蓋是提高小麥花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率、干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率和花后干物質(zhì)積累量的主要因素，兩個(gè)年度規(guī)律一致（表3）。秸稈覆蓋處理的花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、貢獻(xiàn)率以及花后干物質(zhì)積累量較不覆蓋處理分別提高了29.4%、9.89個(gè)百分點(diǎn)和8.50%（2年均值）；P75和P120的花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量較P0分別提高25.7%和35.4%，花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率提高9.50和12.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，花后干物質(zhì)積累量提高6.55%和8.93%（2年均值）。

2.3 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)旱地小麥磷素養(yǎng)分吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響

由圖3可知，秸稈覆蓋和施磷均極顯著提高了小麥植株磷素積累量（＜0.01），但秸稈覆蓋效應(yīng)更大（值）。與NSM相比，SM兩年度開(kāi)花期磷素積累量分別提高20.5%和15.1%，成熟期分別提高27.9%和23.3%。磷素積累量隨施磷量的增加而增加，與P0相比，2018—2019年度P75和P120的小麥開(kāi)花期磷素積累量分別增加28.6%和48.7%，成熟期分別增加31.6%和41.8%；2019—2020年度開(kāi)花期分別增加24.8%和41.4%，成熟期分別增加28.3%和38.2%。秸稈覆蓋與施磷的交互作用僅在2019—2020年度對(duì)磷素積累有顯著或極顯著的影響。與NSM相比（表4），秸稈覆蓋花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率兩個(gè)年度分別降低6.97和7.98個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，花后磷素積累量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率分別提高27.4和59.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)差異均極顯著（＜0.01）。但SM下小麥花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量?jī)蓚€(gè)年度分別提高了18.7%和11.0%，花后磷素積累量分別提高了62.8%和91.5%，差異極顯著（＜0.01）。施磷提高了小麥花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量及其對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率（＜0.01）和花后磷素積累量（＜0.05），但降低了花后磷素積累對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率（＜0.01）。不同處理花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)71.9%—89.3%，花后積累磷素對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)為10.8%—28.1%?？梢?jiàn)，花前籽粒磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)對(duì)籽粒產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)更為重要，與不覆蓋相比，秸稈覆蓋有利于提高花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量和花后積累量，對(duì)促進(jìn)籽粒磷素積累的貢獻(xiàn)更大。

M和P分別表示玉米秸稈覆蓋和施磷水平；不同小寫字母表示NSM和SM處理下的不同施磷水平之間有顯著差異（P < 0.05）； **表示極顯著（P < 0.01）；*表示顯著（P < 0.01）；ns表示無(wú)顯著差異。下同

表3 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)小麥花前干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和花后干物質(zhì)積累的影響

DMABA：花前干物質(zhì)量； DMAAA：花后干物質(zhì)量；TA：運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)量；TR：運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)率；CG：籽粒貢獻(xiàn)率；AA：積累量。下同

DMABA: Dry matter assimilation before anthesis; DMAAA: Dry matter assimilation after anthesis; TA: Translocation amount; TR: Translocation ratio; CG: Contribution ratio to grain; AA: Assimilation amount. The same as below

2.4 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)旱地小麥磷肥利用的影響

秸稈覆蓋和施磷對(duì)磷肥的吸收效率和偏生產(chǎn)力均有極顯著影響（圖4）。兩個(gè)年度，SM較NSM磷肥吸收效率分別提高27.3%和23.7%，磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力分別提高17.8%和14.7%。增加施磷量則降低了磷肥吸收效率和磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力，2018—2019年度磷肥吸收效率由0.33 kg·kg-1降低到0.24 kg·kg-1，磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力從96.5 kg·kg-1降低到61.1 kg·kg-1；2019—2020年度磷肥吸收效率則由0.32 kg·kg-1降低到0.22 kg·kg-1，磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力由101.5 kg·kg-1降低到64.4 kg·kg-1。

2.5 干物質(zhì)和磷素積累與產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成的關(guān)系

由表5可知，小麥地上部干物質(zhì)積累量、磷素積累量、結(jié)實(shí)小穗、有效穗和穗粒數(shù)均與產(chǎn)量有極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系（＜0.01），不實(shí)小穗和千粒重與產(chǎn)量沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān)性（＞0.05）。干物質(zhì)積累量對(duì)產(chǎn)量的直接通徑系數(shù)最大，其次是有效穗。有效小穗通過(guò)干物質(zhì)積累量對(duì)產(chǎn)量有最大影響，磷素積累量、有效穗、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重通過(guò)干物質(zhì)積累量對(duì)產(chǎn)量的正向效應(yīng)依次減小。磷素積累量對(duì)產(chǎn)量有負(fù)向的直接作用，但可以通過(guò)干物質(zhì)積累量的提高而增產(chǎn)。

圖3 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)小麥植株磷素吸收的影響

圖4 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)磷肥利用的影響

表4 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)小麥植株花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和花后磷素積累的影響

PABA：花前積累的磷素；PAAA：花后積累的磷素 PABA: P assimilation before anthesis; PAAA: P assimilation after anthesis

表5 小麥干物質(zhì)、磷素積累、穗部性狀與產(chǎn)量的相關(guān)分析及通徑分析

DMA：干物積累量；PA：磷素養(yǎng)分積累量；ESS：結(jié)實(shí)小穂；ISS：不實(shí)小穂；ES：有效穗；GNPS：穗粒數(shù)；TGW：千粒重

DMA: Dry matter accumulation; PA: P accumulation; ESS: Effective small spikes; ISS: Invalid small spikes; ES: Effective spike; GNPS: Grain number per spike; TGW: Thousand-grain weight

3 討論

3.1 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)旱地小麥干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)與產(chǎn)量的影響

生物量是保證小麥產(chǎn)量的基礎(chǔ)。秸稈覆蓋或施磷可促進(jìn)小麥莖稈伸長(zhǎng)、變粗，增加植株干物質(zhì)重[6, 21]。本試驗(yàn)中，秸稈覆蓋顯著提高了小麥地上部干物質(zhì)積累，可能由于玉米秸稈還田減緩了小麥灌漿中后期葉綠素的降解，提高光合作用[22]，有利于光合物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)和積累。大多研究表明，花后干物質(zhì)積累是籽粒產(chǎn)量的主要來(lái)源，保證花后干物質(zhì)積累的條件下增加花前轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是產(chǎn)量提高的基礎(chǔ)[23-25]。但四川盆地冬小麥全生育期短，分蘗時(shí)間短，常常表現(xiàn)為生物量不足，秸稈覆蓋小麥?zhǔn)斋@期的生物量由16 217 kg·hm-2提高到18 592 kg·hm-2，施磷75和120 kg·hm-2較不施磷小麥?zhǔn)斋@期的生物量由15 870 kg·hm-2分別提高到17 820和18 523 kg·hm-2（2年均值）。本研究中秸稈覆蓋對(duì)花前轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量和花后積累量的促進(jìn)效應(yīng)高于磷肥效應(yīng)，因而本研究認(rèn)為秸稈覆蓋是該區(qū)域促進(jìn)小麥產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)步提升的關(guān)鍵栽培措施。

作物產(chǎn)量取決于有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重之間的協(xié)調(diào)。有研究表明，長(zhǎng)期免耕覆蓋可協(xié)調(diào)產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成之間的關(guān)系，從而提高小麥產(chǎn)量[26]。李延亮等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，施磷主要通過(guò)提高小麥成穗數(shù)來(lái)影響產(chǎn)量，陳玉章等[21]在西北旱區(qū)秸稈還田也得到了類似結(jié)論。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，秋閑期秸稈覆蓋與施磷有利于改善土壤理化性狀，促進(jìn)分蘗的發(fā)生，提高分蘗成穗率，進(jìn)而增加單位面積穗數(shù)提高產(chǎn)量[27-28]。也有研究表明，秸稈還田增產(chǎn)的主要貢獻(xiàn)來(lái)自千粒重的增加[29]。本試驗(yàn)中，秸稈覆蓋與施磷及其交互作用對(duì)千粒重均無(wú)顯著影響，秸稈覆蓋和施磷均顯著提高了小麥有效穗和穗粒數(shù)，穗粒數(shù)的提升來(lái)源于結(jié)實(shí)小穗數(shù)的增加，且秸稈覆蓋對(duì)提高小麥結(jié)實(shí)小穗和穗粒數(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)更大，再次說(shuō)明秸稈覆蓋是該區(qū)域小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵栽培措施。

3.2 秸稈覆蓋與施磷對(duì)小麥磷素養(yǎng)分吸收利用的影響

磷是限制作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的三大營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一[30]，西南丘陵旱地石灰性紫色土富鉀貧磷，尤其是土壤速效磷缺乏[2]，因此，施用磷肥可構(gòu)建養(yǎng)分平衡，促進(jìn)植株磷素積累并增產(chǎn)[31]。本試驗(yàn)研究表明，秸稈覆蓋與施磷均顯著提高小麥磷素積累量，但秸稈覆蓋對(duì)提高小麥磷素積累量的效應(yīng)高于施用磷肥。究其原因，西南丘陵區(qū)小麥生長(zhǎng)季降雨不足，有機(jī)質(zhì)和速效磷缺乏，秋閑期秸稈覆蓋顯著提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和小麥植株可直接利用的磷素[32-33]，增加土壤蓄水保墑能力，利于小麥根系生長(zhǎng)[34]，從而擴(kuò)大植株根系對(duì)磷的接觸面積，促進(jìn)小麥磷素吸收，最終增加磷素的積累量。籽粒中的磷素主要來(lái)自花前營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官積累磷素的轉(zhuǎn)移，花后積累磷素較少[35]。本研究結(jié)果表明，秸稈覆蓋和施磷均顯著增加了小麥花前磷素的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量和花后磷素積累量，但秸稈覆蓋顯著降低而施磷顯著增加了花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對(duì)籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率。說(shuō)明施磷主要是促進(jìn)花前磷素的積累和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，而秸稈覆蓋后植株花后持續(xù)吸收能力強(qiáng)，進(jìn)而可以協(xié)調(diào)小麥花前磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和花后積累，促進(jìn)磷素向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。小麥植株磷素吸收受降雨量的影響，董昭云[36]研究表明，溝壟集雨種植模式較傳統(tǒng)平作模式成熟期小麥植株磷吸收量顯著提高31.0%—55.9%。本研究結(jié)果表明，2018—2019年度降水較2019—2020年度多，小麥植株成熟期磷吸收量提高2.42%—11.0%，秸稈覆蓋后改善了土壤墑情同樣促進(jìn)植株對(duì)磷素的吸收。

西南丘陵旱地是石灰性紫色土，外施磷肥少量被作物吸收，大多與Ca2+結(jié)合積累在土壤中[37]，因此降低了磷的有效性。有研究表明，秸稈覆蓋還田后，為土壤帶入了充足的碳源，刺激了微生物的活動(dòng)和磷酸酶的活性[38]，同時(shí)有機(jī)質(zhì)分解過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的腐殖酸和小分子有機(jī)酸類物質(zhì)增多[39]，有利于土壤難溶性磷的活化[15]。本試驗(yàn)中，秸稈覆蓋促進(jìn)了磷素的吸收利用，較不覆蓋處理磷肥吸收效率提高了25.5%，磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力提高了16.3%（2年均值）。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，西南丘陵旱地石灰性紫色土，施磷75和120 kg·hm-2后地上部磷素積累量差異顯著，但對(duì)產(chǎn)量卻沒(méi)有顯著影響，表明施磷120 kg·hm-2可能存在磷素吸收奢侈現(xiàn)象。因此，在本試驗(yàn)條件下，秸稈覆蓋配施75 kg·hm-2磷肥可獲得最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

4 結(jié)論

相比增施磷肥而言，秸稈覆蓋是提高丘陵旱地貧磷土壤小麥產(chǎn)量的主要效應(yīng)，其利于提高花前干物質(zhì)和磷素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及花后干物質(zhì)和磷素積累，促進(jìn)小麥有效穗和穗粒數(shù)的增加而增產(chǎn)，以秸稈覆蓋+75 kg·hm-2施磷量處理獲得最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量7 614 kg·hm-2（2年均值）。因此，秸稈覆蓋配施75 kg·hm-2磷肥是西南丘陵旱地石灰性紫色土區(qū)域提高磷的吸收利用和促進(jìn)小麥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要栽培措施。

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Effects of Straw Mulching and Phosphorus Application on Wheat Yield, Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization in Hilly Dryland

XIANG XiaoLing, CHEN SongHe, YANG HongKun, YANG YongHeng, FAN GaoQiong

College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu 611130

【Objective】 The main limiting factors of winter wheat production are less rainfall in winter and spring, low content of soil organic matter and serious lack of available phosphorus in hilly dryland of Sichuan province. In order to provide a technical scheme for the high and stable yield of wheat and phosphorus efficient utilization of dryland wheat in hilly region of Sichuan province, this experiment studied the effects of straw mulching in idle season and phosphorus application on dryland winter wheat yield, phosphorus absorption and utilization. 【Method】 A two-year experimental design from 2018 to 2020 in Renshou, Sichuan province was as follows: straw mulching (SM) or without straw mulching (NSM) as the main-plot treatment, and three kinds of phosphorus application of 0 (P0), 75 (P75) and 120 (P120) kg·hm-2as the sub-plot treatment. The differences of dry matter accumulation and transport, yield traits and phosphorus uptake and utilization of wheat were analyzed under straw mulching and phosphorus application.【Result】The yield increasing effect of straw mulching was higher than that of phosphorus application. In 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, compared with the non-mulched treatments, the effective spike, grain number per spike and yield of wheat in the mulched treatments were increased by 17.7% and 8.48%, 15.6% and 11.2%, 18.6% and 13.5%, respectively. Compared with no P application, the effective spike, grain number per spike and yield of wheat in 75 kg·hm-2P application for the two seasons of wheat increased by 18.2% and 8.79%, 21.1% and 6.09%, 30.2% and 16.1%, respectively. Similarly, compared with no P application, the effective spike, grain number per spike and yield of wheat in 120 kg·hm-2P application increased by 21.2% and 9.53%, 20.2% and 4.03%, 31.8% and 17.9% respectively. In addition, the straw mulching significantly increased the dry matter and phosphorus accumulation of wheat at anthesis and maturity stages, which were increased with the increase of phosphorus application. Additionally, straw mulching and phosphorus application significantly enhanced the amount of pre-anthesis dry matter and phosphate translocation, and improved the dry matter and phosphate accumulation of grain. Straw mulching also significantly increased the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter transporting to grain, but did not increased the contribution rate of pre-anthesis phosphorus transport to grain. While phosphate application significantly increased the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter and phosphorus transport to grain. Straw mulching before sowing promoted the absorption and utilization of phosphorus, the absorption efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer increased by 27.3% and 23.7%, respectively, and the partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer increased by 17.8% and 14.7%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Straw mulching was more beneficial to promote dry matter and phosphorus transport before anthesis, but also to promote phosphorus accumulation after anthesis and to improve the absorption and utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer. The yield increase was achieved by increasing effective spike and grain number per spike. Overall, the straw mulching combined with 75 kg·hm-2phosphorus fertilizer was a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation measure and phosphorus fertilizer management plan for wheat in hilly dryland in Sichuan.

winter wheat; straw mulching; phosphorus application; yield; phosphorus absorption and utilization

2021-02-25；

2021-06-03

四川省十四五重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目—突破性麥類育種材料和方法創(chuàng)新及新品種選育（育種攻關(guān)）（2021YFYZ0002）、國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃（2016YFD0300406）、國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)（農(nóng)業(yè)）科研專項(xiàng)（20150312705）

向曉玲，E-mail：1643079472@qq.com。通信作者樊高瓊，E-mail：fangao20056@126.com

（責(zé)任編輯 楊鑫浩）